TWELFTH EDITION
Elaine N. Marieb Suzanne M. Keller
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
GLOBAL EDITION
Learn the Essential What, How & Why of Human Anatomy & Physiology
With the Twelfth Edition of Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, science educator Suzanne Keller joins bestselling author Elaine Marieb in helping learners focus on the What, How & Why of A&P, without getting sidetracked in details.
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When most people hear the term cardio-vascular system, they immediately think of the heart. We have all felt our own heart “pound” from time to time when we are ner- vous. The crucial importance of the heart has been recognized for ages. However, the cardiovascular system is much more than just the heart, and from a scientific and medical standpoint, it is important to understand why this system is so vital to life.
Night and day, minute after minute, our tril- lions of cells take up nutrients and excrete wastes. Although the pace of these exchanges slows dur- ing sleep, they must go on continuously: when they stop, we die. Cells can make such exchanges
only with the interstitial fluid in their immediate vicinity. Thus, some means of changing and “refreshing” these fluids is necessary to renew the nutrients and prevent pollution caused by the buildup of wastes. Like a bustling factory, the body must have a transportation system to carry its various “cargoes” back and forth. Instead of roads, railway tracks, and subways, the body’s delivery routes are its hollow blood vessels.
Most simply stated, the major function of the cardiovascular system is transportation. Using blood as the transport vehicle, the system carries oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, and many other substances vital for body homeostasis to and from the cells. The force to move the blood
The Cardiovascular System
WHAT
HoW
WHY
The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and
nutrients to the body tissues and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide
via blood.
The heart pumps blood throughout the body in blood vessels. Blood flow
requires both the pumping action of the heart and changes in
blood pressure.
If the cardiovascular system cannot perform its
functions, wastes build up in tissues. Body organs fail to function properly,
and then, once oxygen becomes depleted, they will die.
InSTruCTorS
New Building Vocabulary Coaching Activities for this chapter are assignable in
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NEW! What, How & Why chapter previews introduce key examples of anatomy and physiology concepts that will be covered in the chapter. This technique helps learners hone in on what they are studying, how it functions, and why it is important for them to learn.
NEW! Building Vocabulary Coaching Activities in Pearson Mastering A&P help students learn the essential language of A&P.
See p. 382.
Throughout every chapter, the text’s conversational writing style and straightforward explanations have been strengthened with familiar analogies and abundant mnemonic cues to help students learn and remember concepts.
UPDATED! Exceptionally clear photos and illustrations, including dozens of new and improved figures, present concepts and processes at the right level of detail. Many figures from the text are assignable as Art- Labeling Activities in Pearson Mastering A&P.
Unique Concept Links reinforce previously-learned concepts and help students make connec- tions across body systems while learning new material.
Focus on Essential A&P Concepts
Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes 137
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Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Mucosa
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Serous fluid
(a) Cutaneous membrane (the skin) covers the body surface.
(d) A fist thrust into a limp balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers.
(c) Serous membranes line body cavities closed to exterior.
(b) Mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior.
Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa)
Figure 4.1 Classes of epithelial membranes.
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282 Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Figure 7.21 Schematic of ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) pathways between the brain and the spinal cord.
Cerebral cortex (gray matter)
Thalamus
White matter
Interneuron carrying response to motor neuron
Cell body of sensory neuron in sensory ganglion
Skin
Nerve
Sensory receptors
Motor output
Muscle
Interneuron Motor neuron cell body
Gray matter White matter
Interneuron carrying sensory information to cerebral cortex
Interneuron carrying response to motor neurons
Integration (processing and interpretation of sensory input) occurs
Interneuron carrying sensory information to cerebral cortex
Brain stem
Cerebrum
Cervical spinal cord
➔ConCeptLinkThe terms for the connective tissue coverings of a nerve should seem familiar: We discussed similar struc-tures in the muscle chapter (Figure 6.1, p. 209). Names of muscle structures include the root word mys, whereas the root word neuro tells you that the struc- ture relates to a nerve. For example, the endomysium covers one individual muscle fiber, whereas the endo- neurium covers one individual neuron fiber. ➔
Like neurons, nerves are classified according to the direction in which they transmit impulses. Nerves that carry impulses only toward the CNS are called sensory (afferent) nerves, whereas those that carry only motor fibers are motor (efferent) nerves. Nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers are called mixed nerves; all spi- nal nerves are mixed nerves.
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See p. 137.
See p. 282.
UPDATED! Homeostatic Imbalance discussions are clinical examples that revisit the text’s unique theme by describing how the loss of homeostasis leads to pathology or disease. Related assessment questions are assignable in Pearson Mastering A&P, along with Clinical Case Study coaching activities.
Explore Essential Careers and Clinical Examples
To inspire and inform students who are preparing for future healthcare careers, up-to-date clinical applications are integrated in context with discussions about the human body.
Focus on Careers essays feature conversations with working professionals and explain the relevance of anatomy and physiology course topics across a wide range of allied health careers. Featured careers include:
Ch. 2 Pharmacy Technician Ch. 4 Medical Transcriptionist Ch. 5 Radiologic Technologist Ch. 8 Physical Therapy Assistant Ch. 10 Phlebotomy Technician Ch. 15 Licensed Practical Nurse
Students can visit the Pearson Mastering A&P Study Area for more information about career options that are relevant to studying anatomy and physiology.
