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True / False
1. Simply imaging something pleasant is not sufficient to stimulate the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens; the event must actually be experienced.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Addictive drugs strongly activate the nucleus accumbens by releasing dopamine or norepinephrine there.
a.
True
b.
False
3. After a long period of abstinence, exposure to cues associated with the substance are very unlikely to trigger a renewed craving.
a.
True
b.
False
4. Symptoms of marijuana withdrawal include anxiety, sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Studies of the genetics of addiction have implicated the gene that controls COMT, an enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Medications like Antabuse combat alcohol abuse by blocking opiate receptors and thereby decrease the pleasure from alcohol.
a.
True
b.
False
7. Autism spectrum disorder encompasses both autism and what used to be called Asperger’s syndrome.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Many fad treatments for autism spectrum disorders make the parents feel good that they are trying something, but otherwise, they are a waste of time and money.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Less than 5% of mothers who have children with autism have antibodies that attack certain brain proteins.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Most depressed people have decreased activity in the left and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The first successful treatment for bipolar disorder, and still the most common one, is lithium salts.
a.
True
b.
False
12. Antidepressant drugs have effects at the synapse within hours, but may take weeks to change behavior.
a.
True
b.
False
13. Exposure to bright lights is one effective treatment for SAD.
a.
True
b.
False
14. The ventricles are larger than normal in people with schizophrenia.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Atypical antipsychotics are effective in treating only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
a.
True
b.
False
Multiple Choice
16. A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n) ____.
a.
agonist
b.
antagonist
c.
stimulant
d.
protagonist
17. A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is called a(n) ____.
a.
agonist
b.
antagonist
c.
depressant
d.
protagonist
18. A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is a(n) ____; a drug that mimics or increases the effects is a(n) ____.
a.
neuromodulator; synergist
b.
agonist; antagonist
c.
depressant; stimulant
d.
antagonist; agonist
19. Which effect would be considered to be antagonistic?
a.
blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
b.
stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
c.
blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters
d.
interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters
20. Which effect would be considered to be agonistic?
a.
blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
b.
stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
c.
blocking the postsynaptic receptors
d.
mimicking enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters
21. To say that a drug has an affinity for a particular type of receptor is to imply that the drug ____.
a.
breaks down neurotransmitter chemicals at that receptor site
b.
will always excite the postsynaptic receptor
c.
will always inhibit the postsynaptic receptor
d.
binds to that receptor
22. With respect to drug effects, "efficacy" means the tendency of a drug to ____.
a.
have inhibitory effects
b.
have excitatory effects
c.
attach to a receptor
d.
activate a receptor
23. The brain area most often linked to drug addiction is the ____.
a.
nucleus accumbens
b.
whole limbic system
c.
frontal lobes
d.
brain stem
24. Which neurotransmitter has been repeatedly connected with addictive drugs?
a.
epinephrine
b.
acetylcholine
c.
serotonin
d.
dopamine
25. An insistent search for the substance or activity to which the individual is addicted is called ____.
a.
tolerance
b.
craving
c.
withdrawal
d.
abstinence
26. As an addiction develops, many of its effects, especially the enjoyable effects, decrease, a phenomenon known as____.
a.
tolerance
b.
craving
c.
withdrawal
d.
abstinence
27. As the body comes to expect the drug under certain circumstances, it reacts strongly when the drug is absent, a reaction known as ____.
a.
tolerance
b.
craving
c.
withdrawal
d.
abstinence
28. Attempts to identify individual genes associated with addiction have found ____.
a.
many genes, each with a small effect
b.
a small number of genes with limited cumulative effects
c.
many genes, each with a substantial effect
d.
a small number of genes with substantial cumulative effects
29. A key gene in addiction controls COMT, an enzyme that breaks down ____ after its release.
a.
serotonin
b.
norepinephrine
c.
dopamine
d.
GABA
30. People with Type II (Type B) alcoholism ____.
a.
have rapid onset alcoholism
b.
have few symptoms prior to middle age
c.
are typically female
d.
experience few problems as a result of their alcoholism
31. Studies of individuals at high risk of alcoholism show that ____.
a.
sons of alcoholics show more than average intoxication after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol
b.
daughters of alcoholics show less than average intoxication after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol
c.
alcohol paradoxically increases stress for sons of alcoholics rather than decreasing it
d.
alcohol decreases stress more for sons of alcoholics than it does for others
32. Which drug is used in the treatment of opiate addiction and has the advantage of producing a long-lasting effect so that the person visits a clinic three times a week instead of daily?
a.
Antabuse
b.
naloxone
c.
LAAM
d.
methodone
33. A common drug to treat alcoholism that produces illness after consuming alcohol is ____.
a.
Antabuse
b.
naloxone
c.
LAAM
d.
methodone
34. Which drug is used in the treatment of alcoholism to block opiate receptors and thus reduce the pleasure from alcohol?
a.
Antabuse
b.
naloxone
c.
LAAM
d.
methodone
35. Which drug is viewed as a less potentially harmful substitute for heroin and is taken orally every day?
a.
Antabuse
b.
naloxone
c.
LAAMmethodone
d.
36. Worldwide, the median incidence estimate for autism spectrum disorders is about one in ____.
a.
60
b.
160
c.
260
d.
