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Clara Schumann, age 38, Munich. Photograph by Franz Hanfstaengl, 1857. Robert-Schumann- Haus, Zwickau.

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CLARA SCHUMANN

The Artist and the Woman

Revised Edition

NANCY B. REICH

Cornell University Press

ITHACA AND LONDON

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In memory of

Haskell A. Reich,

1926–1983

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Contents

List of Illustrations Preface to the Revised Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments to the Revised Edition Acknowledgments to the First Edition Chronology Abbreviations

PART I. The Life of Clara Schumann

1. Prelude: The Wiecks of Leipzig 2. Clara’s Career Begins 3. Robert Schumann and the Wiecks 4. The Break with Wieck 5. The Marriage 6. The Dresden Years 7. Düsseldorf and the Death of Robert Schumann 8. The Later Years

PART II. Themes from the Life of Clara Schumann

9. Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms 10. Other Friends and Contemporaries 11. Clara Schumann as Composer and Editor 12. The Concert Artist 13. Clara Schumann as Student and Teacher

Catalogue of Works Notes Bibliography

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Illustrations

Clara Schumann, 1857 frontispiece Marianne Tromlitz, June 7, 1816 Friedrich Wieck’s letter to Marianne Wieck, November 7, 1825 Cover of Clara’s diary Clara Wieck, age 8 Clara Wieck’s piano, Gewandhaus concert, October 20, 1828 Program, Clara Wieck’s first Gewandhaus concert Clara Wieck, 1832 Clara Wieck, 1835 Robert Schumann, 1839 Clara Wieck, 1840 Friedrich Wieck, ca. 1853 Clara and Robert Schumann, 1847 Six Schumann children, 1855 Clara Schumann with Marie Marie Schumann Elise Schumann Julie Schumann Ludwig Schumann Ferdinand Schumann Eugenie Schumann Felix Schumann Clara Schumann, 1878 Clara Schumann, 1854 Johannes Brahms, 1853 Concert program, March 12, 1891 Concert program, January 13, 1833 Autograph, “Volkslied”

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Preface to the Revised Edition

In the fifteen years since the first edition of this biography was published, interest in Clara Schumann has exploded. Performances, editions, and recordings of her music, films, dramas, radio and TV programs inspired by her life, piano competitions in her name, dissertations, scholarly papers, articles in the scholarly and popular presses, program notes, publication of letters, biographies in several languages and revisionist biographies, all attest to the significance of and fascination with Clara Wieck Schumann as an artist and as a woman.

Some part of the fascination was generated by the feminist movement, which stirred the demand for courses in women’s studies, women’s history, and gender studies now found in universities around the globe. Clara Schumann—career woman and single mother—was an ideal subject for students interested in women, history, and music. Indeed, many of the lecture invitations I received the first few years after the publication of the book were from groups more interested in women’s issues than in music history. As awareness of her accomplishments grew, however, she increasingly came to be seen not only as a symbol of women achievers but as an acknowledged composer of the new romantic school of the early Romantic period and a towering influence on pianists in the nineteenth century.

The need for a new edition has grown more pressing as a result of the publication of a variety of significant documents—letters, medical reports, and music—that were in private hands and unavailable when I was working on the first edition. The publication in 1994 of excerpts of the medical log kept by Robert Schumann’s physicians in Endenich, Clara Schumann’s correspondence with Dr. Härtel of the publishers Breitkopf & Härtel (published in 1997) and with the List family (published in 1996), and the letters and diaries of her granddaughter Julie (published in 1990) were among the documents that, though they did not change my basic conceptions of the character and personality of Clara Schumann, have informed this revised edition and enriched my understanding and admiration of this remarkable woman.

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The many new publications of the music of Clara Wieck Schumann, especially the editions by Gerd Nauhaus, Janina Klassen, and Joachim Draheim, and the increasing number of genuinely artistic performances of her works have led to a reassessment of her as a composer. Though I do not analyze her works in this book, it is my hope that the extended Catalogue of Works, which lists new editions, and the citations to the scholarly literature will enable performers and listeners to locate her compositions and the new studies they have inspired.

The centenary of the death of Clara Schumann in 1996 was the occasion for many festivals and conferences at which scholars, young and old, presented the latest findings on the multifaceted musician. The publications that ensued (cited in the bibliography) have also facilitated this edition, and it is hoped they will dispel the myths and legends that continue to proliferate.

To the frequent comments about the “lovely romantic” story of Clara and Robert Schumann, I can answer that it was indeed a romantic story, but it was only one aspect of a long and difficult life. Too often the tragedies endured by Clara Schumann are forgotten: the final heartbreaking years of Robert Schumann’s life; the pressures of carrying on a public career to pay for the hospitalization of a mentally ill husband and to support a family; the burdens of a widow raising and educating seven children ranging in age from two to fourteen; the deaths and illnesses of four adult children. In 1985 I wrote of a life of triumph and tragedy, but now I recognize that the tragedies suffered by this courageous woman far outweighed the triumphs, and that her life can more accurately be described as a story of great talent, struggle, and survival.

