Loading...

Messages

Proposals

Stuck in your homework and missing deadline? Get urgent help in $10/Page with 24 hours deadline

Get Urgent Writing Help In Your Essays, Assignments, Homeworks, Dissertation, Thesis Or Coursework & Achieve A+ Grades.

Privacy Guaranteed - 100% Plagiarism Free Writing - Free Turnitin Report - Professional And Experienced Writers - 24/7 Online Support

Which of the following controls leads to standardized behavior and standardized work outputs?

16/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 2 Day

CHAPTER 8


Control, Change, and Entrepreneurship


Learning Objectives (1 of 2)


8-1. Define organizational control, and explain how it increases organizational effectiveness.


8-2. Describe the four steps in the control process and the way it operates over time.


8-3. Identify the main output controls, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages as means of coordinating and motivating employees.


8-4. Identify the main behavior controls, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages as a means of managing and motivating employees.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Learning Objectives (2 of 2)


8-4. Explain how organizational culture or clan control creates an effective organizational architecture.


8-5. Discuss the relationship between organizational control and change, and explain why managing change is a vital management task.


8-6. Understand the role of entrepreneurship in the control and change process.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


What Is Organizational Control?


Controlling


Process where managers monitor and regulate how efficiently and effectively an organization and its members are performing the activities necessary to achieve organizational goals


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Controlling:


Keep employees motivate


Identify problems in organization


Provide changes needed


4


Control Systems and IT


Control Systems


Formal, target-setting, monitoring, evaluation and feedback systems that provide managers with information about how well the organization’s strategy and structure are working


©McGraw-Hill Education.


5


Managers need the measures that a control system provides to make assessments about efficiency.


Topics for Discussion (1 of 5)


What is the relationship between organizing and controlling? [LO 8-1]


©McGraw-Hill Education.


The text defines controlling as the process whereby managers monitor and regulate how efficiently and effectively an organization and its members are performing the activities necessary to achieve organizational goals.




In previous chapters, the text defines planning and organizing as the process whereby mangers develop the organizational strategy and structure that they hope will allow the organization to use resources most effectively to create value for customers.




In order to control the organization, managers must monitor and evaluate whether their organization’s strategy and structure (which was developed during the organizing function) are working as they intended, how they could be improved, and how they might be changed if they are not working.


6


Control Systems


A good control system should:


Be flexible so managers can respond as needed


Provide accurate information about the organization


Provide information in a timely manner


©McGraw-Hill Education.


7


In today’s working environments, all employees at all levels have the ability to feed information into the system.


Three Types of Control


Figure 8.1


Jump to Appendix 1 long image description.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Types of Control (1 of 2)


Feedforward Control


Control that allows managers to anticipate problems before they arise


Concurrent Control


Give managers immediate feedback on how efficiently inputs are being transformed into outputs so that managers can correct problems as they arise


©McGraw-Hill Education.


9


Feedforward Control: by giving strict product specifications to suppliers in advance (a form of performance target), an organization can control the quality of the inputs it receives from its suppliers and thus avoid potential problems during the conversion process.


Concurrent control a constant monitoring of the quality of the goods or services, at every step of the production process, allowing managers to address quickly.


Types of Control (2 of 2)


Feedback Control


Control that gives managers information about customers’ reactions to goods and services so that corrective action can be taken if necessary


©McGraw-Hill Education.


10


The text gives the example of a feedback control system that monitors the number of customer returns alerts managers when defective products are being produced, and a management information system (MIS) that measures increases or decreases in relative sales of different products alerts managers to changes in customer tastes so they can increase or reduce the production of specific products.


Four Steps in Organizational Control


Figure 8.2


Jump to Appendix 2 for long image description.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Establish standards, goals, or targets against which performance is to be evaluated.


Standards must be consistent with the organization’s strategy.


Measure actual performance.


Managers can measure outputs resulting from worker behavior or they can measure the behavior themselves.


Compare actual performance against chosen standards.


Managers must decide if performance actually deviates, often, several problems combine creating low performance.


Evaluate the result and initiate corrective action if the situation is not being achieved.


Standards have been set too high or too low.


Workers may need additional training or equipment.


This step is often hard since the environment is constantly changing.