600
37. Several studies on the role of genetics in autism have focused on ____ —enzymes that regulate the repair and replication of DNA and the production of certain types of RNA
a.
topoisomerases
b.
proteases
c.
lipases
d.
hydrolases
38. Women who take folic acid pills during pregnancy have about ____ the probability of having a child with autism as compared to other women.
a.
one-tenth
b.
half
c.
twice
d.
ten times
39. About 12% of the mothers of children who have autism spectrum disorders have ____.
a.
a family history of autism spectrum disorders
b.
antibodies that attack certain brain proteins
c.
extremely low levels of folic acid
d.
a history of heavy alcohol use during pregnancy
40. Studies of the genetics of autism spectrum disorders indicate that ____.
a.
many cases result from new mutations or microdeletions in any of a number of genes
b.
a small number of genes appear to be involved in autism spectrum disorders
c.
most mutations and deletions implicated in autism spectrum disorders are inherited from mothers
d.
very young maternal age and very young paternal age independently increase the risk of autism spectrum disorders
41. The primary symptoms of autism spectrum disorders include ____.
a.
deficits in social exchanges
b.
severe intellectual disabilities
c.
excessive, unwavering eye contact
d.
extremely powerful memory skills
42. Which autism treatment is most widely used?
a.
the use of first generation antipsychotics
b.
increase action potential velocity
c.
dietary modifications such as elimination of sugar or food dyes
d.
the use of chelation to remove heavy metals from the blood
43. As compared to non-depressed people, depressed individuals ____.
a.
have greater unpleasant events
b.
react worse to unpleasant events
c.
have fewer pleasant experiences
d.
react more to pleasant experiences
44. What can be said about treatment for autism spectrum disorders?
a.
While drugs like risperidone can be used to reduce stereotyped behaviors, they have a risk of dangerous side-effects.
b.
The use of stimulant drugs may increase social behavior and communication.
c.
New treatments, including chelation, appear to have great promise.
d.
Use of the high fat, ketogenic diet used for some children with intractable epilepsy, appears helpful.
45. People with late-onset depression are more likely than other people to have relatives with which type of disorder?
a.
diabetes
b.
circulatory problems
c.
mental retardation
d.
skin diseases
46. Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?
a.
Late-onset depression has higher heritability than early-onset depression.
b.
Depression in males runs in families, depression in females does not.
c.
Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives.
d.
Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed adoptive relatives than depressed biological relatives.
47. On average, those with the short form of the ____ transporter gene and a history of stressful experiences reported more than average symptoms of depression.
a.
acetylcholine
b.
dopamine
c.
serotonin
d.
calcium
48. Most depressed people show ____ activity in the ____ prefrontal cortex.
a.
increased; left
b.
decreased; left
c.
decreased; right
d.
increased; right and left
49. Which symptoms are the most likely side effects of tricyclic antidepressants?
a.
increased reaction to eating cheese
b.
nausea and headaches
c.
drowsiness and dry mouth
d.
cramping and diarrhea
50. Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neuron after their release?
a.
tricyclics
b.
MAOIs
c.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
d.
atypical antidepressants
51. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to ____.
a.
tricyclics
b.
MAOIs
c.
Antabuse
d.
L-Dopa
52. Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into inactive forms?
a.
tricyclics
b.
MAOIs
c.
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
d.
atypical antidepressants
53. In contrast to tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ____.
a.
block reuptake of both catecholamines and serotonin
b.
increase action potential velocity
c.
block the reuptake of only serotonin
d.
act on the left hemisphere while tricyclics act on the right
54. One potentially dangerous side effect of St. John's wort is that it ____.
a.
increases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking
b.
decreases the effectiveness of other medications the person may be taking
c.
prevents the reuptake of serotonin
d.
raises blood pressure after the person eats tyramine-rich food
55. ____ is a treatment for depression that electrically induces a seizure.
a.
Electromagnetic therapy
b.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
c.
Electroconvulsive shock therapy
d.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
56. The use of electroconvulsive shock declined in the 1950s because ____.
a.
legal concerns arose with its use as a therapy
b.
a new theory of depression called the treatment into question
c.
antidepressant drugs became available
d.
a federal report concluded that it was almost never effective
57. Electroconvulsive therapy is sometimes recommended for patients with strong suicidal tendencies because it ____.
a.
produces its benefits faster
b.
does not impair memory
c.
produces permanent, not temporary, relief
d.
is based on a theory, not just trial and error discoveries
58. The most common side effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy is ____.
a.
dry mouth and blurred vision
b.
damage to the frontal lobes
c.
memory loss
d.
high probability of broken bones during the treatment
59. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is similar to ECT in that ____.
a.
both deal with magnetic stimulation
b.
both increase the frequency of action potentials
c.
both are effective in alleviating depression and no one knows why
d.
neither requires patient consent
60. In certain cases, it is possible to relieve depression by changing a person's ____.
a.
sleeping schedule
b.
eating schedule
c.
exercise schedule
d.
self-grooming habits
61. Which of the following characterizes the total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?
a.
high in both mania and depression
b.
low in both mania and depression
c.
low in mania and high in depression
d.
high in mania and low in depression
62. Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder differ with regard to ____.
a.
how many relatives also have the condition
b.
how rapidly the cycles occur
c.
whether they include full-blown manic phases
d.
whether they develop suddenly at an early age or gradually at a later age
63. Lithium is most commonly prescribed for which disorder?
a.
seasonal affective disorder
b.
endogenous depression
c.
reactive depression
d.
bipolar disorder
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