Transvaal province south africa estates death notice index 1855 1976

History Take Home Test

This is a take home history test. It has 25 questions about WW2 & an essay question. The essay question is composed of two questions. It doesn't have to be a full essay, it just needs to be a paragraph or so & if you can apply specific details it will be perfect. You don't have to use the test paper, you can use a word document & just put everything on there. The test can just be used for a guide.

Also provided the book, if you have access to the 6th edition that is fine as well.

CONTEMPORARY WORLD HISTORY

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

William J. Duiker Th e Pennsylvania State University

F I F T H E D I T I O N

CONTEMPORARY WORLD HISTORY

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09

© 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009932937

ISBN-13: 978-0-495-57271-8 ISBN-10: 0-495-57271-3

Wadsworth 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at international.cengage.com/region

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/ wadsworth

Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com

Contemporary World History, Fifth Edition William J. Duiker

Publisher: Suzanne Jeans

Senior Sponsoring Editor: Nancy Blaine

Senior Development Editor: Margaret McAndrew Beasley

Assistant Editor: Lauren Floyd

Editorial Assistant: Emma Goehring

Senior Media Editor: Lisa Ciccolo

Media Editor: Yevgeny Ioff e

Senior Marketing Manager: Katherine Bates

Marketing Coordinator: Loreen Pelletier

Marketing Communications Manager: Christine Dobberpuhl

Senior Content Project Manager: Lauren Wheelock

Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr

Production Technology Analyst: Lori Johnson

Print Buyer: Paula Vang

Senior Rights Account Manager, Text: Bob Kauser

Production Service: Orr Book Services

Text Designer: Shawn Girsberger

Senior Permissions Account Manager, Images: Robyn Young

Photo Researcher: Abigail Baxter

Cover Designer: Shawn Girsberger

Cover Image: Sao Paulo shanty town, Brazil, South America © David Lomax / Robert Harding (RM) Images / Jupiterimages

Compositor: International Typesetting and Composition

For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563

For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.

Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com.

www.cengage.com/wadsworth
www.cengage.com/wadsworth
www.ichapters.com
www.cengage.com/permissions
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

WILLIAM J. DUIKER is liberal arts professor emeritus of East Asian studies at Th e Pennsylvania State University. A former U.S. diplomat with service in Taiwan, South Vietnam, and Washington, D.C., he received his doctorate in Far Eastern history from Georgetown University in 1968, where his dissertation dealt with the Chinese educator and reformer Cai Yuanpei. At Penn State, he has written extensively on the history of Vietnam and modern China, including the highly acclaimed Th e Communist Road to Power in Vietnam (revised edition, Westview Press, 1996), which was selected for a Choice Outstanding Academic Book Award in 1982–1983 and 1996–1997. Other recent books are China and Vietnam: Th e Roots of Conflict (Berkeley, 1987), Sacred War: Nationalism and Revolution in a Divided Vietnam (McGraw-Hill, 1995), and Ho Chi Minh (Hyperion, 2000), which was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in 2001. He is the author, with colleague Jackson Spielvogel, of World History (sixth edition, Wadsworth, 2010). While his research specialization is in the field of nationalism and Asian revolutions, his intellectual interests are considerably more diverse. He has traveled widely and has taught courses on the history of communism and non-Western civilizations at Penn State, where he was awarded a Faculty Scholar Medal for Outstanding Achievement in the spring of 1996.

TO MY DAUGHTER CLAIRE,

MAY YOUR SPIRIT SOAR, FREE AND CLEAR.

W.J.D.