11


Topics for Discussion (2 of 5)


What kind of controls would you expect to find most used in (a) a hospital, (b) the navy, (c) a city police force? Why? [LO 8-1, 8-2, 8-3]


©McGraw-Hill Education.


A hospital would most likely use output and behavior control systems. Ratios such as the number of days outstanding for receivables are used to determine the economic health of the hospital. Operating budgets are used for each department as well as each function (i.e., marketing and advertising) of the hospital. Organizational goals, such as the desire to achieve the best reputation in the treatment of heart disease, are usually established.




Behavior controls, such as direct supervision and bureaucratic control, are also very common. Interns and residents of the hospital are regularly monitored to ensure that they are making the correct diagnosis for patients. Bureaucratic controls are evident in the abundance of rules, policies and procedures that are established and must be obeyed. This is done to ensure safety, health and well-being of the employees and patients of the hospital.




The navy primarily uses behavior and culture control systems. The behavior of enlisted personnel is constantly monitored and they are expected to follow a plethora of rules, including the way that they should walk, talk, and respond to superiors. There is a deep culture entrenched in the military. Because members of the Navy are representing their country and their arm of the military at all times, there is a high level of behavior that is expected of them, especially when they are in uniform.




A city police force uses output, behavior, and clan control systems. Because the city established a budget for the police force, they are under the control of their output. They are expected to keep the crime level below certain levels working within their budget. Behavior controls are used when policemen are expected to follow established procedures in many of their duties. A culture is created within the police force in regards to the way that they fulfill their duties. Because their purpose to protect the people, they should deal with the community in a professional manner and develop a trusting relationship with its members.


12


Three Organizational Control Systems


Figure 8.3


Type of control Mechanisms of control

Output control Financial measures of performance Organizational goals Operating budgets

Behavior control Direct supervision Management by objectives Rules and standard operating procedures

Organizational culture/clan control Values Norms Socialization

©McGraw-Hill Education.


Financial Measures of Performance (1 of 2)


Profit Ratios


Measures of how efficiently managers convert resources into profits


Return on investment (ROI)


Liquidity Ratios


Measures of how well managers protect resources to meet short term debt—current and quick ratios


Jump to Appendix 3 for long image description.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


14


ROI lets managers assess an organization’s competitive advantage.


The current ratio (current assets divided by current liabilities) tells managers whether they have the resources available to meet the claims of short-term creditors.


The quick ratio shows whether they can pay these claims without selling inventory.


Financial Measures of Performance (2 of 2)


Leverage Ratios


Measures of how much debt or equity is used to finance operations—debt-to-asset and times-covered ratios


Activity Ratios


Measures of how efficiently managers are creating value from assets—inventory turnover, days sales outstanding ratios.


Jump to Appendix 4 long image descriptions.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


15


Highly leveraged = more debt than equity.


Just as with personal credit cards, a company’s debt can be risky when net income or profit fails to cover the debt’s interest.


Organizational Goals


Goals should be specific and difficult but attainable.


Stretch Goals


Goals that challenge and stretch managers’ ability but are not out of reach and do not require an impossibly high expenditure of managerial time and energy


©McGraw-Hill Education.


One of managers’ tasks is to determine if a goal is too difficult or too easy to obtain. And they must determine if their employees, or subordinate managers have the capabilities to meet the goal.


16


Organization-Wide Goal Setting


Figure 8.4


Jump to Appendix 5 for long image description.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Operating Budgets (1 of 2)


Operating Budget


A blueprint that states how managers intend to allocate and use the resources they control to attain organizational goals effectively and efficiently


Lower-level managers are evaluated for their ability to stay within the budget and to make the best use of available resources


©McGraw-Hill Education.


18


The text uses the example of GE’s lighting division’s budget and how to allocate among their various divisions.


Operating Budgets (2 of 2)


Three components are the essence of effective output control.


Objective financial measures


Challenging goals and performance standards


Appropriate operating budgets


©McGraw-Hill Education.


19


Problems with Output Control


Managers must create output standards that motivate at all levels.


Standards should not cause managers to behave in inappropriate ways to achieve organizational goals.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


20


If a goal is unlikely to be obtained and monetary rewards are tied to it, how might an employee act to preserve his or her reward? The text gives the example of sales managers and their goals.


Behavior Control (1 of 3)


Direct Supervision involves managers who:


Actively monitor and observe the behavior of their subordinates


Teach subordinates the behaviors that are appropriate and inappropriate


Intervene to take corrective action as needed


©McGraw-Hill Education.


