What were three chief features of the spanish empire in america

Chapter #1

Chapter 1 Questions - Availability Ends

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1. What were the major patterns of Native American life in North America before the Europeans arrived?

2. One of the most striking features of Indian societies at the time of the encounter with Europeans was their diversity. Support this statement with several examples.

3. What impelled European explorers to look west across the Atlantic?

4. Describe why the “discovery” of America was one of “the most important events recorded in the history of mankind,” according to Adam Smith.

5. What happened when the peoples of the Americas came into contact with Europeans?

6. Compare and contrast European values and ways of life with those of the Indians. Consider addressing religion, views about ownership of land, gender relations, and notions of freedom.

7. What were the chief features of the Spanish empire in America?

8. What were the chief features of the French and Dutch empires in North America?

9. Based on your answer to the previous two questions, compare the different economic and political systems of Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and France in the age of expansion. Was one “better” than another? Explain.

10. Compare the political and economic motivations behind the French and Dutch empires with those of New Spain.

Qn1 . Before the Europeans arrived, the native population of North America consisted of numerous tribes with their own languages, religious beliefs, and economic and social structures. The Aztecs and Myians were the expection where they had centralized states.

Composed of diverse societies, hundreds of cultures and languages. Each had their own political system and religious beliefs. Their economic activities included hunting and agriculture. They lived peaceful with other tribes

People lived in towns and villages. Native Americans grew maize, squash and beans. Native Americans did not believe you could own anything. In North and South America it contained cities, roads, irrigation systems and extensive trade networks. There were many different groups of Native Americans and each group had their own religious beliefs and political system, even speaking hundreds of different languages.

Qn 2.

Well established and built empires such as pyramids, Roads, Contained cities, Irrigation systems, Different languages and populations within different cities, art and music, religious practices , trade (poverty point), and political systems

Qn 3

Interest in conquest/exploration.Columbus wanted a new way to india/china

Never new he discovered a new land , renaissance sparked the interest in discovering the world.

Qn#4 The discovery of America is one of the most important events in the history of mankind. The discovery of America kick started an interaction between continents- the American continent and Europe. It also set afoot an exchange of commodities between the continents; “Crops new to each hemisphere crossed the Atlantic” (1). This exchange brought about mixing of diverse cultural cuisines. Also ‘’the development of American colonies brought the era of splendor and glory” (2). The discovery of America brought hope for a better life and an end to poverty. The Europeans sought to solve the issues of religious liberty and equality through the discovery of America. These idealistic aspirations inspired the discovery of America. Some more examples are seen in the text, “They searched the New World for golden cities and fountains of eternal youth” (2). In spite of its misfortunes, the discovery of America has enough benefits to be one of the most important events in the history of mankind.

Qn#5most of the people died since the Europeans brought war, enslavement and diseases

Had different beliefs, conflicts started to arise. Europeans felt that Indians lacked genuine religion. Claimed the Indians did not "use" the land, which meant they had no claim to it. Viewed Indian men as weak and Indian women as mistreated. Trade and disease also played a huge role in shaping relations between the Europeans and Indians. (Columbian Exchange: exchange of ideas, diseases, and goods between the Americas and Europe).

Qn #6 The European thought that land can be sold and do some economic things, on the other hand, Indians thought that land can not be sold, everyone could use the land, but no one own it. For religion, European believed spiritual, but Indians believe in natural and supernatural. For gender relations, Europeans thought that Indian women are mistreated, because Indian women need to do housework and farming. They thought that Indian women did much more than European women. In European, women did not need to worry about money, they just care about housework and family. European thought that Indians are too free, because they did not had law and rule. So European and Indians had different meaning of freedom.

Version 2; Indian and European values and ways of life differed in religion, the idea of owning land, gender relations and notions of freedom. First, the religion, Europeans believed in Catholicism, but the Indians believed in spirits. They believed that there were spirits in animals, plants, trees, water, wind, etc. Therefore, Europeans wanted to change the Indians religion to Catholicism when they arrived to the New World. Second, Indians didn’t have the idea of owning land. They owned the right to use the land, but not the land itself. They used it for resources, farming and hunting, not for an economic commodity. However, Europeans believed that land was a commodity to buy and sell for economic purposes. Gender relations, Indian women took responsibility not only for household duties, but also farming work while Indian men went fishing and hunting which Europeans believed were activities of leisure. European women just took care of household work, while men would work and provide all of the income. Finally, The Europeans believed that Indians were savages and barbaric because they were “too free”. The Indians did not have a lot of rules and laws. The Europeans believed in personal independence but Indians were more generous and helped each other more.

