Under the acid soaked railway borderlands 2

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U.S. A N A R R A T I V E H I S T O R Y

Seventh Edit ion

V O L U M E 2 : F R O M 1 8 6 5

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The Way You Once Had to Teach History . . .

McGraw-Hill provides INSIGHT® to help you achieve your course goals. How would your teaching experience change if you could access this information at a glance, either on your computer or tablet device?

1. How are my students performing?

2. How is this particular student performing?

3. How is my section performing?

4. How eff ective are my assignments?

5. How eff ective is this particular assignment?

McGraw-Hill’s Connect Insight® is a fi rst-of- its-kind analytics tool that distills clear answers to these fi ve questions and delivers them to instructors in at-a-glance snapshots.

Connect Insight’s® elegant navigation makes it intuitive and easy-to-use, allowing you to focus on what is important: helping your students succeed.

. . . IS NOW HISTORY!

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U.S.: A Narrative History off ers thirty interactive maps that support geographical as well as historical thinking. These maps appear in both the eBook and Connect History exercises.

For some interactive maps, students click on the boxes in the map legend to see changing boundaries, visualize migration routes, or analyze war battles and election results.

With others, students manipulate a slider to help them better understand change over time.

Interactive maps give students a hands-on understanding of geography.

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INDIANA TERRITORY

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SPANISH POSSESSIONS

TEXAS (claimed by U.S.

1803–1819) SPANISH FLORID A

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U.S.: A Narrative History is a 21st-century approach to teaching history. Students study smarter with SmartBook.

The fi rst and only adaptive reading experience, SmartBook is changing the way students read and learn.

• As the student engages with SmartBook, questions test his or her understanding. In response to the student’s answers, the reading experience actually adapts to what the student knows or doesn’t know.

• SmartBook highlights the content the student is struggling with, so he or she can focus on reviewing that information.

• By focusing on the content needed to close specifi c knowledge gaps, the student maximizes the effi ciency of his or her study time.

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Critical missions promote critical thinking. What would your students do if they were senators voting on the impeachment of Andrew Johnson?

Or if they were advisers to Harry Truman, helping him decide whether to drop the atomic bomb?

Critical Missions make students feel like active participants in history by immersing them in a series of transformative moments from our past.

As advisers to key historical fi gures, they read and analyze primary sources, interpret maps and timelines, and write recommendations.

As a follow-up activity in each Critical Mission, students learn to think like historians by conducting a retrospective analysis from a contemporary perspective.

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U.S. A N A R R A T I V E H I S T O R Y

Seventh Edit ion James West Davidson

Christine Leigh Heyrman University of Delaware

Brian DeLay University of California, Berkeley

Mark H. Lytle Bard College

Michael B. Stoff University of Texas, Austin

V O L U M E 2 : F R O M 1 8 6 5

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U.S.: A Narrative History AUTHORS

James West Davidson Brian DeLay Christine Leigh Heyrman Mark H. Lytle Michael B. Stoff

SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, PRODUCTS & MARKETS Kurt L. Strand VICE PRESIDENT, GENERAL MANAGER, PRODUCTS & MARKETS Michael Ryan VICE PRESIDENT, CONTENT DESIGN & DELIVERY Kimberly Meriwether David

MANAGING DIRECTOR Gina Boedeker BRAND MANAGER Laura Wilk

LEAD PRODUCT DEVELOPER Rhona Robbin EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER Stacy Ruel Best

MARKETING MANAGER April Cole DIGITAL PRODUCT ANALYST John Brady

DIRECTOR, CONTENT DESIGN & DELIVERY Terri Schiesl PROGRAM MANAGER Marianne Musni

CONTENT PROJECT MANAGER Christine A. Vaughan CONTENT PROJECT MANAGER Emily Kline

BUYER Laura M. Fuller DESIGN Matt Backhaus

CONTENT LICENSING SPECIALIST, IMAGES Lori Hancock CONTENT LICENSING SPECIALIST, TEXT Beth Thole

COMPOSITOR Laserwords Private Limited TYPEFACE 10/12 UniMath PRINTER R. R. Donnelley

U.S.: A Narrative History, Seventh Edition Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Edu- cation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2012, 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4

