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5E VOICES OF FREEDOM “““““““"H““““““““ A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY VOLUME 2 ERIC FONER SAuSAgEMaN ****************** Uploaded for poor college students everywhere by SAuSAgEMaN ****************** SAuSAgEMaN 007-65853_ch00_vol1_6P.indd ii 10/14/16 9:04 AM V OICES OF F REEDOM A Documentary History Fifth Edition Vo l u m e 2 SAuSAgEMaN 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd i 10/14/16 9:04 AM SAuSAgEMaN 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd ii 10/14/16 9:04 AM V OICES OF F REEDOM A Documentary History Fifth Edition EDITED BY E R I C F O N E R  Vo l u m e 2 n W. W. N O R T O N & C O M PA N Y . N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N SAuSAgEMaN 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd iii 10/14/16 9:04 AM W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Manufacturing by Maple Press Book design by Antonina Krass Composition by Westchester Book Group Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Foner, Eric, 1943– editor. Title: Voices of freedom: a documentary history / edited by Eric Foner. Description: Fifth edition. | New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2016045203 | ISBN 9780393614497 (pbk., v. 1) | ISBN 9780393614503 (pbk., v. 2) Subjects: LCSH: United States—History—Sources. | United States—Politics and government—Sources. Classification: LCC E173 .V645 2016 | DDC 973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016045203 ISBN: 978-0-393-61450-3 (pbk.) W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110 wwnorton .com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 SAuSAgEMaN 007-65853_ch00_vol2_6P.indd iv 10/14/16 9:04 AM ERIC FONER is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. In his teaching and scholarship, he focuses on the Civil War and Reconstruction, slavery, and nineteenth- century America. Professor Foner’s publications include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War; Tom Paine and Revolutionary America; Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War; Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy; Reconstruction: American’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877; Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction; The Story of American Freedom; Who Owns History? Rethinking the Past in a Changing World; and Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. His history of Reconstruction won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman Prize. He served as president of the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, and the Society of American Historians. His most recent trade publications include The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery,