Watson's experiment with little albert demonstrated that fears might be

Question 1

A famous experiment conducted by _____ showed that children are more likely to be _____ if this behavior is modeled for them.

Select one:

a. Watson; nice

b. Skinner; well-behaved

c. Bandura; aggressive

d. Thorndike; afraid

Question 2

A major problem with cramming for an exam is that it overloads the capacity of _____

Select one:

a. storage.

b. short-term memory.

c. long-term memory.

d. sensory memory.

Question 3

A test is said to be reliable if _____

Select one:

a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it.

b. it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure.

c. its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict.

d. it is culture-fair.

Question 4

According to Robert Sternberg, _____ intelligence refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests.

Select one:

a. analytical/componential

b. creative/experiential

c. practical/contextual

d. kinesthetic/spatial

Question 5

Another example of the power of classical conditioning occurs when _____

Select one:

a. a child is given a treat for finishing chores and increases that behavior.

b. we learn a skill by watching someone else, which makes our mirror neurons fire.

c. the neighborhood where we got high makes us crave the drug.

d. we teach our dog to sit by using rewards.

Question 6

As 3-year-old Angelo eats his bagel, he accidentally breaks it in half. He then says to his mom, "Uh oh, the bagel gone. I go get another." Angelo is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Select one:

a. formal operations

b. preoperational

c. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

d. sensorimotor

Question 7

As 3-year-old Luca is learning to count to ten, his parents notice he always remembers one, two, three easily and then nine, ten easily. However, he often skips or mixes up the numbers in the middle. This example demonstrates _____

Select one:

a. the serial position effect.

b. severe problems in metacognition.

c. only the primacy effect.

d. only the recency effect.

Question 8

Benny is throwing rocks at a neighbor's house. Just as Trisha picks up a rock and is about to throw it, the neighbor comes out and yells at Benny. Trisha quickly decides not to throw the rock. What has she just demonstrated?

Select one:

a. the elicitation effect

b. the disinhibitory effect

c. the insight effect

d. the inhibitory effect

Question 9

Benson, a black lab, had learned to associate two stimuli with getting taken for a walk, his owner getting out his leash, and his owner getting out a belt. Every time his owner picked up his belt, Benson would jump around and get excited. His owner wanted Benson to stop that so he repeatedly took out his belt without taking Benson for a walk, and always took him for a walk when getting out his leash. He was teaching Benson to _____

Select one:

a. generalize.

b. extinguish.

c. discriminate.

d. learn preferentially.

Question 10

Billy taught two rats how to play basketball for his experimental psychology class. What process did he likely use?

Select one:

a. operant conditioning

b. shaping

c. reinforcement

d. punishment

Question 11

Children and adolescents are often enticed into drug use, drinking and sexual behavior by observing these behaviors amongst their friends and acquaintances. Being influenced to exhibit behaviors that one has previously learned to suppress is called the _____

Select one:

a. elicitation effect.

b. inhibitory effect.

c. disinhibitory effect.

d. vicarious impact effect.

Question 12

Declarative memory is to explicit memory as short-term memory is to _____

Select one:

a. semantic memory.

b. working memory.

c. nondeclarative memory.

d. episodic memory.

Question 13

Dora just gave birth to her first child. She wants her daughter to grow up to be happy, self-reliant, assertive, socially skilled, and responsible. Based on Baumrind's research, which parenting style should Dora practice from this moment on?

Select one:

a. permissive type

b. independent type

c. authoritative type

d. indulgent type

Question 14

Douglas was shown a painting for a few moments, and then was asked to jot down as many details regarding the painting as he could remember. As he began writing, he was surprised to learn that although he remembered what the painting was, he had trouble recalling the details and seemed to lose them within a few seconds. Based on this information, the original information was likely stored in his _____ memory.

Select one:

a. sensory

b. explicit

c. short-term

d. latent

Question 15

Dustin is a child who never seems to eat or sleep on a schedule. He is described as an "intense" kid by his parents and is often irritable. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Dustin likely have?

Select one:

a. slow-to-warm-up

b. easy

c. insecure

d. difficult

Question 16

Every time 18-month-old Shayla tried to feed herself, her nanny would tell her to stop and wipe up the mess she had made. Her nanny would then proceed to feed her so the high chair wouldn't get dirty. Which stage of psychosocial development will Shayla likely unsuccessfully resolve?