ISBN 978-0-07-778042-5 (complete); MHID 0-07-778042-6 (complete)

ISBN 978-0-07-351330-0 (volume 1); MHID 0-07-351330-X (volume 1)

ISBN 978-0-07-778036-4 (volume 2); MHID 0-07-778036-1 (volume 2)

Cover image credits: Miss Ting; Idaho farm; woman weaving; “Our City” lithograph of St. Louis, Janicke and Co. 1859; “Pocahantas Saving the Life of Capt. John Smith,”(detail); “Heart of the Klondike”(detail): The Library of Congress; Caesar Chavez (detail): © Arthur Schatz/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images; Hopewell Hand: © Heritage Images/Corbis; Freedman’s School: © Bettmann/Corbis; “Mandan Dog Sled,” Karl Bodmer: © Free Library, Phila- delphia/Bridgeman Images; “Tragic Prelude” (detail): © Kansas State Historical Society; “Mrs. Chandler” (detail): Courtesy, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Uncle Sam with Banjo: HistoryPicks; View from Space: © NASA/ JSC; Buffalo Hunt: Courtesy, National Gallery of Art, Washington.

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014943610

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17 Reconstructing the Union 1865–1877 332

18 The New South and the Trans-Mississippi West 1870–1890 351

19 The New Industrial Order 1870–1900 374

20 The Rise of an Urban Order 1870–1900 395

21 The Political System under Strain at Home and Abroad 1877–1900 417

22 The Progressive Era 1890–1920 442

23 The United States and the Collapse of the Old World Order 1901–1920 465

24 The New Era 1920–1929 488

25 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1929–1939 510

26 America’s Rise to Globalism 1927–1945 540

27 Cold War America 1945–1954 568

28 The Suburban Era 1945–1963 588

29 Civil Rights and Uncivil Liberties 1947–1969 611

30 The Vietnam Era 1963–1975 631

31 The Conservative Challenge 1976–1992 656

32 The United States in a Global Community 1989–Present 681

SOME HIGHLIGHTS: DUELING DOCUMENTS is a new feature appearing in half the chapters. Each box showcases two pri- mary sources with contrasting points of view.

HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX, alternating with Dueling Documents, showcases historical images and arti- facts, asking students to focus on visual evidence and examine material culture. New items in this edition include “A White Man’s View of Custer’s Defeat,” exhibiting a popular lithograph on the subject and discussing its iconography; “Youth in a Jar,” analyzing an advertisement for beauty cream; stills from the 1951 Civil Defense film, “Duck and Cover,” starring Bert the Turtle in atomic attack.

GEOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS have been added to many map captions to reinforce geographic liter- acy and to connect the maps to the chapter’s rel- evant themes.

CHAPTER 18, THE NEW SOUTH AND THE TRANS- MISSISSIPPI WEST discusses the costs of Jim Crow segregation to white as well as black south- erners; plus a discussion of the Navajo “Long Walk” or forced deportation from Arizona to east- ern New Mexico.

CHAPTER 20, THE RISE OF AN URBAN ORDER, con- tains a new opening narrative, “The Dogs of Hell,” evoking the famous Chicago fire of 1871.

CHAPTER 22, THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, includes new material on Margaret Sanger, birth control, and its relationship to a wave of forced steriliza- tions, as well as a new discussion of Progressiv- ism in western states. CHAPTER 24, THE NEW ERA, discusses the emer- gence of “Companionate Marriage,” in which companionship and sexual intimacy helped invest marriage with greater equality.

CHAPTER 28, THE SUBURBAN ERA, examines the “Cola Wars” between Coke and Pepsi, as an example of the role of advertising in a consumer economy.

CHAPTER 30, THE VIETNAM ERA, now ends with the fall of Saigon. Material on OPEC, the Middle East, and Kissinger-Ford diplomacy has been moved to Chapter 31. The restructuring makes both chapters more coherent and balanced in length.

CHAPTER 31, THE CONSERVATIVE CHALLENGE, pro- files Saturday Night Fever (the most popular box- office movie of the decade) to examine the era’s culture wars.

