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ptg16382014


ptg16382014


The Future of Technology Management


and the Business Environment


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ptg16382014


The Future of Technology Management and the Business


Environment Lessons on Innovation, Disruption,


and Strategy Execution


Alfred Marcus


ptg16382014


Publisher: Paul Boger Editor-in-Chief: Amy Neidlinger Executive Editor: Jeanne Levine Development Editor: Natasha Wolmers Cover Designer: Alan Clements Managing Editor: Kristy Hart Senior Project Editor: Lori Lyons Copy Editor: Gill Editorial Services Proofreader: Debbie Williams Indexer: Erika Millen Senior Compositor: Gloria Schurick Manufacturing Buyer: Dan Uhrig © 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc. Old Tappen, New Jersey 07675 For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales department at corpsales@pearsoned.com or (800) 382-3419. For government sales inquiries, please contact governmentsales@pearsoned.com . For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact international@pearsoned.com . Company and product names mentioned herein are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. Printed in the United States of America First Printing December 2015 ISBN-10: 0-13-399613-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-399613-5 Pearson Education LTD. Pearson Education Australia PTY, Limited. Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education Asia, Ltd. Pearson Education Canada, Ltd. Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education—Japan Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Library of Congress Control Number: 2015951698


http://www.pearsoned.com/permissions/

ptg16382014


To my wife, my two sons, David and Ariel; to Massoud Amin, director of the Technological Leadership Institute (TLI) at the


University of Minnesota, who describes himself as “a happy geek on a mission with expertise in complex systems, energy, defense, pioneering smart self-healing grid,


CIP security, and resilience”; and to all among us who seek peace in a time of turbulence.


ptg16382014


Contents-at-a Glance


Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1


PART I: TECHNOLOGY AND STRATEGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Chapter 1 Technological Disruptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11


Chapter 2 Commercialization’s Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19


Chapter 3 Hedging the Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39


PART II: MANAGING DANGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Chapter 4 Dealing with Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55


Chapter 5 Laws of Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69


PART III: THE ENVIRONMENT OF TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Chapter 6 Old, Young, and Global Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87


Chapter 7 Rich, Poor, and Global Inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111


Chapter 8 Abundance, Scarcity, and Global Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129


PART IV: COPING WITH TECHNOLOGICAL DISRUPTIONS . . 147 Chapter 9 Missing the Boat on Mobile Technology: Intel and AMD . . . . . . . . . 149


Chapter 10 From Mass Customizing to Mass Commodity: Dell and Acer . . . . . 167


Chapter 11 Finding Growth and Profitability in Bookselling: Barnes & Noble and Amazon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189


Chapter 12 Escaping the Middle: Best Buy and Charles Schwab . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209


Chapter 13 Content for a New Age: Disney and Time Warner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229


Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249


Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251


ptg16382014


Contents


Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Next Set of Breakthroughs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2


The Information Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Medical Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Alternative Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Material Sciences and Nanotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3


What This Book Is About. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Part I: Technology and Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Part II: Managing Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Part III: The Environment of Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Part IV: Coping with Technological Disruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6


Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8


PART I: TECHNOLOGY AND STRATEGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Chapter 1 Technological Disruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11


The Powers of the Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Information Technology (IT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Medical Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Alternative Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Artificial Intelligence, Material Sciences, and Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 The Challenge of Commercialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18


Chapter 2 Commercialization’s Obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Fumbling the Future at Xerox: IT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Medical Technology: Cochlear Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20


Basic Research in Diverse Labs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Breakthroughs in Other Disciplines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 A Highly Committed Champion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Multiple Developmental Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22


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viii Contents


Private Firms’ Failure to Cooperate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Professional Endorsement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 FDA Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Lack of Enthusiasm from the User Community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 High Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Safety and Efficacy Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Auxiliary Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Withdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 New Entrants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24


Genetics: Agricultural Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Sustainability as a Corporate Goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Opposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Rapid U.S. Market Penetration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 More Promised Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Government Restrictions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Environmentalists’ Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Competition from DuPont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27


Alternative Energy: The Electric Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Less Pollution and Foreign Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Range and Fossil Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 1990s’ Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Hybrid Successes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Weak Plug-In Sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Battery Subsidies from the U.S. Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 A Solution from Tesla and Panasonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Not Yet Affordable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 A New Business Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 The Slow and Arduous Path to Commercialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31


Why Xerox Missed Its Opportunity: Game Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Setbacks at Many Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Uncertain Government Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Project Management Insufficient to Overcome These Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 The Inclination to Undertake Safe Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Technologies Push and Markets Pull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Determination, Will, and Persistence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37


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ixAcknowledgments


Chapter 3 Hedging the Uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Expert Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Historical Analogies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Industry Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42


Surprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Taking Notice of the Periphery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Romances, Tragedies, and Comedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 The Narrative Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Applying Scenario Logic to Technology Commercialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Strategic Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46