See p. 295.
See p. 82.
Pearson Mastering A&P improves results by engaging students before, during, and after class.
Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class
Instructors can further encourage students to prepare for class by assigning NEW! Building Vocabulary activities, reading questions, art labeling activities, and more.
Before Class
Dynamic Study Modules enable students to study more effectively on their own. With the Dynamic Study Modules mobile app, students can quickly access and learn the concepts they need to be more successful on quizzes and exams. NEW! Instructors can now select which questions to assign to students within each module.
During Class
After Class A wide variety of interactive coaching activities can be assigned to students as homework, including Art-Labeling Activities, Interactive Physiology 2.0 tutorials, Clinical Case Studies, and activities featuring A&P Flix 3-D movie- quality animations of key physiological processes.
with Pearson Mastering A&P
NEW! Learning Catalytics is a “bring your own device” (laptop, smartphone, or tablet) engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system. Students use their device to respond to open-ended questions and then discuss answers in groups based on their responses. Visit learningcatalytics.com to learn more.
Media references in the text direct learners to digital resources in the Pearson Mastering A&P Study Area, including practice tests and quizzes, flashcards, a complete glossary, and more.
NEW! Interactive Physiology 2.0
Practice Anatomy Lab (PAL™ 3.0) is a virtual anatomy study and practice tool that gives students 24/7 access to the most widely used lab specimens, including the human cadaver, anatomical models, histology, cat, and fetal pig. PAL 3.0 is easy to use and includes built-in audio pronunciations, rotatable bones, and simulated fill-in-the- blank lab practical exams.
A&P concepts come to life with Pearson Mastering A&P
NEW! Interactive Physiology 2.0 helps students advance beyond memorization to a genuine understanding of complex physiological processes. Fun, interactive tutorials, games, and quizzes give students additional explanations to help them grasp difficult concepts. IP 2.0 features brand-new graphics, quicker navigation, and more robust interactivity.
Access the complete textbook online with the eText on Pearson Mastering A&P
Powerful interactive and customization functions include instructor and student note-taking, highlighting, bookmarking, search, and links to glossary terms.
Additional Support for Students and Instructors
The perfect companion to Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, this engaging interactive workbook helps students get the most out of their study time. The Twelfth Edition includes NEW! crossword puzzles for every chapter, along with coloring activities, self-assessments, “At the Clinic” questions, and unique “Incredible Journey” visualization exercises that guide learners into memorable explorations of anatomical structures and physiological functions.
• All of the figures, photos, and tables from the text in JPEG and PowerPoint® formats, in labelled and unlabeled versions, and with customizable labels and leader lines
• Step-edit Powerpoint slides that present multi-step process figures step-by-step
• Clicker Questions and Quiz Show Game questions that encourage class interaction
• A&PFlix™ animations bring human anatomy and physiology concepts to life
• Customizable PowerPoint® lecture outlines save valuable class prep time
• A comprehensive Instructor’s Guide includes lecture outlines, classroom activities, and teaching demonstrations for each chapter.
• Test Bank provides a wide variety of customizable questions across Bloom’s taxonomy levels. Includes art labeling questions, and available in Microsoft® Word and TestGen® formats.
NEW! Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook Twelfth Edition, Global Edition by Elaine N. Marieb and Simone Brito
The Instructor Resources Area in Pearson Mastering A&P includes the following downloadable tools:
NEW! IN FULL COLOR! Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual Seventh Edition by Elaine N. Marieb and Pamela B. Jackson
This popular lab manual provides 27 exercises for a wide range of hands-on laboratory experiences, designed especially for a short A&P Lab course. This edition, which includes a Histology Atlas with 55 photomicrographs, features NEW! full-color illustrations, photos, and page design that help students navigate and learn the material faster and easier than ever before. Each concise lab exercise includes a Pre-Lab Quiz, brief background information, integrated learning objectives, student-friendly review sheets, and more.
ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D., hOLYOKE COMMUNITY COLLEGE
SUZANNE M. KELLER, Ph.D., INDIAN hILLS COMMUNITY COLLEGE
ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
TWELFTH EDITION GLOBAL EDITION
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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 12th edition, ISBN 9780134395326, by Elaine N. Marieb and Suzanne M. Keller, published by Pearson Education © 2018.
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About the Authors
Elaine Marieb After receiving her Ph.D. in zoology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Elaine N. Marieb joined the faculty of the Biological Science Division of Holyoke Community College. While teaching at Holyoke Community College, where many of her students were pursu- ing nursing degrees, she developed a desire to bet- ter understand the relationship between the scientific study of the human body and the clinical aspects of the nursing practice. To that end, while continuing to teach full time, Dr. Marieb pursued her nursing education, which culminated in a Master of Science degree with a clinical specializa- tion in gerontology from the University of Massa- chusetts. It is this experience that has informed the development of the unique perspective and acces- sibility for which her publications are known.