BRIEF CONTENTS

DOCUMENTS xii

MAPS AND FEATURES xiii

PREFACE xiv

PART I NEW WORLD IN THE MAKING 1

1 Th e Rise of Industrial Society in the West 2

2 Th e High Tide of Imperialism: Africa and Asia in an Era of Western Dominance 26

3 Shadows over the Pacifi c: East Asia Under Challenge 47

PART II CULTURES IN COLLISION 69

4 War and Revolution: World War I and Its Aft ermath 70

5 Nationalism, Revolution, and Dictatorship: Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America from 1919 to 1939 95

6 Th e Crisis Deepens: Th e Outbreak of World War II 120

PART III ACROSS THE IDEOLOGICAL DIVIDE 147

7 East and West in the Grip of the Cold War 148

8 Th e United States, Canada, and Latin America 168

9 Brave New World: Th e Rise and Fall of Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 190

10 Postwar Europe: On the Path to Unity? 209

11 Toward the Pacifi c Century? Japan and the Little Tigers 229

PART IV THIRD WORLD RISING 251

12 Th e East Is Red: China Under Communism 252

13 Nationalism Triumphant: Th e Emergence of Independent States in South and Southeast Asia 271

14 Emerging Africa 290

15 Ferment in the Middle East 309

PART V THE NEW MILLENNIUM 331

16 Constructing a New World Order 332

SUGGESTED READING 345

INDEX 352

vi

DOCUMENTS xii

MAPS AND FEATURES xiii

PREFACE xiv

PART I NEW WORLD IN THE MAKING 1

1 THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY IN THE WEST 2

Th e Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 2

Th e Spread of the Industrial Revolution 3 New Products and New Patterns 3 Toward a World Economy 6

Th e Structure of Mass Society 7 Social Structures 7 Changing Roles for Women 8

Reaction and Revolution: Th e Decline of the Old Order 10 Liberalism and Nationalism 10 Th e Unifi cation of Germany and Italy 12 Roots of Revolution in Russia 12 Th e Ottoman Empire and Nationalism in the Balkans 14

Liberalism Triumphant 14 Th e United States and Canada 15 Tradition and Change in Latin America 16

Th e Rise of the Socialist Movement 18 Th e Rise of Marxism 18 Capitalism in Transition 19

Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments 20

Developments in the Sciences: Th e Emergence of a New Physics 20

Charles Darwin and the Th eory of Evolution 20 Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis 21 Literature and the Arts: Th e Culture of Modernity 22 FILM & HISTORY Lust for Life (1956) 23 Conclusion 24 Chapter Notes 25

2 THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM: AFRICA AND ASIA IN AN ERA OF WESTERN DOMINANCE 26

Th e Spread of Colonial Rule 26 Th e Myth of European Superiority 26 Th e Advent of Western Imperialism 27

Th e Colonial System 28 Th e Philosophy of Colonialism 29

India Under the British Raj 31 Th e Nature of British Rule 32

Th e Colonial Takeover of Southeast Asia 33 Th e Imposition of Colonial Rule 34 Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia 36

Empire Building in Africa 38 Africa Before the Europeans 38 Th e Growing European Presence in West Africa 39 Imperialist Shadow over the Nile 40 Th e Scramble for Africa 40 FILM & HISTORY Khartoum (1966) 41 Bantus, Boers, and British in South Africa 42 Colonialism in Africa 43 Conclusion 45 Chapter Notes 46

3 SHADOWS OVER THE PACIFIC: EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE 47

China at Its Apex 47 Changeless China? 47

Traditional China in Decline 49 Opium and Rebellion 49 Th e Taiping Rebellion 50 Eff orts at Reform 51 Th e Climax of Imperialism in China 52 Th e Collapse of the Old Order 53

Chinese Society in Transition 56 Th e Impact of Western Imperialism 56

DETAILED CONTENTS

vii

Daily Life in Qing China 57 Th e Status of Women 57

Traditional Japan and the End of Isolation 58 A “Closed Country” 58 Th e Opening of Japan 58

Rich Country, Strong Army 59 Th e Transformation of Japanese Politics 59 Meiji Economics 60 Building a Modern Social Structure 61 Joining the Imperialist Club 61 Japanese Culture in Transition 63 Conclusion 64 Chapter Notes 65 Refl ection Part I 66

PART II CULTURES IN COLLISION 69

4 WAR AND REVOLUTION: WORLD WAR I AND ITS AFTERMATH 70

International Rivalry and the Coming of War 70 Crises in the Balkans, 1908–1913 71 Th e Road to World War I 72

