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APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY An Introductory Reader

TENTH EDITION

Aaron Podolefsky Buffalo State University (SUNY)

Peter J. Brown Emory University

Scott M. Lacy Fairfi eld University

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APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTORY READER, TENTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2009, 2007, and 2003. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to cus- tomers outside the United States.

This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Applying anthropology : an introductory reader / [edited by] Aaron Podolefsky, Peter J. Brown, Scott M. Lacy.—10th ed. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-07-811704-6 (alk. paper) 1. Applied anthropology. 2. Anthropology. I. Podolefsky, Aaron. II. Brown, Peter J. III. Title. GN397.5.A67 2012 301—dc23

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There are things I couldn’t have known when Peter and I began developing the ideas for this book during the late 1980s. I could not predict its growth and development nor how grateful

I now am that the numerous editions have brought enlightenment to so many students over the years. In a similar way, my sons—young boys at the time—were also works in

progress and at the start of their own lives. Looking back I refl ect with great joy, pride, and satisfaction as I have watched these young boys blossom into men of character and wisdom.

This book is dedicated to my sons, Noah and Isaac, who have grown to be men since our fi rst edition eighteen years ago.

—Aaron Podolefsky

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v

Contents

Theme Finder for Chapters xiii

To the Student xv

To the Instructor xvii

Introduction: Understanding Humans and Human Problems 1

PART I Biological Anthropology 3

HUMAN EVOLUTION

1 Teaching Theories: The Evolution-Creation Controversy 6 Robert Root-Bernstein and Donald L. McEachron (The American Biology Teacher, 1982) Through a comparison of evolution and creationism, this article examines the logic of scientifi c inquiry and the characteristics of scientifi c theory. Scientifi c theories are testable and correctable, which is why they lead to new and useful knowledge.

2 Re-reading Root-Bernstein and McEachron in Cobb County, Georgia: A Year Past and Present 15 Benjamin Z. Freed (Article written especially for Applying Anthropology) Cultural confl icts about evolution and creationism have centered on the American classroom. This selection describes recent debates and legal skirmishes about teaching evolution in public schools.

3 Great Mysteries of Human Evolution 21 Carl Zimmer (Discover, 2003) Despite the extraordinary number of hominid fossils discovered in the past thirty years, many questions remain open about human origins and evolution. This article asks eight basic questions about what is fundamentally human.

4 A New Kind of Ancestor: Ardipithecus Unveiled 27 Ann Gibbons (Science, 2009) In a 5 million-year-old forensic “cold case,” anthropologists have discovered the skeletal remains of some of our earliest human ancestors in Africa. Paleontology, genetics, and the virtual reconstruction of fossils have revealed exciting new details about lives and physiology of our earliest human ancestors.

PRIMATOLOGY

5 What Are Friends For? 32 Barbara Smuts (Natural History, 1987) “Friendship” between adult males and females is an important part of the society of olive baboons of Kenya. These mutually benefi cial, long-term relationships are usually based on female choice and are only indirectly related to sex. Observations of nonhuman primates make anthropologists rethink the origin and nature of human sociality.

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vi CONTENTS

6 Mothers and Others 38 Sarah Blaff er Hrdy (Delivered as a Tanner Lecture on Human Values) Based on observations of other primates and hunter-gatherers, a new way of thinking about our species challenges long-held beliefs and has implications for child rearing and gender roles, the importance of kin groups and neighbors, and the prac