Dr. Marieb has given generously to provide oppor- tunities for students to further their education. She funds the E. N. Marieb Science Research Awards at Mount Holyoke College, which promotes research by undergraduate science majors, and has underwritten renovation of the biology labs in Clapp Laboratory at that college. Dr. Marieb also contributes to the Univer- sity of Massachusetts at Amherst, where she gener- ously provided funding for reconstruction and instrumentation of a cutting-edge cytology research laboratory. Recognizing the severe national shortage of nursing faculty, she underwrites the Nursing Schol- ars of the Future Grant Program at the university. In January 2012, Florida Gulf Coast University named a new health professions facility in her honor. The Dr. Elaine Nicpon Marieb Hall houses several specialized laboratories for the School of Nursing, made possible by Dr. Marieb’s generous support.
Suzanne Keller Suzanne M. Keller began her teaching career while she was still in graduate school at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, Texas. Inspired by her life- long passion for learning, Dr. Keller quickly adopted a teaching style focused on translating challenging concepts into easily understood parts using analogies and stories from her own experi- ences. An Iowa native, Dr. Keller uses her expertise to teach microbiology and anatomy and physiol- ogy at Indian Hills Community College, where most of her students are studying nursing or other health science programs.
Dr. Keller values education as a way for students to express their values through the careers they pursue. She supports those endeavors both in and out of the classroom by participating in her local Lions Club, by donating money to the Indian Hills Foundation to fund scholarships, and by financially supporting service-learning trips for students. Dr. Keller also enjoys sponsoring children in need with gifts for the holidays.
Dr. Keller is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the Iowa Acad- emy of Science. Additionally, while engaged as an author, Dr. Keller has served on multiple advisory boards for various projects at Pearson and has authored assignments for the Pearson Mastering A&P online program. When not teaching or writ- ing, Dr. Keller enjoys reading, trav eling, family gatherings, and relaxing at home under the watch- ful eyes of her two canine children.
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New to the Twelfth Edition
This edition has been thoroughly updated. New “What, How, Why” art opens each chapter, highlighting key concepts relating to the chapter topic. Other specific chapter-by-chapter changes include the following:
• New colors used in Figure 3.14 DNA images to help students track new and old strands of DNA.
• New description of each chromosome being composed of two sister chromatids.
• New explanation of protein synthesis includes the role of the large ribosomal subunit in peptide bond formation.
• New Figure 3.18 descriptions of nuclei lining up in simple columnar and not lining up in pseudostratified epithelia.
• New description of cell shapes in different layers of stratified epithelia as “squished” and variable.
• New analogy for mucus produced by goblet cells as a “sticky trap” for dust and debris.
• New Figure 3.19 labels for osteocytes, the elastic and collagen fibers in areolar connective tissue, and the fluid matrix of blood; new art for dense fibrous connective tissue.
• New analogy for reticular tissue as “cellular bleachers” where other cells rest to monitor the body.
• Updated Figure 3.21 to include the term neuroglia to describe supporting cells.
• New information added to Figure 3.22: cartilage added to the connective tissue list and two major hallmarks of each of the four tissue types.
• New example of atrophy: when a broken leg is in a cast, lack of use causes muscles to atrophy during healing.
• Revised “A Closer Look: Cancer—An Intimate Enemy” and updated art. • New “Short Answer Essay” questions on the components of the
plasma membrane and their functions and on contrasting cytokinesis, interphase, and mitosis.
• New “Critical Thinking and Clinical Application” question on IV fluids and tonicity.
• New “Did You Get It?” questions throughout the chapter.
Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes • New Figure 4.1 on epithelial membranes. • New description of sensory receptors as part of nervous system
including a list of the stimuli detected. • New text updates on Figure 4.4 on epidermal structure; included a
new figure question on stratum lucidum. • New analogy for epidermal dendritic cells as “sentries” guarding
the skin. • New photo of stage 2 decubitus ulcer added to Homeostatic
Imbalance 4.2. • New layout for Figure 4.7 combining scanning electron micrograph
of hair shaft with existing art of the hair root and follicle. • New discussion of fourth-degree burns. • New criteria for determining whether a burn is critical, including
circumferential burns, burns of the airway, and burns to the genital area.
• New images of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma in Figure 4.11.
• New component added to ABCDE rule: now includes “Evolution,” changes in a skin lesion over time.
• New “Short Answer Essay” questions on the risks of full-thickness burns, contrasting eccrine and apocrine sweat glands, and the relative severity of different skin infections.
• New “Critical Thinking and Clinical Application” question on burns. • New “Did You Get It?” questions throughout the chapter.
Chapter 5: The Skeletal System • Updated description of long bones. • New analogy comparing lubrication over articular cartilage at
joints to a slick marble floor.
Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation • Updated description of the integumentary system to include
vitamin D production in the presence of sunlight. • Updated definition of the term crural to specify the anterior leg,
or shin. • New “Critical Thinking and Clinical Application” question on blood
clotting and feedback regulation. • New “Critical Thinking and Clinical Application” question on using
anatomical language to describe the location of a spinal injury and identifying the best medical imaging technique to diagnose a spinal problem.
• Updated “A Closer Look: Medical Imaging” with new discussion and images of mammogram and bone densitometry.
• New “Did You Get It?” questions throughout the chapter.
Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry • New example of atomic symbol and Latin derivative for potassium. • Revised discussion of hydrogen bonds to clarify that electrons are
not involved in this type of bond as they are in covalent and ionic bonds.
• New example of importance of hydrogen bond in holding DNA strands together.