Th e War 72 Illusions and Stalemate, 1914–1915 72 Th e Great Slaughter, 1916–1917 74 Th e Widening of the War 75 FILM & HISTORY Lawrence of Arabia (1962) 77 Th e Home Front: Th e Impact of Total War 78 Th e Last Year of the War 79

War and Revolution 79 Th e March Revolution in Russia 80 Th e Bolshevik Revolution 81 Th e Civil War 83

Seeking Eternal Peace 84 Th e Vision of Woodrow Wilson 84 Th e Peace Settlement 84

Th e Failure of the Peace 86 Th e Search for Security 86 No Return to Normalcy 87 Th e Great Depression 88 Socialism in One Country 89 Th e Advance to Socialism 90

Th e Search for a New Reality in the Arts 91 New Schools of Artistic Expression 91 Culture for the Masses 93

Conclusion 93 Chapter Notes 94

5 NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND DICTATORSHIP: ASIA, THE MIDDLE EAST, AND LATIN AMERICA FROM 1919 TO 1939 95

Th e Rise of Nationalism in Asia and Africa 95 Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism 96 Modern Nationalism 97 Gandhi and the Indian National Congress 99 FILM & HISTORY Gandhi (1982) 101 Nationalist Ferment in the Middle East 101 Nationalism and Revolution 106

Revolution in China 108 Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: Th e New Culture

Movement 108 Th e Nanjing Republic 109 Social Change in Republican China 112

Japan Between the Wars 113 Experiment in Democracy 113 A Zaibatsu Economy 114 Shidehara Diplomacy 114

Nationalism and Dictatorship in Latin America 115 A Changing Economy 115 Th e Eff ects of Dependency 116 Latin American Culture 117 Conclusion 118 Chapter Notes 119

6 THE CRISIS DEEPENS: THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II 120

Th e Rise of Dictatorial Regimes 120 Th e Birth of Fascism 121 Hitler and Nazi Germany 121 Th e Spread of Authoritarianism in Europe 124 Th e Rise of Militarism in Japan 125

Th e Path to War in Europe 126 Stalin Seeks a United Front 126 Decision at Munich 127

Th e Path to War in Asia 127 A Monroe Doctrine for Asia 128 Tokyo’s “Southern Strategy” 129

viii Detailed Contents

Th e World at War 129 Th e War in Europe 129 Th e New Order in Europe 132 War Spreads in Asia 134 Th e New Order in Asia 135 Th e Turning Point of the War, 1942–1943 137 Th e Last Years of the War 138

Th e Peace Settlement 139 Th e Yalta Agreement 139 Confrontation at Potsdam 140 Th e War in the Pacifi c Ends 140

Th e Home Front: Th ree Examples 141 Th e Soviet Union 141 Th e United States 141 Japan 142 Conclusion 142 Chapter Notes 143 Refl ection Part II 144

PART III ACROSS THE IDEOLOGICAL DIVIDE 147

7 EAST AND WEST IN THE GRIP OF THE COLD WAR 148

Th e Collapse of the Grand Alliance 148 Th e Iron Curtain Descends 148 Th e Truman Doctrine and the Beginnings of

Containment 149 Europe Divided 150

Cold War in Asia 153 Th e Chinese Civil War 153 Th e Korean War 155 Confl ict in Indochina 157

From Confrontation to Coexistence 158 Khrushchev and the Era of Peaceful Coexistence 158 Th e Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move Toward

Détente 160 Th e Sino-Soviet Dispute 160 Th e Second Indochina War 160 FILM & HISTORY The Missiles of October (1973) 161

An Era of Equivalence 164 An End to Détente? 165 Countering the Evil Empire 166 Toward a New World Order 166 Conclusion 167 Chapter Notes 167

8 THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND LATIN AMERICA 168

Th e United States Since 1945 168 An Era of Prosperity and Social Commitment 169 America Shift s to the Right 172 Seizing the Political Center 173

Th e Changing Face of American Society 174 A Consumer Society, a Permissive Society 174 Th e Melting Pot in Action 174 Women and Society 175 Th e Environment 175