Political events of the past decade have greatly aided the preparation of this revised edition. Almost all the sources used for the first edition were in the libraries and archives of the former German Democratic Republic, and though I was granted entree to them on my many research trips to that country and found librarians and archivists universally friendly and cooperative, the same could not always be said of the agencies that governed study and research. Photocopying was unavailable, so documents and music had to be copied by hand. Searches at border crossings became explanatory ordeals. For this edition, I had the great privilege of accessing Clara Wieck’s girlhood diaries (Jugendtage-bucher) on my computer, a luxury unthinkable in the early 1980s. The access to sources and the publication of the Robert Schumann Tagebücher and the first two volumes of the Robert and Clara Schumann Briefwechsel also have made the task of correcting errors and filling gaps much easier.

My own research after the publication of the first edition has contributed to this revision a greater awareness of the impact of class and gender on music history, of Clara Wieck Schumann’s relationship with the Mendelssohn family, and of the

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enduring influence of Clara Schumann on pianists and pianism throughout the world.

I was fortunate to have many doors opened to me after the publication of Clara Schumann: The Artist and the Woman in 1985 and its publication in England in 1985 and 1987 (Gollancz and Oxford University Press), in Japan in 1987 (Ongaku No Tomo Sha), and in Germany in 1991 (Rowohlt Verlag). I met Schumann relatives, scholars, and music lovers from four continents who have shared with me their knowledge of and experiences with Clara and Robert Schumann and their music. Their help and the generosity of friends and colleagues whose interest continually rekindled my enthusiasm and excitement for this project have enabled me to present a more complete portrait of Clara Schumann.

NANCY B. REICH

Hastings-on-Hudson, New York

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Preface to the First Edition

Though much has been written about Clara Schumann, she is still, more than 165 years after her birth, known to us only through the eyes and minds of her own era. She is viewed even today as her nineteenth-century contemporaries saw her— as a saint or “priestess,” as a dedicated wife, mother, and musician. In seeking a modern approach to this great artist, I have examined new sources and reexamined the old. This study has deepened my regard for the artist and woman; it has also convinced me that she is worthy of the truth. Such a quest calls for the tools of musicological scholarship, the insights of psychology, and sensitivity to the history of women and their place in nineteenth-century musical history.

All of her biographies, even the most recent (published in English, French, German, Danish, and several other languages—testimony to the continuing interest in Clara Schumann), have been based on Berthold Litzmann’s Clara Schumann: Ein Kunstlerleben, published between 1902 and 1908, and on her correspondence with Johannes Brahms, which was published in 1927.

Litzmann’s three-volume, 1,459-page biography, written under the supervision of Marie, the eldest Schumann daughter, and authorized by the Schumann family, is a major source for scholars of nineteenth-century music, and indeed has been a major source for my own book. Litzmann, a literary scholar and friend of the Schumann family, sifted through thousands of letters and all of the diaries of Robert and Clara Schumann as well as court orders, travel notebooks, household books, old programs, music autographs—all the papers that Robert Schumann meticulously filed and treasured. The two volumes of letters exchanged by Clara Schumann and Brahms between 1853 and 1896, to which Litzmann alone was granted access, remains a precious record of the lives of two great musicians. Litzmann’s objectivity, understanding, and warmth were in no way reduced by the Teutonic thoroughness with which he performed his task. The many English admirers of the art of Clara Schumann eagerly awaited translations of the letters and of Litzmann’s biography; they were published almost simultaneously with the German editions. Unfortunately, Grace Hadow’s admirable translations of the

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biography (1913) and letters (1927) are sharply abridged versions of the originals and thus omit many details vital to a complete understanding of the woman and her time.

A review of the original sources, moreover, reveals many nuances overlooked by Litzmann, who omitted much information, perhaps to protect the persons involved or perhaps because he believed it was not worth consideration. The translations suffer even more, less from the language conversion than from the shortening of the biography by one-third and of the correspondence by half. Hadow hews close to the facts, but so much is omitted that serious readers cannot depend on the translations. The same can be said of many other translations of Schumann sources. For these reasons, I have used only the German publications and provided my own translations for all material quoted. All citations are to the German works. (The Memoirs of Eugenie Schumann are the only exception, for reasons made clear in the bibliography.) I was most fortunate in being able to consult the first volume (1832– 38) of the recently published critical edition of the letters of Clara and Robert Schumann, edited by Eva Weissweiler. Wherever possible, I have referred to this volume rather than to Litzmann’s edition, as it offers an unabridged transcription of the correspondence. The volumes covering the later years are not yet available, and as I was unable to consult the surviving original letters, I have relied (cautiously) on Litzmann and on Wolfgang Boetticher’s Robert Schumann in seinen Schriften und Briefen for quotations from letters after 1838.