Select one:

a. basic trust vs. mistrust

b. intimacy vs. isolation

c. generativity vs. stagnation

d. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Question 17

Gabriel is a 16-month-old boy who lives with his mom and grandma. He calls his mom "Mama" and his grandma "Nona." Last week, Gabriel was at the grocery store with his mom and saw a little lady with white hair and glasses that looked similar to his grandma. He immediately called her "Nona." Gabriel demonstrated _____

Select one:

a. an underextension error.

b. a misuse of telegraphic speech.

c. an overextension error.

d. a phonemic error.

Question 18

Gertrude is a nervous child. She tends to withdraw from other children and family members. However, if given enough time, Gertrude slowly adapts to new situations, people, and environments. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Gertrude likely have?

Select one:

a. slow-to-warm-up

b. easy

c. insecure

d. difficult

Question 19

Giuseppe cannot remember exactly what happened at the wedding he attended a while ago, but he knows that the reception followed the ceremony. He also knows that at the reception, there was a large guest list, great food, and lots of dancing. Giuseppe is using _____ to help him reconstruct his memory for the event.

Select one:

a. relearning

b. recognition

c. metacognition

d. a schema

Question 20

In order for behavior modification to work, the behavior must be _____ and _____

Select one:

a. aversive; changeable.

b. reinforceable; conditionable.

c. observable; measurable.

d. subjective; qualitative.

Question 21

In terms of classical conditioning, which element of the process did Robert Rescorla argue was the most important?

Select one:

a. the timing between the pairing of the stimuli

b. the reward that came after the stimulus

c. the predictive value of the unconditioned stimulus

d. the repeated pairing of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli

Question 22

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as an unconditioned stimulus was the _____.

Select one:

a. white rat

b. loud noise

c. fear of the rat

d. fear of the noise

Question 23

Learning that occurs, but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change, is called _____

Select one:

a. insight.

b. innate learning.

c. vicarious learning.

d. latent learning.

Question 24

Long-term memories are usually stored in _____ form.

Select one:

a. visual

b. tactile

c. gustatory

d. semantic

Question 25

Long-term memory is broken down into _____ and _____

Select one:

a. declarative memory; nondeclarative memory.

b. iconic memory; echoic memory.

c. working memory; short-term memory.

d. implicit memory; sensory memory.

Question 26

Lucille remembers the day she won the lottery like it was yesterday. She was at the gas station filling up her car and decided to check the lottery ticket she had purchased the day before. When the gas station attendant scanned it, he looked at her with a huge smile and then told her to get ready for some fantastic news. The memory of this event is located in Lucille's _____

Select one:

a. episodic memory.

b. nondeclarative memory.

c. sensory memory.

d. short-term memory.

Question 27

Melanie is asked the question, "What if humans never had hands or feet?" Though she knows most humans do have hands and feet, she says, "Well, I guess we wouldn't have the need for shoes or gloves anymore. Hmmm...I suppose it might be really difficult for humans to keep their balance if they didn't have feet." According to Piaget, in what stage is Melanie?

Select one:

a. reversibility

b. preoperational

c. formal operations

d. concrete operations

Question 28

Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?

Select one:

a. Michael will probably treat women very well, as he rebels against the behaviors he saw in his father.

b. Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.

c. Michael will probably have no relationships with women, as his father has taught him that relationships are not worth having.

d. Michael will always be very distant from his father, as he has learned that his father does not care about anyone but himself.

Question 29

Most of the children in the New York Longitudinal Study, which was started in 1956, displayed aNo _____

Select one:

a. insecure attachment.

b. easy temperament.

c. secure attachment.

d. slow-to-warm-up temperament.

Question 30

Of the following researchers, who would be most interested in moral development?

Select one:

a. Erik Erikson

b. Lawrence Kohlberg

c. Sigmund Freud

d. Harry Harlow

Question 31

One day Oliver was sitting with his friend as they were discussing how long they have been friends. As they counted back, Oliver said, "Oh, I remember. We met in the third grade at recess time." As he and his friend reminisced, Oliver came to the conclusion that because he hadn't thought about the third grade in so many years, he could not remember who their teacher was. In fact, he could not remember anything about his teacher. What is Oliver likely experiencing?

Select one:

a. consolidation failure

b. interference failure

c. memory decay

d. anterograde amnesia

Question 32

Pavlov and Watson believed the critical element in classical conditioning was the _____ of stimuli; Rescorla believed it was how well the conditioned stimulus made it possible to _____

Select one:

a. expectancy; remember the consequences.

b. pairing; make good predictions.

c. strength; repeat the pairing.

d. aversiveness; escape.

Question 33

Rescorla provided evidence that supported his theory by _____

Select one:

a. examining the brains of his rat subjects in a conditioning experiment.

b. presenting a conditioned stimulus with and without the unconditioned stimulus.

c. pairing conditioned and unconditioned stimuli only once.

d. pairing the unconditioned stimulus with several neutral stimuli.