Cultural Trends 175 Th e World of Painting 176 New Concepts in Music and Architecture 176 New Trends in Literature 177 Popular Culture 177 Science and Technology 178

Canada: In the Shadow of Goliath 179

Democracy, Dictatorship, and Development in Latin America Since 1945 180

An Era of Dependency 180 Nationalism and the Military: Th e Examples of Argentina

and Brazil 182 Th e Mexican Way 184 Th e Marxist Variant 185 Trends in Latin American Culture 187 Conclusion 188 Chapter Notes 189

9 BRAVE NEW WORLD: THE RISE AND FALL OF COMMUNISM IN THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE 190

Th e Postwar Soviet Union 190 From Stalin to Khrushchev 190 Th e Brezhnev Years, 1964–1982 193

Ferment in Eastern Europe 197 Unrest in Poland 197 Th e Hungarian Uprising 197 Th e Prague Spring 198

Culture and Society in the Soviet Bloc 199 Cultural Expression 200 Social Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern

Europe 201

Th e Disintegration of the Soviet Empire 202 Th e Gorbachev Era 202

Detailed Contents ix

Eastern Europe: From Soviet Satellites to Sovereign Nations 203

End of Empire 204 Th e New Russia: From Empire to Nation 204 Conclusion 207 Chapter Notes 208

10 POSTWAR EUROPE: ON THE PATH TO UNITY? 209

Western Europe: Recovery and Renewal 209 Th e Triumph of Democracy in Postwar Europe 210

Th e Modern Welfare State: Th ree European Models 212

France 212 West Germany 214 Great Britain 215 FILM & HISTORY The Lives of Others (2006) 216

Western Europe: Th e Search for Unity 218 Th e Curtain Rises: Th e Creation of the Common

Market 218 Th e European Union 218 Th e Fall of the Iron Curtain 219 Europe Reunited 221

Aspects of Society in Postwar Europe 222 An Age of Affl uence 222 Expanding Roles for Women 224 Th e Environment and the Green Movements 225

Aspects of Culture in Postwar Europe 225 Conclusion 227

11 TOWARD THE PACIFIC CENTURY? JAPAN AND THE LITTLE TIGERS 229

Japan: Asian Giant 229 Th e Transformation of Modern Japan:

Politics and Government 231 Th e Economy 233 A Society in Transition 235 Religion and Culture 237

South Korea: A Peninsula Divided 239 Th e Korean Model 239 Th e Transition to Democracy 240

Taiwan: Th e Other China 240 Taiwan Under Nationalist Rule 241 Craft ing a Taiwanese Identity 242

Singapore and Hong Kong: Th e Littlest Tigers 243

On the Margins of Asia: Postwar Australia and New Zealand 245

Conclusion 246 Chapter Notes 247 Refl ection Part III 248

PART IV THIRD WORLD RISING 251

12 THE EAST IS RED: CHINA UNDER COMMUNISM 252

China Under Mao Zedong 252 New Democracy 252 Th e Transition to Socialism 253 Th e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 254 FILM & HISTORY The Last Emperor (1987) 255

China Aft er Mao 256 Th e Four Modernizations 257 Incident at Tiananmen Square 257 Back to Confucius? 259

Serve the People: Chinese Society Under Communism 261

Th e Politics of the Mass Line 261 Economics in Command 262 China: Th e New Industrial Powerhouse 264 Social Problems 264

China’s Changing Culture 267 Art and Music 268 Literature 268 Conclusion 269 Chapter Notes 270

13 NATIONALISM TRIUMPHANT: THE EMERGENCE OF INDEPENDENT STATES IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA 271

South Asia 271 Th e End of the British Raj 271 Independent India 272 Th e Land of the Pure: Pakistan Since

Independence 275 Poverty and Pluralism in South Asia 276 South Asian Art and Literature Since

Independence 280 Gandhi’s Vision and the Future of India 280

x Detailed Contents

Southeast Asia 281 Th e End of the Colonial Era 281 In the Shadow of the Cold War 282 FILM & HISTORY The Year of Living Dangerously (1983) 284 Recent Trends: On the Path to Development 285 Regional Confl ict and Cooperation: Th e Rise

of ASEAN 286 Daily Life: Town and Country in Contemporary

Southeast Asia 287 Cultural Trends 288 Conclusion: A Region in Flux 288 Chapter Notes 289

14 EMERGING AFRICA 290 Uhuru: Th e Struggle for Independence 291

Colonial Reforms 291 Th e Colonial Legacy 291 Th e Rise of Nationalism 292

Th e Era of Independence 293 Pan-Africanism and Nationalism: Th e Destiny

of Africa 293 Dream and Reality: Political and Economic Conditions

in Independent Africa 295 Th e Search for Solutions 297 Sowing the Seeds of Democracy 301

Continuity and Change in Modern African Societies 301

Education 302 Urban and Rural Life 302 African Women 303

African Culture 304 Literature 304 Music 306 Conclusion: Gathered at the Beach 307 Chapter Notes 308

15 FERMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST 309

Crescent of Confl ict 309 Th e Question of Palestine 310 Nasser and Pan-Arabism 310 Th e Arab-Israeli Dispute 311 Revolution in Iran 314 Crisis in the Gulf 316

Politics and Society in the Contemporary Middle East 318

Th e Economics of Oil 318 Th e Islamic Revival 320 Women and Islam 322

Contemporary Literature and Art in the Middle East 324

National Literatures 325 Art and Music 326 Conclusion 326 Chapter Notes 327 Refl ection Part IV 328

PART V THE NEW MILLENNIUM 331

16 CONSTRUCTING A NEW WORLD ORDER 332

Aft er the Cold War: Th e End of History? 333

Contemporary Capitalism and Its Discontents 333 Europe: Speed Bumps on the Road to Unity 333 Th e United States: Capitalism Ascendant? 334 Asian Miracle or Asian Myth? 334 Eliminating Poverty 335 From the Industrial to the Technological Revolution 335

A Transvaluation of Values 336 Th e Family 336 Religion 337 Th e Role of Technology 337 Th e Impact of Capitalism 338

One World, One Environment 338 Th e Issue of Global Warming 339 Th e Population Debate 340

Global Village or Clash of Civilizations? 340 Th e Future of Liberal Democracy 341 Civilizations at War 341 Globalization: the Pros and the Cons 342 Th e Role of International Organizations 342

Th e Arts: Mirror of the Age 343 Chapter Notes 344

Suggested Reading 345 Index 352

Detailed Contents xi

DOCUMENTS

C H A P T E R 1

DISCIPLINE IN THE NEW FACTORIES 9 ESCAPING THE DOLL’S HOUSE 11 THE CLASSLESS SOCIETY 19 THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION 21

C H A P T E R 2

WHITE MAN’S BURDEN, BLACK MAN’S SORROW 30 INDIAN IN BLOOD, ENGLISH IN TASTE AND INTELLECT 33 THE EFFECTS OF DUTCH COLONIALISM IN JAVA 37

C H A P T E R 3

A LETTER OF ADVICE TO THE QUEEN 50 PROGRAM FOR A NEW CHINA 55 A PROGRAM FOR REFORM IN JAPAN 60

C H A P T E R 4

“YOU HAVE TO BEAR THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR WAR OR PEACE” 73 THE EXCITEMENT AND THE REALITY OF WAR 76 ALL POWER TO THE SOVIETS! 81

C H A P T E R 5

THE DILEMMA OF THE INTELLECTUAL 98 MUSTAFA KEMAL’S CASE AGAINST THE CALIPHATE 103 A CALL FOR REVOLT 110

C H A P T E R 6

THE MUNICH CONFERENCE 128 JAPAN’S JUSTIFICATION FOR EXPANSION 130 THE HOLOCAUST: THE CAMP COMMANDANT AND THE CAMP VICTIMS 134 JAPAN’S PLAN FOR ASIA 137