• All references to hydroxyl ion have been corrected to hydroxide ion. • New sports analogies for acids and bases: putting electrons “in the
game,” to represent free protons versus taking electrons “out of the game,” to represent binding a proton so it cannot contribute to a shift in pH.
• New “Did You Get It?” question part on the difference in pH between solutions at pH 11 and pH 5.
• Introduced concepts of hydrophilic and hydrophobic in discussion of phospholipids to help explain the functions of the polar head and fatty acid tails in cell membranes.
• Updated “Did You Get It?” question on lipids to include both phospholipids and cholesterol as cell membrane components.
• New analogy comparing the alpha (α)-helix to a metal spring. • New analogy comparing a beta (β)-sheet to a pleated skirt, or
paper folded into a fan. • New analogy comparing enzymes and substrates to scissors and
paper, respectively. • New description of RNA function as DNA’s “molecular assistant.” • New shorthand symbols for messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA)
and ribosomal (rRNA) added. • New analogy comparing glucose and ATP to crude oil and gasoline;
energy must be in the proper form before it can be used by cells. • New explanation of why the terminal phosphate bonds in ATP are
high energy. • New “Critical Thinking and Clinical Application” question on sickle
cell anemia.
Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues • New description of the principle of complementarity. • New information about how mitochondria divide. • New “cargo” in the form of a membrane-bound receptor protein
added to pathway 2 of Figure 3.6. • New analogy for lysosomes as “cellular stomachs.” • New art of plasma membrane and new detail of mitochondrial
function including aerobic respiration in Table 3.1. • New analogy of dust “crowd surfing” on the mucus that cilia carry
from the lungs. • New description of neuron function includes production of
neurotransmitters.
• Updated descriptions of red and yellow bone marrow. • Updated descriptions of sagittal and coronal sutures. • Updated description of the capitulum of the humerus. • New analogy comparing the trochlea meeting the trochlear notch
to a curved “tongue-in-groove” joint. • Updated description of buttock injections to include the
consequences of hitting a nerve. • Updated description of a synovial membrane to include areolar
connective tissue. • Updated description of cartilaginous joints. • New description of saddle joints including a reference to
opposable thumbs. • Updated list of triggers for rheumatoid arthritis. • Discussion of the fetal skull and fontanels moved to the
Developmental Aspects section. • New analogy likening skulls of small children to “bobble heads.” • Updated review question on bones that articulate with the
sphenoid to reflect only bones shown in the figures of Chapter 5. • Updated “Short Answer Essay” question on synovial joints to
include osteoarthritis. • New “Short Answer Essay” question contrasting the foramen
magnum and obturator foramen. • New “Critical Thinking and Clinical Application” question on gouty
arthritis. • New statistics, information, and images added to “A Closer Look:
Joint Ventures.” • Updated description of comminuted fractures on Table 5.2. • Updated Figure 5.6 to include osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the
descriptions of bone addition and resorption, respectively. • Updated Systems In Sync with respect to the descriptions of
relationships of cardiovascular and muscular systems to the skeletal system.
Chapter 6: The Muscular System • Updated descriptions of tendons and aponeuroses. • New analogy about running to explain the difference between the
contraction of skeletal muscle (fast) versus smooth muscle (slow). • Updated description of a sarcomere to include its role as the
structural and functional unit of muscle. • Added discussion of titin to the description of a sarcomere as the
elastic filament that attaches myosin to the Z disc. • New Homeostatic Imbalance on ALS (amyotropic lateral sclerosis,
or Lou Gehrig’s disease). • New “Did You Get It?” question on the roles of calcium in muscle
contraction. • Updated descriptions of cross-bridge formation and the sliding
filament theory, including the role of ATP. • New link to IP Essentials for the sliding filament theory. • New description of flaccid versus spastic paralysis. • New mnemonic device for adduction: “add” back to the body by
moving toward the trunk (midline). • New descriptions of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion with respect
to the head: toes point toward the head or away, respectively. • New girdle analogy for abdominal wall muscles “holding guts in.” • New description of the consequences of an injection being too
close to, or hitting, the sciatic nerve. • New description of tailor’s muscle sitting position. • New description of myasthenia gravis as an autoimmune disease. • New “Short Answer Essay” question about the relationship
between wrist flexors and extensors, including their locations. • New figure question for Figure 6.20 on the origin(s) and
insertion(s) of the rectus femoris depending on the action being performed.
• Updated explanation of steps in Figure 6.5.
Chapter 7: The Nervous System • Updated Figure 7.13 to use superior and inferior instead of
cephalad and caudal. • Updated Figure 7.24 to clarify why there are eight cervical nerves
but only seven cervical vertebrae. • New Learning Outcome on the structures and functions of neurons
and neuroglia.
• Updated description of Nissl body function. • New description clarifying the difference between a synapse and
synaptic cleft. • New analogy for a myelin sheath as the wrapping on an electrical
cord. • New explanation clarifying the differences between myelin sheaths
in the CNS and PNS. • New explanation clarifying the “short circuit” event in multiple
sclerosis means that the signal may stop or “jump” to an unmyelinated neuron.
• New analogy for the structure of a unipolar cell body as a “cul-de- sac” off the “main road” that is the axon.