Qn #7 The Spanish empire one of the most populous parts of the New World and the regions richest in the natural resources. Spanish America an urban civilization, an "empire of towns." Encomienda system had a social hierarch: Spanish born, cueole class (Spanish blood but born in the Americas), Mestizos: mixed blood, slaves, and Indians. The Spanish were the first to include slavery in the Americas, needed labor intensive.

Qn #8 The French and Dutch empires were primarily commercial ventures that never attracted large numbers of colonists. Both were more dependent on Indians as trading patterns and military allies. The French and Dutch settlements allowed Native Americans greater freedom than the Eng

Qn #10: The aim of the Spanish empire was to convert the Natives into Christians/Catholics. Many Spanish believed that the Native Americans had large amounts of gold which they could get their hands on if the converted the Native Americans to Catholicism. The French also wanted to convert the Native Americans. The Jesuit Priests were the most peaceful and effective missionaries. The Dutch, on the other hand, were only interested in economic growth. They were not interested in developing relationships with the Native Americans at all.

Chapter2

1. What were the main contours of English colonization in the 17th century?

2. What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome?

3. For English settlers, land was the basis of independence and liberty. Explain the reasoning behind that concept and how it differed from the Indians’ conception of land.

4. How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years?

5. What made the English settlement of New England distinctive?

6. Describe who chose to emigrate to North America from England in the 17th century and explain their reasons.

7. What were the main sources of discord in early New England?

8. In what ways did the economy, government, and household structure differ in New England and the Chesapeake colonies?

9. How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America?

10. How did the tobacco economy draw the Chesapeake colonies into the greater Atlantic world?

Qn#1: Seventeenth-century North America was an unstable and dangerous environment. Diseases decimated Indian and settler populations alike. Colonies were racked by religious, political, and economic tensions and drawn into imperial wars and conflict with Indians. They remained dependent on the mother country for protection and economic assistance

Qn 1:ghtened European involvement in North America - entrepreneurs sought to make fortunes, religious minorities came to escape persecution, aristocrats hope to recreate feudalism… English Queen Elizabeth I turned English attention to North America : granted charters to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who founded Newfoundland, and Sir Walter Raleigh, who founded Roanoke. Both ventures failed Justifications of English colonization: - to challenge Spanish empire (English especially against Spain’s Catholicism) - argued that they were freeing the Indians from Spanish rule, but they acted pretty much the same as Spanish did in colonies Motives for English colonization: - quest for glory and national power o argued that with colonization, even small country like England could eventually challenge big countries like Spain and France - America acted as refuge for England’s surplus population o Had too many people, and many landlords were practicing the enclosure movement, where they fenced in “commons,” which should have been open to all and uprooted many from their lands - America was place for opportunity where even criminals could get a second chance, and everyone had a shot at economic independence - **Main lure to colonies was the promise of independence that followed from owning land, and that the economic freedom could be passed down to their kids** qn 2. What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome? It was expensive to pay for voyage to the Americas - indentured servants (but had high death rates among them because were treated exactly like slaves, except eventually were guaranteed to be freed if they didn’t die) English wanted land, not control of the native population - just wanted to displace them and settle on their land - although Indians did not actually claim their land, authorities purchased the land off Indians through forced treaties after Europeans defeated Indians in battle - to keep peace, some colonial governments tried to prevent the private seizure/purchase of Indian lands, or they declares certain lands off-limits to settlers o such rules rarely enforced though Transformation of Indian life after arrival of Europeans: - many Indians initially welcomed the Europeans, especially their goods they brought - growing connections with Europeans stimulated warfare among tribes - older skills deteriorated as the use of European products expanded and alcohol began increasingly common and disruptive o European metal goods changed Indian way of farming hunting, cooking…etc. 3. How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years?

Qn 3: For English settlers, land was the basis of independence and liberty. Explain the reasoning behind that concept and how it differed from the Indians’ conception of land.To the English, the concept of owning land was very important. In most colonies, the ownership of land determined the voting rights of the owners. Land made the owners rich and powerful. The more land that the English owned gave them more rights and influence in the government. In contrast, the Indians didn’t believe in the right to own land. Although, the Indians did purchase the rights to hunt and farm in certain areas, the Indians did not own the physical land itself. The Indians believed that everything, living and non-living had a spirit. This is probably why they could not understand how they could own such things. Indians were generous and were willing to share the land to use together. The English however, were ready to take the land because they believed that the Indians were not using it properly.