A remarkable series of scholarly publications of Schumann documents from the archives of Robert-Schumann-Haus, Zwickau, has been appearing since 1971. These documents, meticulously edited according to contemporary scholarly procedures, have changed the course of Schumann research. Readers are no longer limited to family-authorized publications or to studies flawed by the prejudices of their editors. Through the courtesy of Martin Schoppe and Gerd Nauhaus of Robert-Schumann-Haus, I have had the good fortune to study many of the documents—the household books and “marriage diary,” for example—before publication, and to read others, including the diary of Clara Wieck and the Wieck and Schumann family papers, whose publication is scheduled many years hence. I have also examined many hundreds of letters stored in archives in Europe and the United States, as well as published collections of correspondence involving the Schumanns. As a consequence I have gained an enormous respect for Litzmann but also an added dimension of understanding of the woman who was artist, wife, mother, teacher, editor, and a creative partner of Friedrich Wieck, Robert Schumann, and Johannes Brahms.

Since the reader may obtain from Litzmann (or the Hadow translation) a day- by-day chronology of Clara Schumann’s life, I have not attempted to duplicate this

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detail or repeated many of the legends familiar to readers of the Schumann literature. Although Part I is organized chronologically, I have focused on what I see as key issues in the life of Clara Schumann—her close bond with her father, her relationship with her mother, her education and the development of her unparalleled career, her agonizing struggle for independence, the choices she was forced to make between family and career, her responses to motherhood, the changing balance in her family life, and her strategies for coping with the illness, suicide attempt, and hospitalization of her husband. During the forty years left to her after his death she built and maintained a career in Europe and England second to none. This rich life I have treated in Part II, where four major areas of her life are explored in detail: her friendships, her creative work, her life on the concert stage, and her activities as a teacher. In each of these chapters I have attempted to answer the many questions raised by musicians in regard to her contributions and influence, to offer information that has not previously been available, and to place Clara Schumann in perspective in the musical life of the nineteenth century. Readers may be surprised to see Brahms relegated to one chapter in her life; it was a most significant chapter, to be sure, but it was not the consuming central relationship that so many people have suspected.

My search for materials for this biography began inadvertently: in 1973 I came across the unpublished correspondence (1858–96) between Clara Schumann and Ernst Rudorff, who had been her student for a short time and who later taught her daughter Eugenie. There were many ties between Frau Schumann and the younger man. As head of the piano department of the Berlin Hochschule für Musik, Rudorff was a member of the inner circle of musicians and friends on whom she most depended. The Rudorff correspondence was a starting point; from there other collections of published and unpublished correspondence gave me insights to the personality and character of Clara Schumann not yielded by Litzmann.

Major sources for this study are listed in the bibliography, but a few documents, published and unpublished, which have been particularly meaningful must be mentioned here. All the papers and materials in Robert-Schumann-Haus, Zwickau, particularly the unpublished diaries of Clara Wieck, offer the researcher a wealth of previously unknown information—names, places, dates—as well as a new perception of the character and personality of Clara and of Friedrich Wieck, her father. The letters of Friedrich Wieck, edited by Kathe Walch-Schumann and not available in their entirety until 1968, provide a clearer picture of the man, a figure not treated with particular sympathy by Litzmann and never revealed in his true light. Joseph Joachim’s correspondence with Brahms, Rudorff, and Clara Schumann, the letters of the Joachim family, the Schumann family correspondence, the Ferdinand Hiller correspondence, and the correspondence

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between Clara Schumann and Ernst Rudorff have illuminated music and concert life of the nineteenth century as well as the personal relationships of all involved.

Some of the letters that proved most significant to me appeared in articles in long-forgotten German music periodicals: the wonderful letters of Clara Schumann to Emilie Steffens (Chapter 6), for example, and her letter to Selmar Bagge (Chapter 10). Other writings from well-known volumes overlooked by previous biographers—a description of Clara in 1854 by Hedwig Salomon (Chapter 7), a letter of Clara to Emilie List about her sixteenth birthday party (Chapter 4), an indignant letter to Hiller about her treatment in Düsseldorf (Chapter 7), a letter from Amalie Joachim to her husband in 1872 (Chapter 8), and entries from Ruppert Becker’s diary (Chapter 7)—reveal a more human Clara Schumann, a woman who comes to life through her own words. These documents have been translated, most for the first time, and many are given in their entirety.

Students of women’s history know that female influences, even in the lives of prominent women, are usually overlooked. This has certainly been the case in studies of Clara Schumann. Robert Schumann plays an inordinately large role in most biographies of Clara Schumann written by both men and women; and the place of Clara Wieck’s mother, Marianne, and her significance in the life of the young pianist has never been explored. Indeed, Marianne is virtually ignored by Litzmann once she has borne Wieck’s children and left his home. Perhaps the early divorce was an embarrassment to the Schumann family and thus to Litzmann. It is my hope that with this study Marianne Bargiel has been restored to her rightful place in the story of her daughter’s life. In this task I was aided by Herma Stamm- Bargiel, who kindly shared pictures and family documents of the Bargiel family with me.

Locating the compositions of Clara Schumann has not been an easy task, but here, too, the archives at Robert-Schumann-Haus have provided valuable materials. The collection of autographs and prints of Clara Schumann’s music in Zwickau and the exciting discovery in the Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, of her song autographs collected into one notebook (listed in the Catalogue of Works), as well as Robert Schumann’s instrumentation of the last movement of her concerto, enabled me to date her works and prepare a more complete catalogue of her works than any that has appeared previously.