Hedging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Gamble on the Most Probable Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Take the Robust Route. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Delay Until Further Clarity Emerges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Commit with Fallbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Shape the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50


PART II: MANAGING DANGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53


Chapter 4 Dealing with Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Bhopal: What Went Wrong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55


Highly Toxic Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Weak Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 An Uncontrolled Explosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Nonfunctioning Backups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Trapped Victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Organizational Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Warnings Ignored. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 The Price of the Accident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58


The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: What Went Wrong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Beyond Petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Tar Sands Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Explosion in Texas City and Oil Leaks in Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 The Spill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 The Many Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60


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x About the Author


Inherently Dangerous Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 Dilemmas in Managing Dangerous Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 Individual Cognitive Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Experts’ Cognitive Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Organizations’ Cognitive Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 How Much a Life Is Worth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Inferences from Animal Studies to Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66


Chapter 5 Laws of Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Vioxx: What Went Wrong? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69


Merck’s Positive Reputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 The Search for a Blockbuster Drug Without Gastrointestinal Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Early Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Failure to Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 The FDA’s Required Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 More Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Voluntary Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Thousands of Suits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Criminal Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73


Johnson & Johnson’s Hip Replacement: What Went Wrong? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 A Paragon of Social Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 The Acquisition of DePuy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 All-Metal Replacements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Design Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 FDA Investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 A Voluntary Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Suits Against the Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 The Reimbursement Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76


The Laws of Liability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Evolution of the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Classic Tort Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Assumption of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Punitive Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Strict Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 The Justification for Strict Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79


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Further Movement from a Fault-Based System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80 Refinements of the Laws of Liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82


PART III: THE ENVIRONMENT OF TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . 85


Chapter 6 Old, Young, and Global Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 The Rise of the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87


Declining Fertility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Economic Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Technology to Assist the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 A Cure for Alzheimer’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Reversing Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93


Among the Young: Hope and Disillusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Meaningful Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 What Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 Diminishing Youth Bulges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Technology to Combat Terror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108


Chapter 7 Rich, Poor, and Global Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111


Within Country Gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Between-Country Gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 The U.S. Wealth Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 The Rise of Neoliberalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115


Technology at the Top of the Pyramid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Sophisticated Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 What Hedge Funds Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Only for the Already Wealthy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Renaissance Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120


Technology at the Bottom of the Pyramid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121 Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Potable Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Health Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124 Nutrition and Crop Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124


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Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Critiques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127


Chapter 8 Abundance, Scarcity, and Global Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Fossil Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130


Oil Price Declines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Hydraulic Fracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 Tar Sands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Offshore Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134


Cleaner Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Building Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Industrial and Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Solar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 Wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Biofuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145


PART IV: COPING WITH TECHNOLOGICAL DISRUPTIONS . . 147


Chapter 9 Missing the Boat on Mobile Technology: Intel and AMD . . . . . .149 The Mobile Revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 The Battles Between Intel and AMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152


Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Microprocessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 The Sub-Zero Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153 Speed and Continued Price Wars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Branching Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155 The Hammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156 Global Antitrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Graphics and Other Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 Divesting Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158


Searching for New Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158 ARM Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Mobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Gaming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159


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Mounting Mobile Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 New Leadership at AMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 The Internet of Things (IOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162 Smart Glasses and Augmented Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Risks Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Glossary of Computer Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165


Chapter 10 From Mass Customizing to Mass Commodity: Dell and Acer . . .167 Financial Woes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168


An Industry in Decline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 The Fat Years: Dell’s Ascent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170


A Competency in Mass Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Gateway Abandons the Direct Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173


The Lean Years: Michael Dell’s Resignation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Acer’s Acquisition of Gateway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Dell’s Plans for a Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177


The Enterprise Market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Becoming a Private Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182


Acer’s Efforts at Revitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Notebooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Smartphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Free Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 IOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186


Chapter 11 Finding Growth and Profitability in Bookselling: Barnes & Noble and Amazon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Barnes & Noble and the Superstore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Amazon and Internet Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191


Amazon’s Reinvention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 Barnes & Noble’s Focus on Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194


Sinking Profits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Amazon’s Fluid Identity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195


Profiting from the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197


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Barnes & Noble’s Decision to Split Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Spinning Off the Nook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Spinning Off the College Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199


How Attractive Was Bookselling?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Sales Trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Reading Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Leisure Time Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Digital Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202


The Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 Wholesale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 The Big Five. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 The Spat with Amazon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205


Chapter 12 Escaping the Middle: Best Buy and Charles Schwab . . . . . . . . . . .209 The Evolution of Best Buy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210


Concept One: 1983–1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Concept Two: 1990–2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Concept Three: 2002–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 The Aftermath of the Financial Meltdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214


The Evolution of Charles Schwab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 Discounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 High Net Worth Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 A Category of One. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 The Affluent of the Future. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 Following Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216


New Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Competition in Consumer Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Online. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 Showrooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218


Competition Among Discount Brokers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Innovation Dilemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Major Industry Players . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219