CHAPTER 32, THE UNITED STATES IN A GLOBAL COMMUNITY, expands to cover the troubled rollout of the Affordable Care Act, growing concern with income inequality, global warming and climate change; and the debate over hydraulic fracturing.

WHAT’S NEW U.S. BRIEF CONTENTS

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x | C O N T E N T S |

Racism and the Failure of Reconstruction 347

CHAPTER SUMMARY 349 | ADDITIONAL READING 349 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 350

18 THE NEW SOUTH AND THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI WEST 1870–1890

AN AMERICAN STORY: “Come West” 351

The Southern Burden 352 Tenancy and Sharecropping 353

17 RECONSTRUCTING THE UNION 1865–1877

AN AMERICAN STORY: A Secret Sale at Davis Bend 332

Presidential Reconstruction 334 Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan 334

Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson 334

The Failure of Johnson’s Program 335

Johnson’s Break with Congress 336

The Fourteenth Amendment 336

The Election of 1866 337

Congressional Reconstruction 337 Post-Emancipation Societies in the Americas 338

The Land Issue 338

Impeachment 338

Reconstruction in the South 339 Black and White Republicans 339

Reforms under the New State Governments 339

Economic Issues and Corruption 340

Black Aspirations 340 Experiencing Freedom 340

The Black Family 340

The Schoolhouse and the Church 341

New Working Conditions 341

Planters and a New Way of Life 343

The Abandonment of Reconstruction 343 The Grant Administration 343

Growing Northern Disillusionment 345

The Triumph of White Supremacy 346

The Disputed Election of 1876 346

HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX Dressed to Kill 347

Contents

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| C O N T E N T S | xi

Transportation and Communication 377

Finance Capital 378

The Corporation 378

An International Pool of Labor 378

Railroads: America’s First Big Business 379 A Managerial Revolution 380

Competition and Consolidation 381

The Challenge of Finance 381

The Growth of Big Business 381 Strategies of Growth 382

Carnegie Integrates Steel 382

Rockefeller and the Great Standard Oil Trust 383

The Mergers of J. Pierpont Morgan 384

Corporate Defenders 384

Corporate Critics 384

The Costs of Doing Business 385

The Workers’ World 386 Industrial Work 387

Children, Women, and African Americans 388

The American Dream of Success 389

The Systems of Labor 389 Early Unions 389

The Knights of Labor 389

HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX Digital Detecting 390

The American Federation of Labor 391

The Limits of Industrial Systems 391

Management Strikes Again 392

CHAPTER SUMMARY 393 | ADDITIONAL READING 393 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 394

Southern Industry 354

The Sources of Southern Poverty 355

Life in the New South 356 Rural Life 356

The Church 356

Segregation 357

Western Frontiers 357 Western Landscapes 358

Indian Peoples and the Western Environment 358

Whites and the Western Environment: Competing Visions 359

The War for the West 360 Contact and Conflict 361

Custer’s Last Stand—and the Indians’ 361

HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX A White Man’s View of Custer’s Defeat 363

Killing with Kindness 363

Borderlands 364

Ethno-Racial Identity in the New West 365

Boom and Bust in the West 366 Mining Sets a Pattern 366

The Transcontinental Railroad 366

Cattle Kingdom 367

The Final Frontier 368 Farming on the Plains 368

A Plains Existence 368

The Urban Frontier 369

The West and the World Economy 370

Packaging and Exporting the “Wild West” 370

CHAPTER SUMMARY 372 | ADDITIONAL READING 372 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 373

19 THE NEW INDUSTRIAL ORDER 1870–1900

AN AMERICAN STORY: Scampering through America 374

The Development of Industrial Systems 375 Natural Resources and Industrial Technology 376

Systematic Invention 376

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City Life 404 The Immigrant in the City 404

Urban Middle-Class Life 406

Victorianism and the Pursuit of Virtue 406

DUELING DOCUMENTS City Scenes 407

Challenges to Convention 408

The Decline of “Manliness” 409

City Culture 409 Public Education in an Urban Industrial World 409

Higher Learning and the Rise of the Professional 410

Higher Education for Women 411

A Culture of Consumption 412

Leisure 413

Arts and Entertainment 413

CHAPTER SUMMARY 415 | ADDITIONAL READING 415 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 416