21


Direct supervision, such as mentoring, can motivate and promote efficient and effective behavior within the organization.


Behavior Control (2 of 3)


Management by Objectives (MBO)


A goal-setting process in which managers and each of his or her subordinates negotiate specific goals and objectives for the subordinate to achieve and then periodically evaluate the extent to which the subordinate is achieving those goals


©McGraw-Hill Education.


22


The text uses Cypress Semiconductor as an example of how IT can manager the MBO process quickly and effectively.


Management by Objectives


Specific goals and objectives are established at each level of the organization.


Managers and their subordinates together determine the subordinates’ goals.


Managers and their subordinates periodically review the subordinates’ progress toward meeting goals.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


There can be no perception of personal biases or political objectives in the process; if employees sense that there is, it could be harmful to the control system.


23


Topics for Discussion (3 of 5)


How do output control and behavior control differ? [LO 8-1 8-2, 8-3]


©McGraw-Hill Education.


In an output control system managers must first choose the set of goals or output performance standards or targets that they think will best measure efficiency, quality, innovation, and responsiveness to customers for their organization. Then they measure whether or not the performance goals and standards are being achieved at the four main levels in an organization (corporate, divisional, functional, and individual levels).




As its name insinuates, behavior control systems involve providing mechanisms to ensure that workers behave in ways that make the structure work. It concentrates on controlling the behavior of the workers opposed to their output or results. The three kinds of behavior control systems are direct supervision, monitoring progress toward goals, and bureaucratic control.


24


Behavior Control (3 of 3)


Bureaucratic Control


Control of behavior by means of a comprehensive system of rules and standard operating procedures


©McGraw-Hill Education.


25


Managers set rules, and employees follow them, setting a predictable standard. With predictability, a manager needn’t monitor behavior—standardized behavior leads to standardized outputs.


Bureaucratic Control


Problems with Bureaucratic Control


Rules easier to make than to discard, leading to bureaucratic “red tape” and slowing organizational reaction times to problems


Loss of flexibility, new ideas, and creative problem solving


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Bureaucratic control can stifle employees’ creative thinking and new ideas.


26


Organizational Culture and Clan Control (1 of 2)


Organizational Culture


The shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influences how members of an organization relate to one another and work together to achieve organizational goals


©McGraw-Hill Education.


27


Like society, organization’s also have acceptable values and norms that employees follow. We are often unaware that we are following these, as they become part of the fabric that ties society, organizations together.


Topics for Discussion (4 of 5)


What is organizational culture, and how does it affect the way employees behave? [LO 8-4]


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Organizational culture is the shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influences how members of an organization relate to one another and work together to achieve organizational goals. An organizational culture can be adaptive or inert.




An adaptive culture controls employee attitudes and behaviors. They help an organization to grow and change as needed to achieve its goals. In adaptive cultures, employees often receive rewards linked directly to their performance. It develops an emphasis on entrepreneurship and respect for the employee.




By contrast, inert cultures are those that lead to values and norms that fail to motivate or inspire employees. The employment practices are based on short-term employment. Employees are not often rewarded for their performance and have little incentive to improve their skills. Poor working relationships develop between the organization and employees, and values of noncooperation and laziness are common. The employees are content to be told what to do and have little motivation to perform beyond minimum work requirements.


28


Organizational Culture and Clan Control (2 of 2)


Clan Control


Control exerted on individuals and groups in an organization by shared values, norms, standards of behavior, and expectations


©McGraw-Hill Education.


29


Adaptive vs. Inert Culture


Adaptive Culture


Culture whose values and norms help an organization to build momentum and to grow and change as needed to achieve its goals and be effective


Inert Culture


Culture that leads to values and norms that fail to motivate or inspire employees


Leads to stagnation and often failure over time


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Strong adaptive cultures: 3M, UPS, Microsoft, and IBM.


Developing a culture that promotes commitment to employees that is reflected in an employee’s commitment to the organization.


30


Organizational Control and Change


Figure 8.5


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Organizational Change (1 of 5)


Organization Change


Movement of an organization away from its present state and toward some desired future state to increase its efficiency and effectiveness


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Something unpredicted can always occur, and managers need to be able to respond to these changes.