C H A P T E R 7

WHO LOST CHINA? 156 A PLEA FOR PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE 162 COMBATING THE AMERICANS 163

C H A P T E R 8

“I HAVE A DREAM” 171 CASTRO’S REVOLUTIONARY IDEALS 185

C H A P T E R 9

KHRUSHCHEV DENOUNCES STALIN 194 THE BREZHNEV DOCTRINE 199

C H A P T E R 1 0

THE GREAT WALL OF GERMANY 217 TOWARD A UNITED EUROPE 219

C H A P T E R 1 1

THE EMPEROR IS NOT DIVINE 230 GROWING UP IN JAPAN 236 RETURN TO THE MOTHERLAND 245

C H A P T E R 1 2

LAND REFORM IN ACTION 254 STUDENTS APPEAL FOR DEMOCRACY 258 VIEWS ON MARRIAGE 265

C H A P T E R 1 3

TWO VISIONS FOR INDIA 273 SAY NO TO MCDONALD’S AND KFC! 278 THE GOLDEN THROAT OF PRESIDENT SUKARNO 283

C H A P T E R 1 4

TOWARD AFRICAN UNITY 294 STEALING THE NATION’S RICHES 296 AN AFRICAN LAMENT 305

C H A P T E R 1 5

ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY 321 KEEPING THE CAMEL OUT OF THE TENT 324

xii

MAPS AND FEATURES

Map 1.1 Th e Industrial Regions of Europe at the end of the Nineteenth Century 4

Map 1.2 Europe in 1871 13 Map 2.1 India Under British Rule, 1805–1931 32 Map 2.2 Colonial Southeast Asia 35 Spot Map Th e Spread of Islam in Africa 39 Spot Map Th e Suez Canal 40 Map 2.3 Africa in 1914 42 Map 2.4 Th e Struggle for Southern Africa 43 Map 3.1 Th e Qing Empire 48 Spot Map Area Under Taiping Rebellion Control 51 Map 3.2 Foreign Possessions and Spheres of Infl uence

About 1900 54 Map 3.3 Japanese Overseas Expansion During the

Meiji Era 62 Map 4.1 Europe in 1914 71 Map 4.2 World War I, 1914–1918 74 Spot Map German Possessions in Africa, 1914 75 Map 4.3 Territorial Changes in Europe and the Middle

East Aft er World War I 85 Spot Map British India Between the Wars 99 Spot Map Th e Middle East in 1923 102 Spot Map Iran Under the Pahlavi Dynasty 104 Map 5.1 Th e Northern Expedition and the

Long March 109 Map 5.2 Latin America in the First Half of the

Twentieth Century 116 Spot Map Central Europe in 1939 127 Spot Map Japanese Advances into China, 1931–1938 129 Map 6.1 World War II in Europe and North Africa 131 Map 6.2 World War II in Asia and the Pacifi c 136 Spot Map Eastern Europe in 1948 149

Spot Map Berlin at the Start of the Cold War 150 Map 7.1 Th e New European Alliance Systems During

the Cold War 152 Map 7.2 Th e Chinese Civil War 155 Spot Map Th e Korean Peninsula 157 Spot Map Indochina Aft er 1954 157 Map 7.3 Th e Global Cold War 158 Spot Map Northern Central America 166 Spot Map Quebec 180 Spot Map South America 180 Map 9.1 Th e Soviet Union 191 Spot Map Eastern Europe Under Communist Rule 197 Map 9.2 Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet

Union 205 Map 10.1 Territorial Changes in Europe Aft er World

War II 211 Map 10.2 European Union, 2009 220 Map 11.1 Modern Japan 232 Spot Map Th e Korean Peninsula Since 1953 239 Spot Map Modern Taiwan 241 Spot Map Th e Republic of Singapore 243 Spot Map Hong Kong 245 Map 12.1 Th e People’s Republic of China 260 Map 13.1 Modern South Asia 274 Map 13.2 Modern Southeast Asia 282 Map 14.1 Modern Africa 293 Map 15.1 Israel and Its Neighbors 312 Spot Map Iran 315 Map 15.2 Th e Modern Middle East 316 Spot Map Afghanistan 317 Spot Map Iraq 318

MAPS

FILM & HISTORY FEATURES

Lust for Life (1956) 23 Khartoum (1966) 41 Lawrence of Arabia (1962) 77 Gandhi (1982) 101