• Replaced references to the term basal ganglia with the more accurate term basal nuclei.
• Replaced the term arachnoid villi with arachnoid granulations. • New statistics on stroke as the fifth leading cause of death in the
United States (formerly identified as the third leading cause). • New statistics regarding the rate of survival after a stroke. • Replaced the phrase “mentally retarded” in the discussion of
cerebral palsy with “intellectually disabled.” • New information included in “A Closer Look: The ‘Terrible Three’”
reflecting the role of calcium in apoptosis, two new drugs for treatment of Parkinson’s disease, and the variation in dopamine levels in patients with Huntington’s disease.
• New information incorporated in “A Closer Look: Tracking Down CNS Problems” to include a new dopamine imaging technique called DaTscan.
Chapter 8: Special Senses • New description of lacrimal caruncle. • New description of optic disc and the resulting blind spot. • New analogy comparing the ability to see intermediate colors
(between the red, green, and blue cones) to mixing paint. • Updated the description of cataracts. • New example of motion detected by dynamic equilibrium: a
spinning carnival ride. • New analogy for bending of the cupula as divers’ fins in water. • New description of foliate papillae on the side of the tongue,
another location for taste buds. • New art showing the retina in Figure 8.5. • New Figure 8.6 showing the graph of rods and cones, and which
wavelengths of light are detected by each. • Updated Figure 8.12b on maculae. • New “Did You Get It?” questions throughout the chapter.
Chapter 9: The Endocrine System • Updated discussion of the mechanism of hormone action,
including Figure 9.1 and its caption, to reflect that steroid hormones can act via either second messenger or direct gene activation.
• Updated explanation of how hormones alter cell activity. • New analogy comparing second-messenger systems to delivering a
letter. • Revised coverage of endocrine glands to reflect their location in
body from superior to inferior; Table 9.1 has also been revised to reflect the new order.
• Updated description explaining why a goiter forms in the absence of iodine.
• Updated description of body proportions in cretinism. • New “Did You Get It?” question on adrenal cortex hormones.
Chapter 10: Blood • Updated explanation of why the normal temperature of blood is a
bit higher than body temperature. • Added definitions for the suffixes -cytosis and -penia. • Updated the analogy comparing the shape of the eosinophil
nucleus to earmuffs. • Updated the role of monocytes to include activation of
lymphocytes. • Updated the list of locations where red marrow is found in adults. • Updated the major anticoagulants to include warfarin. • New description of petechiae includes comparison to a skin rash.
New to the Twelfth Edition 13
14 New to the Twelfth Edition
• Updated Table 12.1 regarding the role of nasal hairs to include filtration of airborne particles.
• Updated Table 12.3 entry for “Cytokines: Perforin and granzymes” to include natural killer (NK) cells.
• New “Did You Get It?” questions throughout the chapter.
Chapter 13: The Respiratory System • New information explaining neural regulation of breathing with
respect to the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups of the medulla. • New Short Answer Essay question contrasting hyperventilation and
hyperpnea. • Updated “A Closer Look” on cleanliness and asthma. • New “Did You Get It?” questions throughout the chapter.
Chapter 14: The Digestive System • New illustration outlining the parietal and visceral layers of the
peritoneum (Figure 14.5). • New illustrations showing both deciduous and permanent teeth in
greater detail (Figure 14.9). • Updated description of circular folds to provide students with a
visual image of a corkscrew that slows progression of food and increases surface area at the same time.
• Added detail that rennin in infants is the same enzyme used to curdle milk in cheesemaking.
• Added narcotic pain medications to the list of causes of constipation, with stool softeners as a method of treatment.
• New “Did You Get It?” question on the four types of teeth and their functions.
• Added brief discussion of nucleic acid digestion, including the source of the enzymes and the reminder that nucleotides are the building blocks.
• Revised “A Closer Look” box on obesity to update references, statistics, and methods used to determine body composition, such as DEXA, the Bod Pod, and underwater weighing.
Chapter 15: The Urinary System • Updated descriptions of the arterioles that connect to the
glomerulus. • Included a new learning tool describing the internal urethral
sphincter as involuntary. • New “Short Answer Essay” question contrasting the homeostatic
imbalances oliguria, anuria, polyuria, and nocturia. • New “Critical Thinking and Clinical Application” question about
the relationship between hypertension and impaired kidney function, and tests that are used for determining impaired kidney function.
• New information included in “A Closer Look: Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney” about a blood test to determine the creatinine level in order to estimate the rate of glomerular filtration.
• Did You Get It?
Chapter 16: The Reproductive System • New explanation of the purpose of polar bodies: to reduce the
chromosome number during oogenesis. • Update of suggested age range for women to begin having regular
mammograms: between 45 and 54. • New Concept Link on chemotaxis. • New photomicrograph showing sperm swarming an oocyte in
Figure 16.16. • New explanation of how an egg blocks additional sperm from
entering; the surface sperm receptors on an oocyte are shed after the first sperm enters the cell.
• New clarification with updated definitions of miscarriage and abortion.
• Added a learning tool about blood type reminding readers that a person does not make antibodies against their own blood type antigen(s).
• Updated discussion of lack of vitamin B12 as the cause of pernicious anemia and how this relates to intrinsic factor.