32


Four Steps in the Organizational Change Process


Figure 8.6


Jump to Appendix 6 for long image description.


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Organizational Change (2 of 5)


Organizational Learning


Process through which managers try to increase organizational members’ abilities to understand and appropriately respond to changing conditions


Impetus for change


Can help members make decisions about changes


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Issues may occur between desired performance and actual performance. Managers can determine whether change is needed by using performance measures.


34


Organizational Change (3 of 5)


Top-Down Change


A fast, revolutionary approach to change in which top managers identify what needs to be changed, decide what to do, and then move quickly to implement changes throughout the organization


Copyright Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images


©McGraw-Hill Education.


In a top-down change, top managers, perhaps the CEO, determine that the organization needs to make a change to achieve a specific goals. They then ask lower-level managers to implement the process to achieve the change. A revolutionary approach, it is intended to make quick changes and to address problems as they occur.


35


Organizational Change (4 of 5)


Bottom-Up Change


A gradual or evolutionary approach to change in which managers at all levels work together to develop a detailed plan for change


©McGraw-Hill Education.


One of the advantages of this type of change, is that it is likely to address any employee resistance.


36


Topics for Discussion (5 of 5)


Why is it important for managers to involve subordinates in the control process? [LO 8-3, 8-4]


©McGraw-Hill Education.


It is very important to involve subordinates in the control process in order to achieve success in any organization. If subordinates are involved in setting the goals and standards, they will feel a sense of ownership toward them, which will motivate them to work to achieve those goals. They will be more committed to goals that they helped to design. It will also help to ensure that unrealistic goals are not created.


37


Organizational Change (5 of 5)


Benchmarking


Process of comparing one company’s performance on specific dimensions with the performance of other high performing organizations


©McGraw-Hill Education.


The text uses Xerox’s benchmarking experience from the 1980s as an example.


38


Entrepreneurship, Control, and Change (1 of 3)


Entrepreneurs


People who notice opportunities and take responsibility for mobilizing the resources necessary to produce new and improved goods and services


Copyright David Paul Morris/Bloomberg/Getty Images


©McGraw-Hill Education.


39


Entrepreneurship, Control, and Change (2 of 3)


Intrapreneurs


Employees of existing organizations who notice opportunities for product or service improvements and are responsible for managing the development process


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Intrapreneurs have left companies when their ideas were underappreciated or ignored. The text points out the experiences of Hewlett and Packard, and Rod Canion to illustrate this.


40


Entrepreneurship, Control, and Change (3 of 3)


Entrepreneurship


Mobilization of resources to take advantage of an opportunity to provide customers with new or improved goods and services


©McGraw-Hill Education.


An entrepreneur might be successful in coming up with a marketable idea, but if he or she does not have the management skills to create a successful long-term strategy, the idea might fail.


41


BE A MANAGER


What kind of output controls will best facilitate positive interactions both within the teams and among the teams?


©McGraw-Hill Education.


Managers and each team should be given organizational goals that are challenging and require them to “stretch.” Each team could be evaluated on the time taken from the start of the project till the website is up and running. Revenues generated by individual websites, or click-through or page-view statistics could also be used to control output. The teams can also be set timelines or budgets within which to complete their projects, and be evaluated on the basis on whether they achieve those goals.


42


APPENDICES


Long descriptions of images

Homework is Completed By:

Writer Writer Name Amount Client Comments & Rating
Instant Homework Helper

ONLINE

Instant Homework Helper

$36

She helped me in last minute in a very reasonable price. She is a lifesaver, I got A+ grade in my homework, I will surely hire her again for my next assignments, Thumbs Up!

Order & Get This Solution Within 3 Hours in $25/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 3 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 6 Hours in $20/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 6 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

Order & Get This Solution Within 12 Hours in $15/Page

Custom Original Solution And Get A+ Grades

  • 100% Plagiarism Free
  • Proper APA/MLA/Harvard Referencing
  • Delivery in 12 Hours After Placing Order
  • Free Turnitin Report
  • Unlimited Revisions
  • Privacy Guaranteed

6 writers have sent their proposals to do this homework:

University Coursework Help
Best Coursework Help
Helping Hand
Homework Guru
Top Essay Tutor
Writer Writer Name Offer Chat
University Coursework Help

ONLINE

University Coursework Help

Hi dear, I am ready to do your homework in a reasonable price.