The Missiles of October (1973) 161 The Lives of Others (2006) 216 The Last Emperor (1987) 255 The Year of Living Dangerously (1983) 284

xiii

PREFACE

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY was an era of paradox. When it began, Western civilization was a patchwork of squabbling states that bestrode the world like a colossus. As the century came to an end, the West was prosperous and increasingly united, yet there were signs global eco- nomic and political hegemony was beginning to shift to the East. Th e era of Western dominance had come to an end. It had been an age marked by war and revolution but also by rapid industrial growth and widespread economic prosperity, a time of growing interdependence but also of burgeoning ethnic and national consciousness, a period that witnessed the rising power of science but also fervent religiosity and growing doubts about the impact of tech- nology on the human experience. Contemporary World History (formerly titled Twentieth- Century World History) attempts to chronicle the key events in this revolutionary century and its aft ermath while seeking to throw light on some of the underlying issues that shaped the times. Did the beginning of a new millennium mark the end of the long period of Western dominance? If so, will recent decades of European and American superiority be followed by a “Pacific century,” with economic and political power shift ing to the nations of eastern Asia? Will the end of the Cold War eventually lead to a “new world order” marked by global cooperation, or are we on the verge of an unstable era of ethnic and na- tional conflict? Why was a time of unparalleled prosperity and technological advance accompanied by deep pockets of poverty and widespread doubts about the role of gov- ernment and the capabilities of human reason? Although this book does not promise final answers to such ques- tions, it can provide a framework for analysis and a bet- ter understanding of some of the salient issues of modern times. A number of decisions must be made by any author who seeks to encompass in a single volume the history of a turbulent century. First in importance is whether to present the topic as an integrated whole or to focus on individual cultures and societies. Th e world that we live in today is in many respects an interdependent one in terms of economics as well as culture and communi- cations, a reality that is oft en expressed by the familiar phrase “global village.” At the same time, the process of

globalization is by no means complete, as ethnic, reli- gious, and regional diff erences continue to exist and to shape the course of our times. Th e tenacity of these dif- ferences is reflected not only in the rise of internecine conflicts in such divergent areas as Africa, South Asia, and eastern Europe but also in the emergence in re- cent years of such regional organizations as the African Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and the European Union. Political leaders in various parts of the world speak routinely (if sometimes wistfully) of “Arab unity,” the “African road to socialism,” and the “Confucian path to economic development.” Th e issue also has practical implications. College stu- dents today are oft en not well informed about the distinc- tive character of civilizations such as China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. Without sufficient exposure to the historical evolution of such societies, students will assume all too readily that the peoples in these countries have had historical experiences similar to their own and respond to various stimuli in a fashion similar to those living in western Europe or the United States. If it is a mistake to ignore the forces that link us together, it is equally errone- ous to underestimate the factors that continue to divide us and to diff erentiate us into a world of diverse peoples. My response to this challenge has been to seek a bal- ance between a global and a regional approach. Some chapters focus on issues that have a global impact, such as the Industrial Revolution, the era of imperialism, and the two world wars. Others center on individual regions of the world, while singling out contrasts and compari- sons that link them to the broader world community. Th e book is divided into five parts. Th e first four parts are each followed by a short section labeled “Reflection,” which attempts to link events in a broad comparative and global framework. Th e chapter in the fift h and final part examines some of the common problems of our time— including environmental pollution, the population explo- sion, and spiritual malaise—and takes a cautious look into the future to explore how such issues will evolve in the twenty-first century. Another issue that requires attention is how to bal- ance the treatment of Western civilization with its coun- terparts in Asia and Africa. Th e modern world is oft en

xiv

text that can be used as off ered, or customized by importing personal lecture slides or other material. Also included is ExamView, an easy-to-use assess- ment and tutorial system that allows instructors to create, deliver, and customize tests in minutes. Instructors can build tests with as many as 250 questions using up to 12 question types, and using ExamView’s complete word-processing capabilities, they can enter an unlimited number of new questions or edit existing ones.