Question 34

Sensory memory holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from _____ to _____

Select one:

a. a fraction of a second; two seconds.

b. two seconds; ten seconds.

c. a fraction of a second; ten seconds.

d. a fraction of a minute; two minutes.

Question 35

Sixteen-month-old Nina cries and appears distressed when her parents leave her with the babysitter she has known since she was born. Nina is demonstrating _____

Select one:

a. temperamental issues.

b. stranger anxiety.

c. an avoidant attachment.

d. separation anxiety.

Question 36

Sixteen-year-old Andre was helping his parents clean the windows. Unfortunately, one of the panes of glass nearby fell out of the window opening and left a cut on Andre's nose as he caught it. Andre is upset because now he is convinced his classmates will notice it and poke fun of him at school. Which of the following concepts best underlies Andre's thinking?

Select one:

a. the imaginary audience

b. reversibility

c. naïve idealism

d. the personal fable

Question 37

Taste aversion is an example of _____

Select one:

a. counter-conditioning.

b. generalization.

c. biological predisposition.

d. negative punishment.

Question 38

The ability to utilize logical thought to assess abstract situations is referred to as _____, which is attained in the _____ stage.

Select one:

a. naive idealism; formal operational

b. hypothetico-deductive thinking; formal operational

c. egocentrism; preoperational

d. hypothetico-deductive thinking; concrete operational

Question 39

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.

Select one:

a. generalization

b. habituation

c. memory loss

d. prediction

Question 40

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of _____ to conditioning theory.

Select one:

a. generalization

b. habituation

c. memory loss

d. expectancy

Question 41

The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called _____

Select one:

a. insight.

b. latent learning.

c. placebo learning.

d. innate learning.

Question 42

The longest period of time during prenatal development is the _____

Select one:

a. period of the fetus.

b. third trimester.

c. period of the embryo.

d. germinal stage.

Question 43

The process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information are incorporated into existing schemes is defined as _____ by Piaget.

Select one:

a. a scheme

b. assimilation

c. naïve idealism

d. the law of conservation

Question 44

The tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded is known as _____

Select one:

a. the serial position effect.

b. the state-dependent memory effect.

c. the psychedelic effect.

d. the context effect.

Question 45

The type of learning in which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another is called _____

Select one:

a. operant conditioning.

b. classical conditioning.

c. maturation.

d. social-cognitive learning.

Question 46

The type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated to increase or decrease the frequency of the behavior, or to shape an entirely new behavior, is _____

Select one:

a. operant conditioning.

b. classical conditioning.

c. insight learning.

d. social-cognitive learning.

Question 47

The zone of proximal development refers to _____

Select one:

a. the notion that moral reasoning is based primarily on the evidence of what is "right" and what is "wrong" as dictated by society's rules.

b. the skills children cannot yet perform on their own, but can perform if they have some help from someone who has already attained those skills.

c. the understanding that the volume of a particular liquid remains the same even if the container it is poured into is different in appearance from the original container.

d. the outward verbalizations a young child makes when working through a challenging task.

Question 48

There is no known limit to our _____

Select one:

a. metamemory.

b. working memory.

c. long-term memory.

d. short-term memory.

Question 49

To be considered as standardized, a test must establish _____ by _____

Select one:

a. norms; analyzing scores of a sample of test-takers.

b. standards; which it will be validated.

c. validity; which it will be analyzed.

d. predictive ability; which scores are interpreted.

Question 50

Understanding that an object's mass, volume, or amount remains the same even if its appearance changes, provided that nothing is added or taken away in the process, is referred to as _____

Select one:

a. object permanence.

b. irreversibility.

c. conservation.

d. symbolic function.

Question 51

Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be _____

Select one:

a. based on classical conditioning.

b. deeply rooted in the innate unconscious of infants.

c. based on the principle of observational learning.

d. based on Skinner's analysis of positive reinforcement.

Question 52

When a person has a better memory for items at the end of a list he/she tries to learn, the _____ is demonstrated.

Select one:

a. recency effect

b. serial cognition effect

c. metamemory effect

d. primacy effect

Question 53

When considering the effects of early or late puberty on adolescents, which of the following is FALSE?

Select one:

a. Some early maturing boys may show more aggression and hostility than later-maturing boys.

b. Early-maturing girls are more likely than late-maturing girls to develop eating disorders.

c. Some early-maturing boys tend to have more confidence, feel more secure, and have more success with academics.

d. Late-maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies than early-maturing girls.

