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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS and DESIGN

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS and DESIGN

E I G H T H E D I T I O N

KENNETH E. KENDALL Rutgers University

School of Business–Camden Camden, New Jersey

JULIE E. KENDALL Rutgers University

School of Business–Camden Camden, New Jersey

Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco

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To the memory of Julia A. Kendall and the memory of Edward J. Kendall,

whose lifelong example of working together will inspire us forever.

Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Editor in Chief: Eric Svendsen Executive Editor: Bob Horan Editorial Project Manager: Kelly Loftus Editorial Assistant: Jason Calcano Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Anne Fahlgren Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Associate Production Project Manager: Ana Jankowski Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Senior Art Director: Steve Frim

Text and Cover Designer: Jill Lehan Cover Art: Richard Kalina, “Carthage” collage, acrylic, flashe on linen: © 2006 Media Project Manager: Lisa Rinaldi Media Editor: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management/Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services, Inc. Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Text Font: 10/12 Times

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kendall, Kenneth E. Systems analysis and design / Kenneth E. Kendall, Julie E. Kendall. — 8th ed.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-608916-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-608916-X 1. System design. 2. System analysis. 3. Systems programming (Computer science) I. Kendall, Julie E., II. Title.

QA76.9.S88K45 2010 005.4’2—dc22 2009031275

“Carthage” © 2006 Richard Kalina, used with permission from the artist. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text.

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Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN-10: 0-13-608916-X ISBN-13: 978-0-13-608916-2

COMPANY TRADEMARKS

Apple and Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer. 1Password is a registered trademark of Agile Web Solutions. Bento is a registered trademark of FileMaker. Dragon NaturallySpeaking is a registered trademark of Nuance. Dreamweaver, Adobe Flash, and FormFlow are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. DEVONagent and DEVONthink Professional Office are registered trademarks of DEVONtechnologies. Firefox is a trademark of the Mozilla Foundation. Freeway Pro is a registered trademark of Softpress Systems. HyperCase is a registered trademark of Raymond J. Barnes, Richard L. Baskerville, Julie E. Kendall, and Kenneth E. Kendall. Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Project, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft Visio are regis- tered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. OmniFocus is a registered trademark of The Omni Group. OmniGraffle and OmniPlan are registered trademarks of The Omni Group. OmniPage is a trademark of Nuance. Palm is a registered trademark of Palm, Inc. ProModel and Service Model are registered trademarks of ProModel Corporation. Things is a registered trademark of Cultured Code. VMware Fusion is a registered trademark of VMware. Visible Analyst is a regis- tered trademark of Visible Systems Corporation. WinFax Pro and Norton Internet Security are registered trademarks of Symantec. Yojimbo is a registered trademark of Bare Bones Software. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Companies, names, and/or data used in screens and sample output are fictitious unless otherwise noted.

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BRIEF CONTENTS

PART I SYSTEMS ANALYSIS FUNDAMENTALS 1 SYSTEMS, ROLES, AND DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES 1 2 UNDERSTANDING AND MODELING ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS 24 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT 56

PART II INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 4 INFORMATION GATHERING: INTERACTIVE METHODS 103 5 INFORMATION GATHERING: UNOBTRUSIVE METHODS 131 6 AGILE MODELING AND PROTOTYPING 155

PART III THE ANALYSIS PROCESS 7 USING DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS 193 8 ANALYZING SYSTEMS USING DATA DICTIONARIES 228 9 PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS AND STRUCTURED DECISIONS 259