21 THE POLITICAL SYSTEM UNDER STRAIN AT HOME AND ABROAD 1877–1900

AN AMERICAN STORY: “The World United at Chicago” 417

The Politics of Paralysis 419 Political Stalemate 419

The Parties 419

The Issues 420

The White House from Hayes to Harrison 421

Ferment in the States and Cities 422

20 THE RISE OF AN URBAN ORDER 1870–1900

AN AMERICAN STORY: “The Dogs of Hell” 395

A New Urban Age 397 The Urban Explosion 397

The Great Global Migration 397

Holding the City Together 398

Bridges and Skyscrapers 399

Slum and Tenement 400

Running and Reforming the City 401 Boss Rule 401

Rewards, Accomplishments, and Costs 402

Nativism, Revivals, and the Social Gospel 403

The Social Settlement Movement 403

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| C O N T E N T S | xiii

Controlling the Masses 450 Stemming the Immigrant Tide 450

The Curse of Demon Rum 450

Prostitution 451

“For Whites Only” 451

HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX Mementos of Murder 452

The Politics of Municipal and State Reform 453 The Reformation of the Cities 453

Progressivism in the States 454

Progressivism Goes to Washington 455 TR 455

A Square Deal 456

Bad Food and Pristine Wilds 457

The Troubled Taft 459

The Election of 1912 459

Woodrow Wilson and the Politics of Morality 460 Early Career 460

The Reforms of the New Freedom 461

Labor and Social Reform 462

CHAPTER SUMMARY 463 | ADDITIONAL READING 463 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 464

23 THE UNITED STATES AND THE COLLAPSE OF THE OLD WORLD ORDER 1901–1920 AN AMERICAN STORY: “A Path Between the Seas” 465

Progressive Diplomacy 467 Big Stick in the Caribbean 467

The Revolt of the Farmers 422 The Harvest of Discontent 422

The Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance 423

The Alliance Peaks 423

The Election of 1892 424

The New Realignment 425 The Depression of 1893 425

DUELING DOCUMENTS WHAT SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT DO? 426

The Rumblings of Unrest 426

The Battle of the Standards 427

Campaign and Election 428

The Rise of Jim Crow Politics 429

The African American Response 429

McKinley in the White House 430

Visions of Empire 431 Imperialism, European-Style and American 431

The Shapers of American Imperialism 432

Dreams of a Commercial Empire 434

The Imperial Moment 435 Mounting Tensions 435

The Imperial War 436

Peace and the Debate over Empire 437

From Colonial War to Colonial Rule 438

An Open Door in China 439

CHAPTER SUMMARY 440 | ADDITIONAL READING 441 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 441

22 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890–1920 AN AMERICAN STORY: Burned Alive in the City 442

The Roots of Progressive Reform 444 Progressive Beliefs 444

The Pragmatic Approach 444

The Progressive Method 445

The Search for the Good Society 446 Poverty in a New Light 446

Expanding the “Woman’s Sphere” 446

Social Welfare 447

Woman Suffrage 448

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xiv | C O N T E N T S |

24 THE NEW ERA 1920–1929 AN AMERICAN STORY:

Yesterday Meets Today in the New Era 488

The Roaring Economy 490 Technology, Consumer Spending, and the Boom in Construction 490

The Automobile 490

The Future of Energy 491

The Business of America 492

Welfare Capitalism 492

HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX Youth in a Jar 493

The Consumer Culture 493

A Mass Society 494 A “New Woman” 494

Mass Media 496

The Cult of Celebrity 497

“Ain’t We Got Fun?” 497

The Art of Alienation 498

A “New Negro” 498

Defenders of the Faith 499 Nativism and Immigration Restriction 500

The “Noble Experiment” 500

KKK 501

Fundamentalism versus Darwinism 502

Republicans Ascendant 503 The Politics of “Normalcy” 503

A “Diplomatist of the Highest Rank” 468

Dollar Diplomacy 468

Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy 468 Missionary Diplomacy 469