Best Buy’s Comeback Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Transforming E-Commerce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Cost Savings and Product Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221


ptg16382014


xvContents


Enhancing the Internet Platform: Charles Schwab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Ranking the Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 The Robo-Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225


Chapter 13 Content for a New Age: Disney and Time Warner . . . . . . . . . . . .229 Vertical Integration: Disney. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 Vertical Integration: Time Warner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Mergers, Acquisitions, and Divestitures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232 The Disney-Capital Cities Merger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235


ABC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 The Iger Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237


The AOL-Time Warner Merger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Trying to Revive AOL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Slimming Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239 HBO’s Edginess and Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240


Disney’s Dominance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Cable Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 The Studios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242


Internet Initiatives and Cable’s Abandonment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Losing Young People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244


Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Endnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246


Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 The Future of Technology Management and the Business Environment: Lessons on Innovation, Disruption, and Strategy Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249


Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251


ptg16382014


xvi Acknowledgments


Acknowledgments


I would like to acknowledge my colleagues and my students. At the University of Min- nesota Carlson School of Management, I have learned about innovation from Andrew Van de Ven; about strategy from Aks Zaheer, Myles Shaver, Mary Benner, Aseem Kaul, and Anne Cohen; about entrepreneurship from Shaker Zahra, Harry Sapienza, and Dan Forbes; about the environment of business from Iain Maitland, Sri Zaheer, Joel Waldfogel, Paul Vaaler, Gurneeta Singh, Jiao Luo, Russel Funk, and Sunasair Dutta; and about timing from Stu Albert. My sincere hope is that the timing of this book is right.


At the Technological Leadership Institute, which is part of College of Science and Engi- neering at the University of Minnesota, I have learned from the director, Massoud Amin, to whom this book is dedicated, and from Lockwood Carlson, Kirk Froggat, Steve Kel- ley, and Brian Isle. At the Technion in Haifa, where I teach in the spring mini-semester in the MBA program, I have learned from Eitan Naveh, Mia Erez, Dovev Lavie, Ella Meron-Spektor, Erev Ido, Avi Shtub, and Ella Glickson. The many outstanding MBA and Masters of Technology students at the University of Minnesota and the Technion have inspired me to think deeply about technology. I am also indebted to the colleagues with whom I have done research in areas related to technology, including Ari Ginsberg at NYU Stern, Joel Malen at Hitotsubashi University of Innovation Research Japan, Adam Fremeth at Ivey Business School Canada, Mazhar Islam at Tulane University, Susan K. Cohen at the Katz School of Business University of Pittsburgh, J. Alberto Aragon-Correa at University of Surrey, and Hans Rawhouser and Michael Cummings at University of Nevada Las Vegas.


I have had the good fortune of living full time in Minnesota, with its thriving established business sector, and part-time in Israel, with its aspiring entrepreneurial business sec- tor. The great companies in both these places have provided me with many of my ideas about technology. Merav Lefkowitz, who helped me edit this book, deserves a very spe- cial thanks for the superb work she did. My wife, Judy, always inspires me with her care for my physical, psychological, and intellectual well-being, her patience, and her insights about current affairs. My son, David, who is co-editor of Dissent and teacher of history at Columbia, and my son Ariel, who is a Spotify data scientist, have brought me fresh views about technology’s promise and pitfalls. The world in which they live is so different from the world in which I grew up largely because of technology. I also want to thank Jeanne Levine of Pearson for encouraging me to do this project, Natasha Wolmers of Pearson for commenting on earlier drafts, and Lori Lyons for moving the manuscript through the production process.


ptg16382014


xviiAbout the Author


About the Author


Alfred A. Marcus is the Edson Spence Chair of Strategy and Technological Leadership at the University of Minnesota, Carlson School of Management and the Center for Tech- nological Leadership. He is the author or co-author of many books, including Innova- tions in Sustainability published by Cambridge University Press; Management Strategy , published by McGraw Hill; Strategic Foresight , published by Palgrave MacMillan; and Big Winners and Big Losers , published by Pearson. His articles have appeared in the Stra- tegic Management Journal , Academy of Management Journal , Academy of Management Review , California Management Review , Business and Politics , Business and Society , and Organization Science , among other places.


His Ph.D. is from Harvard, and he has undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Chicago. Besides teaching in the Carlson School and Technological Leader- ship Institute at the University of Minnesota, Professor Marcus teaches in the Industrial Engineering Department in the MBA program in the Technion in Israel. He also has taught management courses in France, Norway, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Costa Rica.


Professor Marcus has consulted or worked with many corporations, including 3M, Corning, Excel Energy, Medtronic, General Mills, and IBM. He was involved in a mul- tinational research project sponsored by the NSF involving companies in the United States, Finland, Israel, and India. He did a sabbatical year at the MIT Sloan School in Boston. Prior to the joining Minnesota’s faculty, he taught at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School Of Business and was a research scientist at the Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers in Seattle, Washington.

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