Musical examples in Chapter 11 are taken from the first editions of Clara Schumann’s works and from the Dover reprint (1972) of Robert Schumann’s Werke, edited by Clara Schumann (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1879–93). Example 7 is from Johannes Brahms: Samtliche Werke, edited for the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna, by Hans Gal and Eusebius Mandyczewski (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1926–28). Examples 8 and 10 are from Schumann, Impromptus,

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edited by H. J.Köhler (Leipzig: Peters, 1979), 29. The spellings of names and musical titles varied considerably in the nineteenth

century. Clara Schumann, for example, always spelled her name with a C whereas Robert Schumann used both C and K in writing his wife’s name. I have attempted to establish consistency in the spelling of names by using the spelling given by the individual himself or herself or in official documents of the period.

In their search for great women of the past, feminists have rallied round the figure of Clara Schumann. It must be pointed out, however, that she was not a feminist in the modern sense of the word. She had little interest in women’s rights or the struggle for recognition that other creative German women were just beginning to launch in the mid-nineteenth century. She concentrated on her own career and her many obligations as she endeavored to reconcile the conflicts that inevitably arise when a woman steps out of her conventional place.

Clara Schumann was always her own person, perceiving herself as an artist who was a woman, and eternally grateful for the art that was to sustain her through a lifetime of tragedy and triumph.

NANCY B. REICH

Hastings-on-Hudson, New York

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Acknowledgments to the Revised Edition

I am grateful to the friends and colleagues who were so helpful when I was preparing the first edition and were there for me as I began the task of assembling new material for this revised edition.

Gerda Lederer, Herbert Weber, and Josef Eisinger have generously offered expert assistance with transcriptions and translations. I am especially grateful to Dr. Eisinger for his translations of the reviews in the Catalogue, a task I could not have undertaken without his help.

My thanks to the staff of the Music Library of Columbia University; Special Collections, Oberlin College Library; Theodore Finney Music Collection, University of Pittsburgh; Rigbie Turner of the Pierpont Morgan Library; Bernhard Appel and Matthias Wendt of the Robert-Schumann-Forschungsstelle, Dussel-dorf. Inge Hermstrüwer of the Heinrich-Heine-Institut and Martin Schoppe, former director of Robert-Schumann-Haus, both scholars who were unfailingly helpful, have died in recent years; they are sorely missed.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the kindness of Gerd Nauhaus and the staff of Robert-Schumann-Haus, Zwickau. I also wish to express my appreciation to Gustav Abel, John Daverio, James Deaville, Claudia De Vries, Joachim Draheim, Valerie Goertzen, Helma Kaldewey, Janina Klassen, Claudia Macdonald, Margit McCorkle, Monica Steegmann, and Maria Zduniak for their comments, suggestions, and generosity in sharing information. Again, many thanks to Mi- Won Kim for her readiness to undertake still more musical examples and to Barbara Salazar, who edited both editions with skill and patience.

Friends and family have been supportive and encouraging. My thanks to Anna Burton, M.D., for her wise counsel; to Styra Avins for many stimulating discussions; to Adrienne Fried Block and Judith Tick for advice, hope, and confidence; to my daughter Susanna for loving interest and concern; and to Maurice M. Rapport for his patient understanding during the many months of work on this edition.

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N. B. R.

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Acknowledgments to the First Edition

My profoundest gratitude goes to Anna Burton, M.D., for her friendship, continuing support and sympathy, and the stimulating and fruitful collaboration we have had over many years. An accomplished musician and practicing psychoanalyst, she was a true silent partner in the creation of this book. Dr. Burton never spared herself in helping me think through and understand problematical situations and questions that arose during the course of my research. Her wisdom and penetrating insights have informed every page of this book.

I gratefully thank the many colleagues in both Europe and the United States who have aided this endeavor: Martin Schoppe and Gerd Nauhaus, who generously opened the archives at Robert-Schumann-Haus, Zwickau, to me and who have been helpful in every possible way; Hans JoachimKöhler, Leipzig, and Renate and Kurt Hofmann, Hamburg, for enlightening conversation; R. Klaus Müller, Käte Pittasch, Leipzig; Brigitte Berenbruch, Bonn; Helga Heim, Hamburg; Maike Holling-Suhl, West Berlin, whose friendship and devoted interest have made my research in Europe so gratifying and productive; Janina Klassen, Kiel; Maria Parkai-Eckhardt, Budapest; and Peter Cahn, Frankfurt, who have generously shared information with me; and Eva Weissweiler, Cologne, who kindly sent me her transcriptions of Clara Schumann’s letters to Bettina von Arnim.

I thank also Imogen Fellinger, whose family connections with the Schumanns go back several generations, for her guidance and assistance, and Herma Stamm- Bargiel, who provided me with copies of unpublished sketches of the Tromlitz family, shared information about her Tromlitz and Bargiel descendants, and kindly gave me permission to reproduce the picture of Marianne Tromlitz.