Intervention in Mexico 470

The Road to War 470 The Guns of August 470

Neutral but Not Impartial 471

The Diplomacy of Neutrality 472

Peace, Preparedness, and the Election of 1916 473

Wilson’s Final Peace Offensive 473

War and Society 474 The Slaughter of Stalemate 474

“You’re in the Army Now” 475

Mobilizing the Economy 476

War Work 476

Great Migrations 477

Propaganda and Civil Liberties 477

Over There 478

DUELING DOCUMENTS The Limits of Free Speech 479

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919 480

The Lost Peace 481 The Treaty of Versailles 483

The Battle for the Treaty 483

Red Scare 484

CHAPTER SUMMARY 486 | ADDITIONAL READING 486 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 487

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| C O N T E N T S | xv

DUELING DOCUMENTS Two Views of the “Forgotten Man” 521

Saving the Banks 522

Relief for the Unemployed 522

Planning for Industrial Recovery 524

Planning for Agriculture 525

A Second New Deal (1935–1936) 526 Dissent from the Deal 526

The Second Hundred Days 527

The Election of 1936 528

The New Deal and the American People 529 The New Deal and Western Water 529

The Limited Reach of the New Deal 530

Tribal Rights 531

A New Deal for Women 531

The Rise of Organized Labor 532

“Art for the Millions” 533

The End of the New Deal (1937–1940) 534 Packing the Courts 534

The Demise of the Deal 535

The Legacy of the New Deal 537

CHAPTER SUMMARY 537 | ADDITIONAL READING 538 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 539

26 AMERICA’S RISE TO GLOBALISM 1927–1945

AN AMERICAN STORY: “Oh Boy” 540

The United States in a Troubled World 542 Pacific Interests 542

Becoming a Good Neighbor 542

The Diplomacy of Isolationism 543

Inching toward War 544

Hitler’s Invasion 545

Retreat from Isolationism 545

Disaster in the Pacific 546

A Global War 546 Strategies for War 547

Gloomy Prospects 547

A Grand Alliance 548

The Naval War in the Pacific 548

The Policies of Mellon and Hoover 503

Crises at Home and Abroad 504

The Election of 1928 505

The Great Bull Market 506 The Rampaging Bull 506

The Great Crash 506

Causes of the Great Depression 507

CHAPTER SUMMARY 508 | ADDITIONAL READING 509 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 509

25 THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL 1929–1939

AN AMERICAN STORY: Letters from the Edge 510

The Human Impact of the Great Depression 512 Hard Times 512

The Golden Age of Radio and Film 513

“Dirty Thirties”: An Ecological Disaster 514

Mexican Americans and Repatriation 515

African Americans in the Depression 515

The Tragedy of Herbert Hoover 516 The Failure of Relief 516

The Hoover Depression Program 517

Stirrings of Discontent 518

The Bonus Army 519

The Election of 1932 519

The Early New Deal (1933–1935) 520 The Democratic Roosevelts 520

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xvi | C O N T E N T S |

HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX Duck and Cover 574

The Atomic Shield versus the Iron Curtain 575

Postwar Prosperity 576 Hidden Costs of a Consuming Nation 576

Postwar Adjustments 576

The New Deal at Bay 577

The Election of 1948 578

The Fair Deal 579

The Cold War at Home 579 The Shocks of 1949 579

The Loyalty Crusade 580

HUAC and Hollywood 581

The Ambitions of Senator McCarthy 581

From Cold War to Hot War and Back 582 Police Action 583

The Chinese Intervene 583

Truman versus MacArthur 583

The Global Implications of the Cold War 584

The Election of 1952 584

The Fall of McCarthy 585

CHAPTER SUMMARY 586 | ADDITIONAL READING 586 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 587

28 THE SUBURBAN ERA 1945–1963

AN AMERICAN STORY: Dynamic Obsolescence (The Wonderful World of Harley Earl) 588

The Rise of the Suburbs 590 A Boom in Babies and in Housing 590

Turning Points in Europe 549

Those Who Fought 550

Minorities at War 550

Women at War 551

War Production 551 Mobilizing for War 551

Science Goes to War 552

War Work and Prosperity 553

Organized Labor 554

Women Workers 554

Mobility 554

A Question of Rights 555 Italians and Asian Americans 555

DUELING DOCUMENTS “Who Do You Want to Win This War?”—Justifying Internment 556

Minorities and War Work 558

Urban Unrest 558

The New Deal in Retreat 559

Winning the War and the Peace 560 The Fall of the Third Reich 560

Two Roads to Tokyo 561

Big Three Diplomacy 561

The Road to Yalta 561

The Fallen Leader 563

The Holocaust 564

A Lasting Peace 564

Atom Diplomacy 565

CHAPTER SUMMARY 566 | ADDITIONAL READING 566 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 567

27 COLD WAR AMERICA 1945–1954

AN AMERICAN STORY: Glad to Be Home? 568

The Rise of the Cold War 570 American Suspicions 570

Communist Expansion 570

A Policy of Containment 571

The Truman Doctrine 572

The Marshall Plan 572

NATO 572

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| C O N T E N T S | xvii

The Hard-Nosed Idealists of Camelot 605

The (Somewhat) New Frontier at Home 606

Kennedy’s Cold War 606

Cold War Frustrations 606

Confronting Khrushchev 607

The Missiles of October 608

CHAPTER SUMMARY 609 | ADDITIONAL READING 610 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 610

29 CIVIL RIGHTS AND UNCIVIL LIBERTIES 1947–1969

AN AMERICAN STORY: Two Roads to Integration 611

The Civil Rights Movement 613 The Changing South and African Americans 613

The NAACP and Civil Rights 613

The Brown Decision 614

Latino Civil Rights 614

A New Civil Rights Strategy 615

Little Rock and the White Backlash 616

A Movement Becomes a Crusade 616 Riding to Freedom 616

Civil Rights at High Tide 617

The Fire Next Time 619

Black Power 619

Violence in the Streets 620

Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society 621 The Origins of the Great Society 621

The Election of 1964 622

The Great Society 622

The Reforms of the Warren Court 624

Youth Movements 624 Activists on the New Left 625

Vatican II and American Catholics 625

The Rise of the Counterculture 625

The Rock Revolution 626

DUELING DOCUMENTS Student Voices for a New America 627

The West Coast Scene 628

CHAPTER SUMMARY 629 | ADDITIONAL READING 630 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 630

Suburbs and Cities Transformed 591

Environmental Blues 592

The Culture of Suburbia 593 American Civil Religion 593

“Homemaking” Women in the Workaday World 594

The Flickering Gray Screen 595

The Politics of Calm 595 The Eisenhower Presidency 595

The Conglomerate World 596

Cracks in the Consensus 597 Critics of Mass Culture 597

Juvenile Delinquency, Rock and Roll, and Rebellion 598

Nationalism in an Age of Superpowers 599 To the Brink? 599

Brinkmanship in Asia 600

The Superpowers 601

Nationalism Unleashed 601

The Response to Sputnik 602

DUELING DOCUMENTS The Kitchen Debate 603

Thaws and Freezes 604

The Cold War on a New Frontier 604 The Election of 1960 605

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xviii | C O N T E N T S |

Value Politics: The Consumer and Environmental Movements 648 Technology and Unbridled Growth 648

Political Action 648

The Legacy of Identity and Value Politics 649

The End of the War 650

Pragmatic Conservatism 650 Nixon’s New Federalism 651

Stagflation 651

Social Policies and the Court 651

Triumph and Revenge 652

Break-In 652

To the Oval Office 652

Resignation 653

CHAPTER SUMMARY 654 | ADDITIONAL READING 655 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 655

31 THE CONSERVATIVE CHALLENGE 1976–1992

AN AMERICAN STORY: The New American Commons 656

The Conservative Rebellion 658 Tax Revolt 658

The Diverse Evangelical World 658

The Catholic Conscience 658

Moving Religion into Politics 659

The Media as Battleground 659

Saturday Night Fever 660

The Presidency in Transition: Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter 660 War Powers Resolution 660

Influence of Kissinger 660

Energy and the Middle East 661

30 THE VIETNAM ERA 1963–1975

AN AMERICAN STORY: Who Is the Enemy? 631

The Road to Vietnam 633 Lyndon Johnson’s War 633

Rolling Thunder 634

Social Consequences of the War 635 The Soldiers’ War 635

The War at Home 636

The Unraveling 637 Tet Offensive 637

The Shocks of 1968 638

Revolutionary Clashes Worldwide 639

Whose Silent Majority? 639

The Nixon Era 640 Vietnamization—and Cambodia 640

Fighting a No-Win War 641

The Move toward Détente 641

The New Identity Politics 642 HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX A Farmworkers’ Boycott Poster 643