Version2: Juxtaposition of the English and Indian conceptions of Land and Land ownership. In a place where development only just began, Land was the most important resource. According to the text, “English Colonists . . . wanted land, not dominion over the existing population” (54). This want for land by the settlers, made them treat the men with land with more esteem. Consequently, Men with lands weren’t made slaves and this made Land the basis of liberty. Soon the settlers took over unoccupied lands as well as occupied land; they also sought to purchase land from the Indians. And so settlers who owned lands and Indians who retained the ownership of their lands were free and allowed to vote. This describes the power of land as the basis of liberty for the English settlers. Before the coming of the English settlers, the Indian perspective to land had always been a collective one. A perspective that embraced collective ownership of land by members of the Indian community. The Indians believed, unlike the English settlers, that their land was given to them by The Great Spirit with a mandate to take care of it

Qn #5: A different social order emerged in New England, a religious movement known as "Puritanism." A term was initially coined by opponents to ridicule those not satisfied with the progress of the Protestant Reformation in England, who called themselves not Puritans but "godly" or "true Protestants."

Qn #6: Those who chose to immigrate to North America from England include people like the Puritans who came for religious freedom. The second or third sons of businessmen who would not have inherited the family business at home. Those who sought adventure and the possibility of treasure.

Qn#7: The main sources discord in early New England was disruptive religious controversies, relations with Native Americans. The languages and the constant wars between the Natives and Puritans, and the language differences caused them to have a bad relationship with each other.

Qn 8# http://eddyapushwiki.wikispaces.com/New+...

Similarities: •Both of these settlements were populated by the English. •Both settlements would face conflict with the Native Americans in the area - the Pequot War for New England and the conflict with the Powhatan Confederacy for the settlers of Chesapeake. •Both settlements brought flocks of people from England seeking a better life. •Both colonies also retained a predominance of English culture. ‍Differences: •Family Size: Families in New England were much larger, and consisted of both males and females. In contrast, families of the Chesapeake were primarily men brought over to work the fields. •Age: Ages of settlers in New England ranged wildly, seeing as immigrants came in family groups. Chesapeake settlers were all in the same general age range. •Health: Since New England was spared the tropical diseases of the south, its inhabitants were considerably healthier. Immigrants to New England actually gained five years on their life expectancy, while immigrants to the Chesapeake lost about ten years. Most women in Chesapeake were married, because there were more men than women. They were only able to bear one to three healthy children because they suffered from mild malnutrition. •Towns: The settlements of New England were much more compact than those of Chesapeake, and the houses were meant to last. The towns in New England closely resembled the towns in England from which the immigrants had come, while the towns of the Chesapeake were large, spread-out plantation towns. The Chesapeake had much less development due to the fact that the region had no new development of roads, as water was already the primary transportation source in the region. •Economy: New England consisted of skilled merchants who began to develop commercial business in the region. On the other hand, the Chesapeake was vast agricultural tobacco land, which was extremely spread out and was connected by the waters of the Chesapeake bay. •Crops: Colonists in the New England region soon discovered that they did not have the soil suitable for growing tobacco, as those from Chesapeake did. New England colonist women planted crops, but they did not need much attention in the first few months after they had been planted. Also, those in the New England used the same fields for a few seasons, instead of rotating like those in the Chesapeake. •Land Grants: In the Chesapeake, the colonists followed the Headright System. This, of course, would be abused by the early colonists, as they would encourage indentured servitude, which would give them more workers and land. New England, however, used the Communal land-grant system. This meant that men would have to apply as a group, and were not guaranteed the grant. If the group was granted land, then they would split it themselves, with the best among them getting the choice cuts, and the most lowly getting rather small plots. Though slightly unfair, this system guaranteed that everyone received land. •Religion: Chesapeake and New England differed greatly in their religions. Chesapeake was primarily Protestant and Catholic, whereas New England would be Puritan separatists or congregationalists. Chesapeake primarily did not persecute people of different faiths, focusing more on their crops and disputes with the Natives. The settlers of New England, on the other hand - with the exception of those in Rhode Island - felt that God had chosen them for this "special task", which led to religion being extremely important in public life, to the point that at times you could not vote on anything if you did not attend church regularly. Rhode Island, unlike the rest of New England, kept church and state separate and tolerated colonists of all religions.

Qn 10#: Tobacco was so popular that the colonies would want it imported and this soon started to be the basis of the economy

chapter 3

Chapter 3 Questions - Availability Ends
11:59 PM

1. How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-17th century?

2. Both the Puritans and William Penn viewed their colonies as “holy experiments.” How did they differ?

3. How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world?

4. In the Chesapeake region during the mid-seventeenth century, how similar was the experience of an indentured servant to that of an enslaved person? Be as specific as possible in your response.

5. What commonalities were there between Bacon’s Rebellion and King Philip’s War? How did the two reveal strains in colonial society? How did the colonists in each case use the language of liberty?