I am very appreciative of the hospitality and kindness of Johannes von Gott- berg, who granted me access to the Rudorff archives and gave me permission to quote excerpts from letters of Clara Schumann to Ernst Rudorff.

Among friends and colleagues in the United States, warmest thanks to Marianne von Recklinghausen Bowles and Gabriele Wickert for their expert assistance with

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translations, and to Adrienne Block, Gary Golio, Mary Ann Joyce, Gladys Krasner, Karen Miller, Susanna Reich, Judith Tick, and Rachel Wade for unflagging encouragement, counsel, and assistance over many years. I have had stimulating and provocative conversations with Dr. Peter Ostwald, who was writing his Robert Schumann biography during the years I was working out ideas about Clara Schumann, and I thank him for his interest and encouragement.

I am grateful to Rufus Hallmark, Mildred Parker, and my colleagues at the Stanford Center for Research on Women, especially Susan Bell, Karen Offen, and Marilyn Safir, for helpful suggestions. To Ralph Locke and Jurgen Thym for information about the Dickinson Collection, many thanks.

I have used the facilities of many libraries and archives and appreciate the gracious assistance of the following individuals and music libraries in the United States: Ruth Hilton and the New York University Music Library; Rigbie Turner and the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York; Bernard Wilson and the Newberry Library, Chicago; and the staffs of the music libraries of Columbia University, the Eastman School of Music, Harvard University, the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, Queens College, Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley, and Yale University.

I thank colleagues in European libraries who have been kind and helpful: in England, the staff of the Music Division of the British Library; in West Germany, the Stadtgeschichtliche Sammlungen, Baden-Baden; the library of the Hochschule der Kunste, West Berlin; the Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Musikabteilung und Handschriftenabteilung, West Berlin; the Staatliches Institut für Musikforschung, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, West Berlin; the Musikbucherei Schumannhaus and the Stadtarchiv, Bonn; the Musikwis-senschaftliches Institut der Universitat, Cologne; the Heinrich-Heine-Institut and the Universitatsbibliothek, Düsseldorf; the Stadt- und Universitatsbib-liothek, Frankfurt am Main; the Staats- und Universitatsbibliothek, Hamburg; the Kestner- Museum, Hannover; the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich; and the Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart. In the German Democratic Republic, I have had kind and patient assistance from the staffs of the Deutsche Staats-bibliothek, Musikabteilung, Berlin; the Universitatsbibliothek, Leipzig; and Robert- Schumann-Haus, Zwickau. I also thank the staffs of the archives of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna, and the Biblioteka Jagiellońska, Krakow.

Many thanks to Margit McCorkle and the staff of the Brahms Cataloging Project for placing their library and working papers at my disposal in Vancouver.

I am deeply grateful to Barbara Salazar of Cornell University Press for her patience and expert guidance. To Alan Lippert and Michael Lippert for technical assistance, and to Mi-Won Kim for preparing the musical examples, much

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appreciation. Portions of Chapters 1 through 4 have appeared in substantially different form

in The Musical Quarterly, Summer 1984. I am also grateful for the cooperation of Breitkopf & Härtel, Wiesbaden, publishers of Berthold Litzmann’s biography of Clara Schumann and his edition of the letters of Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms, and I thank the following institutions for permission to publish excerpts from letters and to reproduce pictures in their possession: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin/DDR, Musikabteilung; Robert-Schumann-Haus, Zwickau/DDR; Staatsbibliothek, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Musikabteilung, West Berlin; Schumannhaus, Bonn; Heinrich-Heine-Institut, Düsseldorf; the Newberry Library, Chicago; and the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York.

I acknowledge with thanks a grant for college teachers from the National Endowment for the Humanities, travel grants from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, and the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society, and assistance from the Faculty Service Committee, Manhattanville College.

This book could not have been written without the steadfast encouragement, faith, and devotion of my late husband, Haskell A. Reich.

N. B. R.

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Chronology

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21

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Abbreviations and Sources

Abschriftenbuch “Abschriften verschiedener Gedichten zur Composition,” RSH 4871/VIII, 4–5977-A3. A notebook into which RS and CS copied poems they deemed suitable for song texts. The second section of the notebook is inscribed in CS’s hand, “Gesammelt von Robert und Clara Schumann vom Jahre 1839 an,” but it is likely that RS began entering poems even before that date. See Kaldewey.

AfMw Archiv für Musikwissenschaft.

AmZ Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, Leipzig.

Appel/Katalog Appel, Bernhard, and Inge Hermstrüwer, eds. Robert Schumann und die Dichter: Ein Musiker als Leser. Katalog zur Ausstellung. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1991.

Avins Styra Avins. Johannes Brahms: Life and Letters. Trans. Josef Eisinger and Styra Avins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

B&H Breitkopf & Härtel.

Boetticher/1942 Boetticher, Wolfgang. Robert Schumann in seinen Schriften und Briefen. Berlin: Hahnefeld, 1942.