Latino Activism 643

The Choices of American Indians 645

Asian Americans 645

Gay Rights 646

Feminism 646

Equal Rights and Abortion 647

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| C O N T E N T S | xix

The Clinton Presidency 686 The New World Disorder 686

Yugoslavian Turmoil 686

Middle East Peace 687

Recovery without Reform at Home 687

The Conservative Revolution Reborn 688

Women’s Issues 688

Scandal 688

The Politics of Surplus 689

Hanging by a Chad: The Election of 2000 689

The United States in a Networked World 690 The Internet Revolution 690

American Workers in a Two-Tiered Economy 690

African Americans and the Persistence of the Racial Divide 691

African Americans in a Full-Employment Economy 691

Global Pressures in a Multicultural America 692

Terrorism in a Global Age 692 A Conservative Agenda at Home 693

Unilateralism in Foreign Affairs 694

The Roots of Terror 694

The War on Terror: First Phase 695

The War in Iraq 695

A Messy Aftermath 696

The Second Term 696

Disasters Domestic and Foreign 697

Collapse 697

Obama and a Divided Nation 698 First-Term Reforms 699

Short, Medium, Long 700

Environmental Uncertainties 701

DUELING DOCUMENTS Cold War over Global Warming 702

CHAPTER SUMMARY 704 | ADDITIONAL READING 704 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 705

Limits across the Globe 661

Jimmy Carter: Restoring the Faith 661

The Search for Direction 663

Energy and the Environment 663

The Sagging Economy 664

Foreign Policy: Principled or Pragmatic? 664

The Middle East: Hope and Hostages 664

A President Held Hostage 665

Prime Time with Ronald Reagan 666 The Great Communicator 666

The Reagan Agenda 667

A Halfway Revolution 668

Winners and Losers in the Labor Market 668

Standing Tall in a Chaotic World 670 The Military Buildup 670

Disaster in the Middle East 670

Frustrations in Central America 670

The Iran-Contra Connection 671

Cover Blown 672

From Cold War to Glasnost 672

An End to the Cold War 673 HISTORIAN’S TOOLBOX The Berlin Wall 674

A Post–Cold War Foreign Policy 674

The Gulf War 675

Domestic Doldrums 675

The Conservative Court 676

Disillusionment and Anger 677

The Election of 1992 677

CHAPTER SUMMARY 678 | ADDITIONAL READING 679 | SIGNIFICANT EVENTS 680

32 THE UNITED STATES IN A GLOBAL COMMUNITY 1989–Present

AN AMERICAN STORY: Of Grocery Chains and Migration Chains 681

The New Immigration 683 The New Look of America—Asian Americans 684

The New Look of America—Latinos 684

Illegal Immigration 685

Links with the Home Country 685

Religious Diversity 685

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xx | F E A T U R E S |

Primary sources help students think critically about history. DUELING DOCUMENTS Two primary source documents offer contrasting perspectives on key events for analysis and discussion. Introductions and Critical Thinking questions frame the documents.

T HE K ITCHEN D EBATE On July 24, 1959, Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev met at an exhibi- tion in Moscow, showcasing American technology and culture. For Nixon the consumer goods on display offered proof of the superiority of the American free-enterprise system. Khrushchev argued forcefully, though defensively, that the Soviet Union could provide equally well for its housewives. While the event appeared to be spontaneous, Nixon had been looking for an opportunity to stand up to the pugnacious Rus- sian leader. In this primary newspaper account, the dueling is within a single document.

Dueling D O C U M E N T S

D O C U M E N T 1 Khrushchev-Nixon Debate

Nixon: “There are some instances where you may be ahead of us, for example in the development of the thrust of your rockets for the investigation of outer space, there may be some instances in which we are ahead of you—in color television, for instance.”

Khrushchev: “No, we are up with you on this, too. We have bested you in one technique and also in the other.”

Nixon: “You see, you never concede anything.”

Khrushchev: “I do not give up.”