6. What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late 17th century?

7. What were the directions of social and economic change in the 18th-century colonies?

8. Look at table 3.1 (on p. 111 in your textbook). Use the data to suggest a relationship about the population of migrants from the data in the table. For example, Scotland had fewer convicts in its population than Ireland and England. (The relationship does not have to be accurate if you were to delve further... it just needs to serve as a starting point for inquiry. Please do not use an obvious example like “Africa sent more slaves that England.”)

9. How did the colonists benefit from being part of the British empire? Describe the role with trade each colonial region in British North America played in the Atlantic World.

10. How did patterns of class and gender roles change in 18th-century America?

Qn1 How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-17th century?

The English Empire began its expansion, frst by gaining absolute control oF most oF the eastern seaboard. It did so quickly in an e²ort to control all oF the trading (importing and exporting) in the Atlantic Ocean. This is when Mercantilism began. Mercantilism was just a way For the English to watch over and control trading in order to gain national power.(foner, 89) The Next thing For the English to do was stop any sort oF trading that went on Free oF tax. That is when in 1651, the Navigation Act was passed. The Navigation act would “stimulate the rise oF New England’s shipbuilding industry"(±oner,91) and then in turn, be transported by these new English ships to English and colonial ports. Here is where they would make a killing economically on the custom duties that were paid. The Navigation Act didn’t just a²ect the

Version 2: In the mid seventeenth century it became apparent to the European countries that American Colonies would become an important source of wealth. European mother countries expanded in America through mercantilism (government should regulate economic activity so as to promote national power. It should encourage manufacturing and commerce by special bounties, monopolies, and other measures. The main result of this theory is that the mother countries, Europeans, could control trade so that more gold and silver flowed into the country than left it. These export goods created revenue for mother countries. Because of this Europe continued to expand in America with financial profits.

Qn #2: William Penn and the Quakers wanted to establish a place that was completely spiritually free. Although, both the Quakers and Puritans wanted to leave Europe for religious freedom, they wanted to use that freedom in different ways. Quakers wanted to accept people of all religious ideas, while Puritans wanted to practice their form of Christianity in their own way. Quakers accepted everyone, but Puritans pushed away people who did not share their own views. Puritans believed that most people were damned and only a few selected people were saved, those people were called the elect. It did not matter if a person did good deeds, prayed a lot, or made offerings because the saved were already pre-selected by God according to Puritan law. On the other hand, Quakers believed that all people had the spirit of God Iiving inside them and all had a chance to be saved. The Puritans wanted to create a “city set upon a hill” in America, with a more pure form of Christianity, hoping that its power would reach to England to restore it to get rid of their social problems like the poor and non-believers. Quakers just loved the way people were, any race, any gender, and religion, all are equal.

Qn3: -starts in west indies -laws limit black freedoms -large demand in labor for cash crops + lack of hard working indentured servants

Qn#4:An indentured person is a person who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time, usually seven years, especially during the 17th to 19th centuries. Both slaves and indentured servants were taken as personal property, there offspring would be sold or inherited like any pother person. each state had laws governing the ownership of the slaves and indentured persons.The laws didn’t consider gender . Regardless of their country of origin, many early immigrants were indentured servants, people who sold their labor in exchange for passage to the New World and housing on their arrival. Initially, most laws passed concerned indentured servants, but around the middle of the seventeenth century, colonial laws began to reflect differences between indentured servants and slaves. More important, the laws began to differentiate between races: the association of “servitude for natural life” with people of African descent became common

Qn#5:

Qn #6:the glorius revolution also known as the bloodless revolution of 1688.william of orange took the English throne from jmes the II in 1688.this event led t the permanent source of power within the English constitution.it resulted in the domination of new England.

Version2: The right to vote was restricted more, increase in resistance by alarmed Indians, and the formation of Charles II's national rule are all social and political issues in the colonies in the 17th century.

Qn7#: The direction of social and economic change in the 18th century was becoming a melting pot for religious diversity, Native American land was used for profit, and large industrial cities were created also for profitable reasons.

Qn#9: The colonists benefited from the British in a few ways. Most importantly, the British at the time had the strongest military/navy in the world and protected all of it's colonies throughout the world. The British protected the colonists from native American and other natives who tried to attack local towns. Other benefits include government and mercantilism. Many colonists benefited from the trade provided by the British (but the British had benefited most) The colonists were also able to trade much easier with the British (and cheaper prices since the British had large scales of entry in many industries throughout the world) qn#10:the classes included the wealthy .This group was made of the southern planters elite groupe and the northern merchants elite groups.

The midlle class composed of two thirds of free male who had their own small pieces of land .As more servants were freed, they needed more land and thus they expanded their territory to the west.

The last group was made of the poor people. They included slaves, indentured servants and urban poor