Briefwechsel Schumann, Clara, and Robert Schumann. Briefwechsel. Ed. Eva Weissweiler. Vol. 1, 1832– 1838. Vol. 2, 1839. Basel: Stroemfeld/ Roter Stern, 1984, 1987.

Chissell Chissell, Joan. Clara Schumann: A Dedicated Spirit. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983.

CS Clara Schumann.

CS/Goebels Schumann, Clara. Romantische Klaviermusik. Ed. Franzpeter Goebels. 2 vols. Heidelberg: Willy Müller Süddeutscher Musik-verlag, 1967, 1977. (Now Kassel: Barenreiter.)

CS/JB Briefe Schumann, Clara, and Johannes Brahms. Clara Schumann-Johannes Brahms Briefe aus den Jahren 1853–1896. Ed. Berthold Litzmann. 2 vols. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1927.

CS/Piano Works

Schumann, Clara. Pianoforte-Werke. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1879.

CW Clara Wieck.

CW/Diary Clara Wieck Tagebücher, RSH 4877-A3. Nine unpublished diaries bound into four volumes covering the years 1819–40. Transcriptions by Gerd Nauhaus; publication forthcoming. My translations.

CW/Early Works

Wieck, Clara. Fruhe Klavierwerke. Ed. Joachim Draheim and Gerd Nauhaus. Hofheim: Hofmeister, 1996, 1997. (Opp. 1–6, op. 7, based on first editions.)

Da Capo Schumann, Clara Wieck. Selected Piano Music. New York: Da Capo, 1979.

Daverio Daverio, John. Robert Schumann: Herald of a “New Poetic Age. ” New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

De Vries De Vries, Claudia. Die Pianistin Clara Wieck-Schumann: Interpretation im Spannungsfeld von Tradition und Individuality. Mainz: Schott, 1996.

Draheim/Höft Schumann, Clara. Samtliche Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier. Ed. Joachim Draheim and Brigitte Höft. 2 vols. Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1990, 1992.

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Dwight’s Dwight’s Journal of Music.

FW Friedrich Wieck.

Grove The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vols. London: Macmillan, 1980.

HHI Heinrich-Heine-Institut, Düsseldorf.

HHI/Dickinson Heinrich-Heine-Institut, Dickinson Collection. Manuscripts, prints, and personal effects of Clara Schumann acquired by HHI in 1984 from the collection assembled by June and Edward Dickinson. See Inge Hermstrüwer and Joseph A. Kruse, “Treue Freunde sind gar selten,” Katalog, 171–77.

Hohenemser Hohenemser, Richard. “Clara Wieck-Schumann als Komponistin.” Die Musik, 5 (1905–6), 113–26, 166–73.

JJ/Briefe Joachim, Joseph. Briefe von und an Joseph Joachim. Ed. Johannes Joachim and Andreas Moser. 3 vols. Berlin: Julius Bard, 1911–13.

Jugendbriefe Schumann, Robert. Jugendbriefe von Robert Schumann: Nach den Originalen mitgetheilt. Ed. Clara Schumann. 2d ed. Leipzig: Breit-kopf & Härtel, 1886.

Kalbeck Kalbeck, Max. Johannes Brahms. 4th ed. 4 vols. Berlin: Deutsche Brahms-Gesellschaft, 1921.

Kaldewey Kaldewey, Helma. “Die Gedichtabschriften Robert und Clara Schumanns.” In Robert Schumann und die Dichter: Ein Musiker als Leser, ed. Bernhard Appel and Inge Hermstrüwer. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1991.

Katalog Bodsch, Ingrid, and Gerd Nauhaus, eds. Clara Schumann, 1819–1896: Katalog zur Ausstellung. Bonn: Bonn Stadtmuseum, 1996.

Klassen/1987 Klassen, Janina, ed. Clara Wieck-Schumann Ausgewahlte Klavierwerke. Munich: Henle, 1987.

Klassen/1990 Klassen, Janina. Clara Wieck-Schumann: Die Virtuosin als Komponistin. Kassel: Barenreiter, 1990.

Liederbuch SBPK/CS5: Mus. Ms. Autogr. C. Schumann 5. Songs of CS collected in a music notebook in 1842. Title page has inscription in RS’s hand, “Lieder/mit Begleitung d. Pianoforte/von/Klara Schumann./1842.” Below the title is a table of contents in which 16 songs written between 1840 and 1846 are listed in the order in which they were composed. In right margin, in CS’s hand vertically from bottom to top: “Verzeichniss von Robert geschrieben.” On p. 2, another list in the hand of Marie Schumann(?), in which the six songs of op. 23 and “Das Veilchen,” all composed in 1853, are listed. Each song in the Liederbuch is written in CS’s hand with date of composition in top left corner, author of text in top right corner. Only a few of the songs are titled, and the title written by CS is not always identical to that written by RS in the table of contents. The songs have been numbered (by librarian or Marie Schumann?) in top center and conform with the numbers written on the title page by RS.

Litzmann Litzmann, Berthold. Clara Schumann: Ein Kunstlerleben nach Tage-buchern und Briefen. 3 vols. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1902–8.