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System • Updated description of pericardium. • Revised discussion of the function of the atria to clarify that they
assist with ventricular filling. • Arteries and veins are now introduced in terms of the direction of
blood flow with respect to the heart. • New analogy comparing valve cusps filling with blood to a
parachute filling with air. • New analogy comparing the intrinsic conduction system setting
heart rhythm to a drummer setting the beat for a rock band playing a song.
• New discussion of AEDs (automatic external defibrillators) included in the discussion of fibrillation.
• Reorganized section on the cardiac cycle to include five stages. • New “Did You Get It?” question about isovolumetric contraction. • Updated description of the effect of congestive heart failure on
stroke volume. • Updated description of pulmonary congestion. • Updated description of pulmonary embolism. • Discussion of fetal circulation moved to the Developmental
Aspects section. • Updated description of the blood pressure gradient to include a
pressure of zero in the right atrium. • New layout of Figure 11.8 reflecting five stages of the cardiac cycle. • Updated Figure 11.9 description to clarify that any change in heart
rate or stroke volume will also cause a change in cardiac output. • Updated description of Figures 11.13 and 11.14 to include a
statement that all vessels are bilateral unless otherwise stated in the text.
• Updated “A Closer Look” box on atherosclerosis.
Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses • Updated Figure 12.10 on lysis by complement to reflect water
flowing into the cell to cause lysis. • Added the role of B cells in antigen presentation to Figure 12.19. • New information added regarding discovery of lymphatics in the
central nervous system. • Updated the description of adaptive defenses as defenses that fight
antigens that get past the innate defenses. • New description of how natural killer cells kill: via perforin and
granzymes. • Updated the description of positive chemotaxis to include
movement toward the stimulus. • Revised description of interferon to clarify that interferon fights
only viral pathogens, not bacteria or fungi. • New antibody function has been listed: opsonization. • New description of Graves’ disease explaining that excess
production of thyroxine is in response to antibodies that mimic TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone).
• New descriptions of two additional types of hypersensitivities: reactions resulting in cell lysis and those forming antigen-antibody complexes.
• New example of when epinephrine is used during acute hypersensitivity: EpiPen® injection.
• New Short Answer Essay question provided on mechanisms of killing used by the immune system, including lysozyme, perforin, and granzymes, and membrane attack complex (MAC).
• Updated “A Closer Look” box on AIDS, including new title.
15
Acknowledgments
University; Amy Goode, Illinois Central College; Jeannette Hafey, Springfield College; Ashley Hagler, Gaston College; Frances Miles, Lake Michigan College–Napier Avenue Campus; Margaret Ott, Tyler Junior College; Heidi Peterson, Indian Hills Commu- nity College–Ottumwa Campus; Laura Ritt, Burling- ton County College; Holly Sanders, Gwinnett Technical College; Leba Sarkis, Aims Community College; Gustavo A. Solis, Forsyth Technical Com- munity College; Ginny Stokes, Nash Community College; Robert Suddith, Cape Fear Community Col- lege; John F. Tarpey, City College of San Francisco; Deborah S. Temperly, Delta College; Claudia Wil- liams, Campbell University.
The entire group from Pearson and beyond deserves our heartfelt thanks for being the best team around! They have provided support, guid- ance, and humor throughout the writing process, which made the process fun and was most appre- ciated. Special thanks to Serina Beauparlant, Edi- tor-In-Chief, Brooke Suchomel, Sr. Acquisitions Editor, and Tiffany Mok, Program Manager who passed the reins to Lauren Harp, Sr. Portfolio Man- ager, for crossing the finish line. Thanks also to Nicky Montalvo, Editorial Coordinator. Thank you to the content development team—Suzanne Olivier, Alice Fugate, and Laura Southworth—for their attention to detail and collaborative minds. Thank you Patrice Fabel, Ziki Dekel, and Lauren Hill for supervising an impressive variety of media content that will benefit both students and instructors. A special thank-you to Gary Hespenheide for the book’s beautiful and creative new interior and cover designs. The work of Kristin Piljay, Photo Researcher, resulted in some striking new photos for this edition; and Sally Peyrefitte, our excellent and diligent copyeditor, ensured a consistent style throughout the book. Proofreader Betsy Dietrich skillfully reviewed every page proof, and Sallie Steele provided a thorough and accurate index. Our talented art house, Imagineering STA Media Services, Inc., and compositor, Aptara, worked tire- lessly to provide stunning artwork and student- friendly page layouts. Stacey Weinberger, Senior Manufacturing Buyer, Allison Rona, and Derek
Many people contributed to our efforts in the cre- ation of this twelfth edition. We offer our profound thanks to the following reviewers, whose thought- ful critiques informed and enhanced our develop- ment of this edition:
• William Brazelle, University of South Florida
• Sheree Daniel, Trinity Valley Community College
• Trevor Day, Mount Royal University
• Camille Di Scala, Chandler-Gilbert Community College
• Pamela Boyter Jackson, Piedmont Technical College
• Roop Jayaraman, Central Michigan University
• Kimberly Kushner, Pueblo Community College
• Frances Mills, Lake Michigan College
• Diane Pelletier, Green River Community College
• Heidi Peterson, Indian Hills Community College
• Kenneth Ryan, Alexandria Technical and Community College
• Holly Sanders, Gwinnett Technical College
• Scott Schaeffer, Harford Community College
• I-Chia Shih, Leeward Community College, University of Hawaii
• K. Dale Smoak, Piedmont Technical College
• Bill Snyder, Bluegrass Community and Technical College
• Greg Tefft, Northwest State Community College
• Sandra Uyeshiro, Modesto Junior College
• Khursheed Wankadiya, Central Piedmont Community College
• Carol T. Wismer, College of Lake County
Thanks are also extended to the reviewers of the Eleventh Edition: Carmen Carpenter, South Univer- sity; Steven D. Collins, Niagara College; Janie Cor- bitt, Central Georgia Technical College–Milledgeville Campus; Eric D. Forman, Sauk Valley Community College; Andrew Goliszek, North Carolina A&T State
16 Acknowledgments
Perrigo deserve special thanks for their expertise in delivering and presenting the final product to the market. A special thank you goes to David Novak, our Production and Art Coordinator, for taking on the role of two people during this edition and flaw- lessly handling every text and art-related production
detail—David made the whole process smooth and successful. And last, but not least, Michele Mangelli—a tremendous thank-you for your skillful oversight of all aspects of the 12th edition, includ- ing assisting a first-time co-author in all things pub- lishing . . . you’re an unflappable rock star!