Nixon: “Wait till you see the picture. Let’s have for more communication and exchange in this very area that we speak of. We should hear you more on our televisions. You should hear us more on yours.”

Khrushchev: “That’s a good idea. Let’s do it like this. You appear before our people. We will appear before your people. People will see and appreciate this.”

Nixon: “There is not a day in the United States when we cannot read what you say. When Kozlov was speaking in California about peace, you were talking here in somewhat dif- ferent terms. This was reported extensively in the American press. Never make a statement here if you don’t want it to be read in the United States. I can promise you every word you say will be translated into English.”

Khrushchev: “I doubt it. I want you to give your word that this speech of mine will be heard by the American people.”

Nixon: [shaking hands on it] “By the same token, everything I say will be translated and heard all over the Soviet Union?”

Khrushchev: “That’s agreed.”

Nixon: “You must not be afraid of ideas.”

Khrushchev: “We are telling you not to be afraid of ideas. We have no reason to be afraid. We have already broken free from such a situation.”

Nixon: “Well, then, let’s have more exchange of them. We are all agreed on that. All right? All right?”. . .

Khrushchev: [after Nixon called attention to a built-in panel-controlled washing machine.] “We have such things.”

Nixon: “This is the newest model. This is the kind which is built in thousands of units for direct installation in the houses.” He added that Americans were interested in making life easier for their women.

Mr. Khrushchev remarked that in the Soviet Union, they did not have “the capitalist atti- tude toward women.”

Nixon: “I think that this attitude toward women is universal. What we want to do is make eas- ier the life of our housewives.” He explained that the house could be built for $14,000 and that most veterans had bought houses for between $10,000 and $15,000. . . .

“Let me give you an example you can appre- ciate. Our steelworkers, as you know, are on strike. But any steelworker could buy this house. They earn $3 an hour. This house costs about $100 a month to buy on a con- tract running 25 to 30 years.”

Khrushchev: “We have steel workers and we have peasants who also can afford to spend $14,000 for a house.” He said American houses were built to last only 20 years, so builders could sell new houses at the end of that period. “We build firmly. We build for our children and grandchildren.”

Mr. Nixon said he thought American houses would last more than 20 years, but even so, after 20 years many Americans went a new home or a new kitchen, which would be obsolete then. The American system is designed to take advantage of new inven- tions and new techniques, he said.

Khrushchev: “This theory does not hold water.” He said some things never got out of date—furniture and furnishings, perhaps, but not houses. He said he did not think houses. He said he did not think that what Americans had written about their houses was all strictly accurate.

Nixon: [pointing to television screen.] “We can see here what is happening in other parts of the home.”

Khrushchev: “This is probably always out of order.”

Nixon: “Da [yes.]”

Khrushchev: “Don’t you have a machine that puts food into the mouth and pushes it down? Many things you’ve shown us are interesting but they are not needed in life. They have no useful purpose. They are merely gadgets. We have a saying, if you have bedbugs you have to catch one and pour boiling water into the ear.”

Nixon: “We have another saying. This is that the way to kill a fly is to make it drink whisky. But we have a better use for whisky. [Aside] I like to have this battle of wits with the Chairman. He knows his business.”

Source: “The Kitchen Debate.” Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev, July 24, 1959, Moscow, U.S.S.R.

THINKING CRITICALLY How does Khrushchev counter Nixon’s explanation of “planned obsoles- cence”? What is Khrushchev’s attitude about high-tech American consumer goods? Why was Nixon so insistent that his ideas be broadcast in the Soviet Union? In what way could women be offended by the two lead- ers’ comments?

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— Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin), “The School Days of an Indian Girl," Atlantic Monthly (1900)

“I cried aloud, shaking my head all the while until I felt the cold blades of the scissors against my neck, and heard them gnaw off one of my thick braids. Then I lost my spirit . . . my long hair was shingled like a coward’s! In my anguish I moaned for my mother, but no one came to comfort me. Not a soul reasoned quietly with me, as my own mother used to do; for now I was only one of many little animals driven by a herder.”

witness An Indian Girl Is Shorn at Boarding School

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WITNESS Vivid quotes from diaries, letters, and other texts provide a sense of how individuals experienced historical events.