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What did anthropologist george gmelch note about baseball as an activity?

21/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 10 Days

Religion, Magic and Worldview


“The Worst Lover: Boyfriend Spirits in Senegal” by Rachel Mueller


“Baseball Magic” by George Gmelch


“Run for the Wall: An American Pilgrimage” by Jill Dubitsch


“Body Ritual Among the Nacirema” by Horace Miner


#31: Body Ritual among the Nacirema (Horace Miner)


What are a few adjectives you’d use to describe the Nacirema? Why?


Explain.


The Nacirema…like you/ NOT like you?


What are some of the beliefs and body rituals of the Nacirema?


The most fundamental belief underlying the whole system?


Most fundamental belief underlying the whole system….


“The human body is ugly and its natural tendency is to debility and disease.” (288)


Ways to avert and cope are through ritual and ceremonies…


Every home has a shrine dedicated to this purpose… but not for families….private and secret individual ceremonies and rituals.


Shrines and charm boxes.


What are some of the body rituals of the Nacirema?


Body rituals among the Nacirema


Mouth –rites (bundles of hog hairs into the mouth)


Holy mouth men


Medicine men


Men-scrape and lacerate the skin on their face


Women bake their heads in ovens


How do these help people function?


What is the latipso, and for what is it used?


“Some natives are taken here never to recover”


Children resist going here necause that is where you go to die” (290)


What do you think the psychological functions of Nacireman body ritual are?


Who ARE the Nacirema?


The author describes this poorly understood people


“They are a North American group living between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and the Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and the Arawak of ther Antilles.”


“a highly developed marked economy…”


“A North American group living between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles.” (288)


Who are the Nacirema, and why do you think Miner wrote this article?


“Body Ritual among the Nacirema”


Offers a satirical view of American culture


Addresses assumptions about “primitive”/ “advanced” societies


Magic and superstition in an modern,


industrialized society


Cultural relativity


Ethnocentrism


Miner wrote this classic essay in 1958…


2018….changes?


#29: Baseball magic (George Gmelch)


This essay begins with a story about Dennis Grossini, a former pitcher for the Detroit Tigers.


Why?


Why does the author (George Gmelch) discuss Bronislaw Malinowski’s theories on magic?


Lagoon


Open sea fishing


According to Gmelch, what is magic


and why do people practice it?


“By magic, anthropologists refer to practices (267)


Rituals


Taboos


Fetishes


(good luck charms)


What parts of baseball are most likely to lead to magical practice? Why?


Illustrate these concepts using examples from this article.


How does the risk and uncertainty of pitching and hitting affect players?


How do they try to control the outcome of their performance?


Uncertainty and Magic


Bronislaw Malinowski


B.F. Skinner


How are their theories of magic alike and different? What is each designed to explain?


Uncertainty and Magic


Bronislaw Malinowski


Anthropologist


Helps us understand how baseball players respond to uncertainty/ anxiety


Belief in having control increases confidence


B.F. Skinner


Behavioral psychologist


Sheds light on why personal rituals get established in the first place; linking particular behavior with a reward


Stuart Vyse adds: “Humans like Skinner’s pigeons tend to repeat any behavior that is coincident with success” (274) Baseball players unlike pigeons are quicker to change rituals once they no longer seem to work (274)


In a footnote, Gmelch notes some research of interest regarding cross-cultural comparisons between American and Japanese baseball players


Americans in general more superstitious than Japanese players


American players believed their superstitions, routines and rituals aided individual performance


Japanese players believed their superstitions aided team performance


Can you think of other areas in the U.S. where magic is practiced?


Do the same theories in this article account for these examples too?


Why do you think Gmelch wrote this article?


Gmelch, who in the 1960s played pro baseball for the Detroit Tigers


took an Anthropology course on “Religion, Magic and Witchcraft”


Listened to professor lecturing on magic and rituals of the Trobriand Islanders…where it occurred to him that what these so-called “primitive” people did wasn’t all that different from what he and his teammates did for luck and confidence in the ballpark (267)


“Baseball Magic”


Describes the use of magic by baseball players


Illustrates nature of magic, fetishes, taboo, and ritual


Ties the use of magic to anxiety related to uncertainty


Malinowski (stress reduction, uncertainty)


B. F. Skinner to show magic's relationship to personal rituals nature of cause and effect


Intro ….“People seem most content


when they are confident about themselves and the world around them.” (254)


Uncertainty breeds anxiety…


“From time to time the unexpected or the contradictory intervenes to shake peoples’ assurance.”