Suzanne M. Keller
Anatomy and Physiology Pearson Education 1301 Sansome Street San Francisco, CA 94111
Elaine N. Marieb
The publishers would like to thank the following for their contribution to the Global Edition:
Contributor
Christiane Van den Branden, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Reviewers
Hemant Kumar, MBBS Snezana Kusljic, The University of Melbourne Eva Strandell, Halmstad University
17
1 The Human Body: An Orientation 27 An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 27
Anatomy 27
Physiology 28
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology 28
Levels of Structural Organization 28 From Atoms to Organisms 28
Organ System Overview 29 Integumentary System • Skeletal System • Muscular System • Nervous System • Endocrine System • Cardiovascular System • Lymphatic System • Respiratory System • Digestive System • Urinary System • Reproductive System
Maintaining Life 33 Necessary Life Functions 33
Maintaining Boundaries • Movement • Responsiveness • Digestion • Metabolism • Excretion • Reproduction • Growth
Survival Needs 35
The Language of Anatomy 38 Anatomical Position 38
Directional Terms 38
Regional Terms 38 Anterior Body Landmarks • Posterior Body Landmarks
Body Planes and Sections 41
Body Cavities 41 Dorsal Body Cavity • Ventral Body Cavity • Other Body Cavities
Homeostasis 45 Components of Homeostatic Control Systems 45
Feedback Mechanisms 45
SUMMARy 47
REviEw QUESTiONS 48
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 49
A CLOSER LOOk Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body 36
2 Basic Chemistry 50 Concepts of Matter and Energy 50
Matter 50
Energy 51 Forms of Energy • Energy Form Conversions
Composition of Matter 52 Elements and Atoms 52
Atomic Structure 52 The Basic Atomic Subparticles • Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom
Identifying Elements 54 Atomic Number • Atomic Mass Number • Atomic Weight and Isotopes
Molecules and Compounds 57
Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions 58
Bond Formation 58 Role of Electrons • Types of Chemical Bonds
Patterns of Chemical Reactions 62 Synthesis Reactions • Decomposition Reactions • Exchange Reactions • Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter 64
Inorganic Compounds 65 Water • Salts • Acids and Bases
Contents
Organic Compounds 68 Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
SUMMARy 83
REviEw QUESTiONS 85
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 87
FOCUS ON CAREERS Pharmacy Technician 82
3 Cells and Tissues 88 PART i: CELLS 88
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life 88
Anatomy of a generalized Cell 89 The Nucleus 89
Nuclear Envelope • Nucleolus • Chromatin
The Plasma Membrane 90 The Fluid Mosaic Model • Cell Membrane Junctions
The Cytoplasm 93 Cytosol and Inclusions • Organelles
Cell Extensions 97 Cilia and Flagella • Microvilli
Cell Diversity 100
Cell Physiology 102 Membrane Transport 102
Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration • Active Processes
Cell Division 108 Preparations: DNA Replication • Events of Cell Division
Protein Synthesis 111 Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure • The Role of RNA • The Process of Protein Synthesis
PART ii: BODy TiSSUES 114
Epithelial Tissue 114 Hallmarks of Epithelium 114
Classification of Epithelia 115 Simple Epithelia • Stratified Epithelia • Glandular Epithelium
Connective Tissue 119 Hallmarks of Connective Tissue 119
Extracellular Matrix 120
Types of Connective Tissue 120 Bone • Cartilage • Dense Connective Tissue • Loose Connective Tissue • Blood
Muscle Tissue 124 Skeletal Muscle 124
Cardiac Muscle 124
Smooth Muscle 126
Nervous Tissue 126
Tissue Repair (wound Healing) 126
PART iii: DEvELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TiSSUES 128
SUMMARy 130
REviEw QUESTiONS 133
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 134
A CLOSER LOOk IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics” 105
A CLOSER LOOk Cancer—An Intimate Enemy 130
4 Skin and Body Membranes 135 Classification of Body Membranes 135
Epithelial Membranes 136 Cutaneous Membrane • Mucous Membranes • Serous Membranes
Connective Tissue Membranes 136
Chapter 2, continued
18 Contents
Cervical Vertebrae • Thoracic Vertebrae • Lumbar Vertebrae • Sacrum • Coccyx
Thoracic Cage 182 Sternum • Ribs
Appendicular Skeleton 184 Bones of the Shoulder Girdle 184
Bones of the Upper Limbs 184 Arm • Forearm • Hand
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle 188
Bones of the Lower Limbs 190 Thigh • Leg • Foot
Joints 192 Fibrous Joints 195
Cartilaginous Joints 195
Synovial Joints 195
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape 196
Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton 199
Birth to Adulthood 199
Older Adults 201
SUMMARy 203
REviEw QUESTiONS 204
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 206
FOCUS ON CAREERS Radiologic Technologist 169
A CLOSER LOOk Joint Ventures 192
SySTEMS iN SyNC 202
6 The Muscular System 207 Overview of Muscle Tissues 207
Muscle Types 207 Skeletal Muscle • Smooth Muscle • Cardiac Muscle
Muscle Functions 211 Produce Movement • Maintain Posture and Body Position • Stabilize Joints • Generate Heat • Additional Functions