Marciano Schumann, Clara. Drei kleine Klavierstucke. Ed. Rosario Marciano. Vienna: Doblinger, 1979.

Memoirs Schumann, Eugenie. The Schumanns and Johannes Brahms: The Memoirs of Eugenie Schumann. Trans. Marie Busch. New York: Dial, 1927.

MGG Blume, Friedrich, ed. Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart. 14 vols. Kassel: Barenreiter, 1949–68.

ML Music and Letters.

MQ The Musical Quarterly.

MT The Musical Times.

NBMz Neue Berliner Musikzeitung.

Niecks Niecks, Frederick. Robert Schumann. London: J. M. Dent, 1925.

NZfM Neue Zeitschrift für Musik.

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Norderval Schumann, Clara. Seven Songs. Ed. Kristin Norderval. Bryn Mawr, Pa.: Hildegard, 1993.

PN Plate number.

PS Programm-Sammlung, RSH 10463. A collection of five scrapbooks containing 1,299 programs (1828–91) of concerts in which Clara Wieck Schumann played. They are numbered and the city in which the performance took place is noted on each. The collection was begun by FW in 1828 and continued by CS.

Quellenwerk Georg Eismann, ed. Robert Schumann: Ein Quellenwerk uber sein Leben und Schaffen. 2 vols. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1956.

Rehberg Rehberg, Paula, and Walter Rehberg. Robert Schumann: Sein Leben und sein Werk. 2d ed. Zurich: Artemis, 1969.

RSH Robert-Schumann-Haus, Zwickau.

RS/Jansen Schumann, Robert. Robert Schumanns Briefe. Neue Folge Ed. F. Gustav Jansen. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1904.

RS/Tgb 1 Schumann, Robert. Tagebücher. Pt. 1, 1827–1838. Ed. Georg Eismann. Leipzig: Deutscher Verlag für Musik, 1971.

RS/Tgb 2 Schumann, Robert. Tagebücher. Pt. 2, 1836–1854. Ed. Gerd Nauhaus. Leipzig: Deutscher Verlag für Musik, 1987. Includes marriage diaries and other entries of RS and CS.

RS/Tgb 3 Schumann, Robert. Tagebücher. Pt. 3, Haushaltbucher (1837–1856). Ed. Gerd Nauhaus. 2 vols. Leipzig: Deutscher Verlag für Musik, 1982.

Rudorff-Archiv Rudorff-Archiv: Privatarchiv v. Gottberg.

SATB Soprano, alto, tenor, bass.

SBPK Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Musikabteilung mit Mendelssohn- Archiv. CS autographs listed as “Mus. ms. autogr. K. Schumann” and number.

Steegmann Schumann, Clara. “. . . dass Gott mir ein Talent geschenkt”: Clara Schumanns Briefe an Hermann Härtel und Richard und Helene Schöne. Ed. Monica Steegmann. Zurich: Atlantis Musikbuch- Verlag, 1997.

Wendler Wendler, Eugen, ed. “Das Band der ewigen Liebe”: Clara Schumanns Briefwechsel mit Emilie und Elise List. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1996.

Wieck/Briefe Wieck, Friedrich. Briefe aus den Jahren 1830–1838. Ed. Kathe Walch-Schumann. Cologne: Arno Volk-Verlag, 1968.

WCMA Glickman, Sylvia, and Martha Furman Schleifer. Women Composers: Music through the Ages. Vols. 6 and 7. New York: G. K. Hall, 1999–2000.

Wgm Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Wien.

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PART I

26

THE LIFE OF

CLARA SCHUMANN

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CHAPTER 1

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Prelude: The Wiecks

of Leipzig

On January 9, 1838, a poem, “Clara Wieck und Beethoven,” appeared in the Wiener Zeitschrift für Kunst.1 Written by Franz Grillparzer, Austria’s leading dramatic poet, the verse linked the name of the great composer with that of a young woman who had just given her third Viennese recital at the age of eighteen. Grillparzer’s response to her performance of Beethoven’s Piano Sonata op. 57, the “Appassionata,” reflected the wild enthusiasm the young pianist aroused in Vienna.

Clara Wieck had arrived in the Austrian capital from her native Leipzig with her father, Friedrich, in December 1837. From her first concert on the fourteenth in the Musikvereinsaal to her last appearance in April, when she played for the emperor in the Burg, she was greeted with the kind of adoration the Viennese

reserved for artists of the rank of Niccolo Paganini and Sigismund Thal-berg.2

Music lovers fought to buy seats in the overcrowded halls where she played; critics vied with one another in expressions of admiration. At her fourth concert, frenzied applause recalled her to the stage thirteen times. Princes and barons invited her to play at their palaces and showered her with jewels and treasure. The empress herself

let her deepest satisfaction be known with a gift of fifty gold ducats.3 Recalling Clara’s reception, Eduard Hanslick, the Viennese critic and music historian,

described her as “not a wonderchild—and yet still a child and already a wonder.”4

