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Sections 18.1

1. What are the three main functions of the circulatory system? Provide at least two examples of each.

2. What are the two principle components of the blood? Briefly describe each component.

3. Define the following in terms of blood. Explain why each is important for human survival.

a. Viscosity:

b. Osmolarity:

4. What does hemopoiesis mean? After birth, what one cell type is the starting point for all hemopoiesis?

Sections 18.2

5. Describe the size, shape, and contents of an erythrocyte.

6. What is the function of hemoglobin? What are its protein and nonprotein components?

7. Define the following and give the units of measurement in which each is expressed.

a. Hematocrit:

b. Hemoglobin concentration:

c. RBC count:

8. What hormone is required for red blood cell production? Where is this hormone produced?

9. What is the main difference between precursor (immature) RBCs and a mature cell?

10. What are the purposes of gastroferritin and ferritin?

11. (a) What is the life span of a typical red blood cell? (b) Where does death of RBCs occur? (c) What happens to each component of an RBC and its hemoglobin when it dies and disintegrates?

12. What are the three main causes or categories of anemia? What are its potential consequences?

13. Differentiate between polycythemia and anemia.

Sections 18.3

14. What are antibodies and antigens? How do they interact to cause a transfusion reaction?

15. What antibodies and antigen are present in people with each of the four ABO blood types?

16. Describe the cause, prevention, and treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

Sections 18.4

17. What is the overall function of leukocytes?

18. List the five kinds of leukocytes in order of abundance, identify whether each is a granulocyte or agranulocyte, and describe the functions of each leukocyte.

19. What does leukopoiesis have in common with erythropoiesis? How does it differ?

20. What are possible causes for an abnormally high or low WBC count?

Sections 18.5

21. Summarize the three basic mechanisms of hemostasis.

22. (a) How do the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms of coagulation differ?

(b) Diagram the common steps of the two mechanisms from Factor X to fibrin production (see second half of figure 18.22).

23. Describe some of the mechanisms/substances that prevent inappropriate clotting.

24. What is hemophilia? What are some of its causes?

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