$122 Chat With Writer
Best Coursework Help

ONLINE

Best Coursework Help

I am an Academic writer with 10 years of experience. As an Academic writer, my aim is to generate unique content without Plagiarism as per the client’s requirements.

$120 Chat With Writer
Helping Hand

ONLINE

Helping Hand

I am an Academic writer with 10 years of experience. As an Academic writer, my aim is to generate unique content without Plagiarism as per the client’s requirements.

$120 Chat With Writer
Homework Guru

ONLINE

Homework Guru

Hi dear, I am ready to do your homework in a reasonable price and in a timely manner.

$122 Chat With Writer
Top Essay Tutor

ONLINE

Top Essay Tutor

I have more than 12 years of experience in managing online classes, exams, and quizzes on different websites like; Connect, McGraw-Hill, and Blackboard. I always provide a guarantee to my clients for their grades.

$125 Chat With Writer

Let our expert academic writers to help you in achieving a+ grades in your homework, assignment, quiz or exam.

Similar Homework Questions

Dr andrew thornton cardiologist - George wood theatre goldsmiths - Explain how lol has evolved over the years - Email etiquette for students - Strategic management competitiveness and globalisation ebook - Theory of chronic sorrow in nursing - Stirk medical group edney road - Business Writing - Discuss the cultural and ethical implications when selecting human subjects. - 3 5 plus 1 8 in fraction form - Rethink your drink lesson plan - Boost converter simulation in matlab - Principles of management and organization - A Case study - Family focused functional assessment questionnaire - Internet - Las playas de isla del sol son muy limpias - Papi lights full form - Bookkeeping bookkeeping services engagement letter sample - 5 pages zi - Coca cola push and pull strategy - Typical drilled shaft diameters - The tell tale heart onomatopoeia - Introduction to organisational behaviour pdf - Work and energy worksheet - Govinda hari govinda keshava krishna janardhana lyrics - SAP Discussion board - Triple beam balance definition chemistry - Wk kellogg foundation evaluation handbook - 1 chlorobutane sn1 or sn2 - Coach carter players names - I vonder vere guenter wendt - 3.5mm audio cable male to female jaycar - Why chinese mothers are superior by amy chua pdf - Persuasive speech on yoga outline - Technology trends proposal presentation - Experiment 8 pre laboratory assignment limiting reactant answers - Policy Analysis Memorandum - Poem - 24 volt wire size chart - Biology data analysis questions - Leadership as a vocation - 350 bar to kpa - 3:1 - Current carrying capacity table australia - Thought process mental status exam - Nursing progress notes cheat sheet - How to solve complex equations in matlab - Consider the bill of materials bom in figure 11.33 - Hero's journey outline template - Program Reflection 5 - Gawler grandview nursing home - Mcdonalds in russia case study - What is the resistance of ideal voltage source - 923 - Hypodermic syringe model examples - 300 words APA - Stepwise approach to asthma treatment and management - Master Dissertation - 86 manor lakes blvd wyndham vale - Practical strategies for technical communication 2013 pdf - $30 assignment2 HOMEWORK 2 - The agile communicator 2nd edition pdf - Using revenue management to set orlando magic ticket prices - Project Paper - Management Project - Truncatabel prime - Summary of The Discipline of Business Intelligence-Course 3 - How to report logistic regression results apa - Involuntary manslaughter problem question - Finances - Assignment 4 business start up proposal - Worksafe smart move certificate - I need 1000 words Essay on Faith. - Some lessons from the assembly line audience - Nsw det merit selection procedures - Experiment to compare the emf of two cells using potentiometer - Discussion 11 - Vex pull toy instructions - The careless language of sexual violence - Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is - Ts eliot society uk - 560 dis - Hno3 aq ba oh 2 aq - Vodafone and hutch case study - Https newconnect mheducation com flow connect html answers - Week 1 Marketing Management - Intelligent systems a modern approach - D&r diffs chipping norton - Description of your project (Required): - Royal albert hall debenture - Emirates airlines business model - 350 work answer nps - WK-4 - Symbolism in if by rudyard kipling - Cisco p60 power supply - Listen and select the statements that express the correct superlatives. - Glow in the dark widget penn foster - MBA Business Plan component due in 3 days - Supply and demand test questions