On March 15, 1838, she received the greatest honor Austria could bestow: she was named Königliche Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin (Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuosa), a distinction without precedent for an eighteen-year-old who was, moreover, a Protestant, a foreigner, and a female. The emperor had agreed to make an exception for Clara Wieck. On March 21 the emperor dubbed her Wundermadchen and assured her that he had made the award with great personal

satisfaction.5

Who was Clara Wieck? How did this slender, oval-eyed daughter of an unknown Leipzig piano teacher and music dealer manage to reach such heights of

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artistry? The question is still more intriguing when we consider that this girl, born in an age when musical talent in a female was generally regarded only as an asset in the marriage market, subsequently built a glorious career that spanned over sixty years, a career that influenced the concert and musical life of the nineteenth century. Acknowledged as the peer of Franz Liszt, Thalberg, and Anton Rubinstein, she was a thorough professional and a working wife and mother, managing the manifold problems of career, household, husband, and children. At twenty-one she was married to a major composer; at thirty-seven, a widow with seven children, she became involved in a lifelong friendship with another major composer. Furthermore, the indefatigable Clara composed music (twenty-three

published opus numbers and an equal number without opus numbers),1 taught, and was responsible for the authoritative edition of the Collected Works of Robert Schumann.

This remarkable woman was a creative partner of three men: Friedrich Wieck, Robert Schumann, and Johannes Brahms. The first, her father, sole teacher, and concert manager, much maligned for the role he was later to play in the romance between his daughter and Robert Schumann, was a self-made man and self-trained musician, obsessive and ambitious. Convinced that gender was no handicap in the race for artistic greatness, he gave Clara the instruction and musical understanding that carried her beyond the ranks of the merely gifted to a position in the constellation of the great nineteenth-century virtuosi. His discipline and pride in her achievements provided the practical sense and stability that sustained her through personal and artistic crises. Wieck firmly believed that his pedagogical genius alone was responsible for the creation of the young pianist who generated such excitement in Vienna in 1838, overlooking entirely the role of Clara’s mother, the girl’s own remarkable talents, and the series of circumstances, at once tragic, auspicious, fortuitous, and predictable, which went into the making of the “Queen of the Piano.” Wieck was at first, of course, the dominating figure in her life, but Clara soon grew to be the more significant, and he eventually shone only in the reflected glory of her light.

FRIEDRICH WIECK, 1785–1873

Friedrich Wieck, the youngest son of a merchant in Pretzsch, a small town about forty-five kilometers from Leipzig, was born in 1785 into a family with

declining fortunes and very little interest in music.6 Always passionately fond of the art, he studied where he could. At age thirteen he was given the opportunity to attend the Thomas-Schule in Leipzig, but was forced to return home after six weeks because of illness. A weak and sickly youngster, he remained in Pretzsch

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until 1800, when he went to the Torgau gymnasium to prepare for the university and his eventual goal, the ministry. In Torgau and later at the University of Wittenberg, where he matriculated in 1803, his musical education was haphazard. His only formal piano lessons were some six hours with Johann Peter Milchmeyer, who was in Torgau for a short time to give lessons to the wife and children of a

well-to-do townsman.2

When Wieck completed his theological studies at the university and had preached the obligatory trial sermon in Dresden, he left theology and turned to the traditional occupation of the German university graduate who had neither money nor connections: he became a Hauslehrer, a private tutor in the home of a wealthy family. Over the next nine years he worked for several aristocratic families in Thuringia. His first position was with a baron von Seckendorff in Querfurth, where Adolph Bargiel, the music teacher of the Seckendorff children, became a close friend. Bargiel will appear again at a critical point in Wieck’s life.

Conscientious, observant, and intelligent, Wieck was a perceptive teacher. He understood the latest thought in educational psychology (dominated, at that period, by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his Emile and such educators as Johann Basedow and Johann Pestalozzi) and applied it successfully to his students. The young teacher speculated on such concepts as individualized learning and the critical role of motivation in teaching. And, like other progressive educators of his time, he placed great importance on regular physical exercise in the open air. His daughter’s musical education, which was to begin in 1824, was influenced by his reading and experiences as a Hauslehrer.

In keeping with the rationalist spirit of the time, the young man insisted that the goal of moral training should be to educate the child to be a good person. Religion should not be a matter for the mind but should come from the heart, he wrote. He was particularly concerned with Ehrtrieb (which can be loosely translated as a striving for a higher state) and how it could be used as a positive force by the teacher. He cautioned that great care had to be exercised so that Ehrtrieb would not degenerate into mere ambition, a passion for glory, vanity, boastfulness, and malicious pleasure in denigrating others. Consistency, however, was not one of Wieck’s virtues. In view of his later preoccupation with his daughter’s musical career and bitter anger at her, his own Ehrtrieb seems to have been easily sullied by ambition.

Wieck came to music late. During his years as a tutor, he had little exposure to events in the musical world; his experience was limited to small-town musicians and church choirs, perhaps a performance of a neighboring nobleman’s Kapelle. He did not attend a large-scale public concert until he was well into his twenties.