Question 54

When Magglio goes into Starbucks, he knows how to order his favorite drink: a tall, nonfat latte with an extra shot of espresso. First, he indicates the size he wants, then the drink, then anything extra. Magglio has _____ for ordering coffee at Starbucks, which he can use for any coffee house he visits.

Select one:

a. imagery impairment

b. egocentrism

c. naïve idealism

d. a scheme

Question 55

When new information pushes current information out of memory because the short-term memory is full, _____ has occurred.

Select one:

a. retrograde amnesia

b. displacement

c. chunking

d. rehearsal

Question 56

When studying developmental psychology, _____ refer(s) to the physical domain.

Select one:

a. memory

b. relating to others

c. understanding the social world

d. changes that take place in the body

Question 57

Which example best describes the zone of proximal development?

Select one:

a. trying to teach a 1-year-old how to add

b. dressing a 4-year-old child who keeps saying, "I'll do it!"

c. attempting to teach a 5-year-old trigonometry

d. showing a toddler a book that has many colors, some of which the toddler already knows

Question 58

Which of the following allows for the attainment of Piaget's concept of conservation?

Select one:

a. sensorimotor thought

b. reversibility

c. naïve idealism

d. the personal fable

Question 59

Which of the following brain structures is most utilized when someone is engaged in working memory?

Select one:

a. the hippocampus

b. the prefrontal cortex

c. the hypothalamus

d. the cerebellum

Question 60

Which of the following developmental psychology research questions would address the psychosocial domain?

Select one:

a. "Can depression be triggered by the onset of puberty?"

b. "Does birth order affect how adolescents relate to others?"

c. "At what age does abstract thinking enhance decision making?"

d. "Do toddlers understand the law of conservation?"

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT associated with Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

Select one:

a. good boy-nice girl orientation

b. the postconventional level

c. the subconventional level

d. the preconventional level

Question 62

Which of the following occurs when someone's short-term memory is filled to capacity?

Select one:

a. They simply squeeze more information in.

b. Displacement can occur at that point.

c. The person actively decides to save some items and then sends the remaining items back to sensory memory for reprocessing.

d. All of the information is automatically moved into the long-term memory store.

Question 63

Which of the following parenting styles, according to Baumrind's research, would fit the phrase "My way or the highway"?

Select one:

a. a permissive parent

b. an authoritarian parent

c. an indulgent parent

d. an authoritative parent

Question 64

Which of the following researchers studied temperament?

Select one:

a. Gibson and Walk

b. Ainsworth and Harlow

c. Thomas, Chess, and Birch

d. Kohlberg

Question 65

You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated _____

Select one:

a. generalization.

b. discrimination.

c. latent learning.

d. insight learning.

Question 66

Yvette just took a history exam that consisted of three essay questions. By giving essay questions, Yvette's professor measured her _____

Select one:

a. recognition.

b. recall.

c. relearning ability.

d. savings.

Question 67

Zovia is a toddler who always seems happy. She is described by her caretakers as adaptable, a great eater, and a sound sleeper. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Zovia likely have?

Select one:

a. slow-to-warm-up

b. easy

c. insecure

d. difficult

Question 68

_____ intelligence is defined by one's verbal ability and accumulated knowledge.

Select one:

a. Fluid

b. Nonverbal

c. Contextual

d. Crystallized

Question 69

_____ intelligence tends to increase over the lifespan, whereas _____ intelligence tends to decrease as time goes on.

Select one:

a. Fluid; crystallized

b. Nonverbal; fluid

c. Crystallized; fluid

d. Nonverbal; verbal

Question 70

_____ is a belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves.

Select one:

a. The personal fable

b. Preoperational egocentrism

c. The imaginary audience

d. Reversibility

Question 71

_____ is another label for declarative memory.

Select one:

a. Nondeclarative memory

b. Implicit memory

c. Explicit memory

d. Working memory

Question 72

_____ is the degree to which a characteristic is estimated to be influenced by genes.

Select one:

a. Behavioral genetics

b. Nature

c. Genetics

d. Heritability

Question 73

_____ is the opposite of reinforcement.

Select one:

a. Partial reinforcement

b. Continuous reinforcement

c. Negative reinforcement

d. Punishment

Question 74

_____ refers to the close emotional bond an individual has with the person or persons who raised and cared for him/her.

Select one:

a. Temperament

b. Stranger anxiety

c. Attachment

d. Autonomy

Question 75

_____ refers to the mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information.

Select one:

a. Imagery

b. Perception

c. Sensation

d. Cognition