Crops fail


A woman’s husband runs off with another woman


Death, natural disaster, countless other forms of adversity strike…


Magic, one way to cope with uncertainty


Helps people function


#28: The Worst Lover: Boyfriend Spirits on Senegal (Rachel Mueller)


Senegal shaped by two historical influences:


1000 -Muslims arrived w/ Sufi Islam


Prayer mats. head coverings,


marabouts (islamic holy men)


2)1800s- French colonization


French language & gov’t


French & Wolof


Key to the story


Rab…..


Faru rab


Teranga


Spirit Possession and Rab


Laye Fatou’s story?


Lebou religion


What attracts rab spirits?


In what ways do rab resemble humans?


Essay…negative effects of the faru rab on women


Demonstrates steps women must take to reject these spirits, including the dramatic ndepp ritual


Marabout (healer)/ Ndepp (public ritual)/ Ndeppkat (priestess)


Divination


Sacrifice


Ndepp ceremony


Ways of Communicating with the Supernatural World


Spirit possession occurs when a supernatural being enters an individual and controls that person's behavior.


Onlookers can then communicate with the spirit.


Sacrifice is the act of giving up something to influence supernatural beings.


Prayer is a petition directed at a supernatural being.


Can boyfriend spirits co-exist with Islam?


“Rab” in Senegalese Society


What prognosis does Mueller provide for the survival of rab in changing Senegalese society?


Lébou people of Senegal claim to live among rab spirits alongside devout worship of Islam


Explains how rab fits into both Islam and Senegal


Historic religion


Archaic religion


Syncretism


Medical pluralism (rab healers * western trained doctors)


Syncretism


Creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms.


EG: Vodou (divine spirit) is an example of a syncretic religion as it combines both Christian and African belief systems.


Divination


is the use of supernatural force associated with selected material objects to learn answers to particular questions.


Example: The Bhils of India predict the abundance of summer rainfall by watching where a bird lands when it is released.


If it settles on something green, rain will be plentiful; if it settles on brown, the year will be dry.


“Signs”…omens


Divination, omens, signs


A method to prepare for the unknown and/or not yet present.


Divination- a magical procedure for determining the cause of a particular event, such as illness, or foretelling the future.


Do we practice this in our society?


Nechung Oracle Tibet


Divination


Palm readings


Tarot readings


I Ching


Dreams


#30: Run for the Wall: An American Pilgrimage (Jill Dubisch)


What is this essay about?


What kind of people started the Run for the Wall?


Run for the Wall: An American Pilgrimage (st. 1989)


Describes a yearly 10 day pilgrimage from Los Angeles to Washington D.C. by motorcyclists, many of whom are veterans of the Vietnam War (arr Memorial Day Weekend)


What does Dubisch mean by


the term “ritual”?


a pilgrimage?


Key terms


Ritual: “a patterned, repetitive, symbolic enactment of cultural belief or value” (279)


The primary purpose of a ritual is “transformation”


Rituals are often performed to mark important occasions times, transitions


Easter, Passover,etc


Often think of them as “traditional” being transmitted generation to generation – but the fact is that they an ongoing human activity are need to be recreated every time they are performed


Rituals subject to intentional and unintentional change


Run for the Wall


Yearly tradition - ritual


Modified and changed and added to every year by those who participate in it and those who host them along the way


Pilgrimage:


As a ritual


Is a journey


One type of “rite of passage”


Marked by a liminal period of physical separation created by the journey itself


Once the journey is over – the pilgrim often has an experience of inner transformation: healing, atonement for sim or spiritual renewal (280)


Anthropology of Ritual


Arnold van Gennep - Rites of passage: separation, betwixt or between (liminality) and reaggregation


Victor Turner – rituals as having two poles: the ideological and the sensory


Important messages about social values


Mircea Eliade – rituals often reenact the important myths of society


Dubisch argues that the Run for the Wall


has a strong emotional and transformative impact on those who participate.


What appears to generate such intense feelings?


Dangers of the road


Reawakening of memories from the trauma of war


a difficult period in history – era of the Vietnam war…and social protests


Purpose of the Pilgrimage:


1) to heal personal wounds


2) to ride for all veterans especially those who were left behind: POWs & MIAs


What were some of the storied moments Dubisch recounts in the pilgrimage?


The Navajo Reservation and the Brotherhood of Warriors


The Power of Places:Angel Fire, New Mexico


Linton, Colorado: remembering the Missing and the Dead


At the Wall; Confronting Sacred Space


Over 58,000 American names engraved


Individual and collective dead


Wall Magic


Night Patrol


Run for the Wall: An American Pilgrimage


Defines pilgrimage, ritual, and rites of passage


Notes the stress returning that veterans feel and illustrates the way the "run" contributes to healing


Shows how ritual can reinforce basic values


44


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