The integumentary System (Skin) 138 Functions of the Integumentary System 138
Structure of the Skin 139 Epidermis • Dermis
Skin Color 144
Appendages of the Skin 145 Cutaneous Glands • Hair and Hair Follicles • Nails
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin 149 Infections and Allergies • Burns • Skin Cancer
Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes 153
SUMMARy 156
REviEw QUESTiONS 157
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 158
A CLOSER LOOk A Wrinkle Out of Time 143
FOCUS ON CAREERS Medical Transcriptionist 154
SySTEMS iN SyNC 155
5 The Skeletal System 160 Bones: An Overview 160
Functions of the Bones 161
Classification of Bones 161
Structure of Bone 163 Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone • Microscopic Anatomy
Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling 167
Bone Formation and Growth • Bone Remodeling
Bone Fractures 170
Axial Skeleton 172 Skull 172
Cranium • Facial Bones • The Hyoid Bone
Vertebral Column (Spine) 178
Contents 19
Chapter 6, continued A CLOSER LOOk Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win? 231
SySTEMS iN SyNC 246
7 The Nervous System 251 Organization of the Nervous System 252
Structural Classification 253
Functional Classification 253
Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function 253
Supporting Cells 253
Neurons 255 Anatomy • Classification • Physiology: Nerve Impulses • Physiology: Reflexes
Central Nervous System 265 Functional Anatomy of the Brain 265
Cerebral Hemispheres • Diencephalon • Brain Stem • Cerebellum
Protection of the Central Nervous System 273 Meninges • Cerebrospinal Fluid • The Blood-Brain Barrier
Brain Dysfunctions 277
Spinal Cord 278 Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots • White Matter of the Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System 281 Structure of a Nerve 281
Cranial Nerves 283
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses 283
Autonomic Nervous System 290 Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared • Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division • Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division • Autonomic Functioning
Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System 295
SUMMARy 299
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 211
Skeletal Muscle Activity 213 Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers 213
The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential • Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole 217
Graded Responses • Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction • Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit • Types of Muscle Contractions—Isotonic and Isometric • Muscle Tone • Effect of Exercise on Muscles
Muscle Movements, Roles, and Names 222
Types of Body Movements 222 Special Movements
Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body 226
Naming Skeletal Muscles 228
Arrangement of Fascicles 228
gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles 229
Head and Neck Muscles 229 Facial Muscles • Neck Muscles
Trunk Muscles 232 Anterior Muscles • Posterior Muscles
Muscles of the Upper Limb 235 Muscles Causing Movement at the Elbow Joint
Muscles of the Lower Limb 235 Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint • Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint • Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot
Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System 244
SUMMARy 245
REviEw QUESTiONS 248
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 249
20 Contents
PART iii: CHEMiCAL SENSES: SMELL AND TASTE 324
Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell 324
Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste 326
PART iv: DEvELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECiAL SENSES 327 SUMMARy 329
REviEw QUESTiONS 331
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 332
A CLOSER LOOk Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors 311
A CLOSER LOOk Bringing Things into Focus 315
FOCUS ON CAREERS Physical Therapy Assistant 321
9 The Endocrine System 334 The Endocrine System and Hormone Function—An Overview 335
The Chemistry of Hormones 335
Hormone Action 335 Direct Gene Activation • Second-Messenger System
Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release 337
Hormonal Stimuli • Humoral Stimuli • Neural Stimuli
The Major Endocrine Organs 338 Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 339
Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships
Pineal Gland 343
Thyroid Gland 343
Parathyroid Glands 345
Thymus 346
REviEw QUESTiONS 301
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 303
A CLOSER LOOk The “Terrible Three” 278
A CLOSER LOOk Tracking Down CNS Problems 296
SySTEMS iN SyNC 298
8 Special Senses 304 PART i: THE EyE AND viSiON 305
Anatomy of the Eye 305 External and Accessory Structures 305
Internal Structures: The Eyeball 307 Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball • Lens
Physiology of vision 313 Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction 313
Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain 314
Eye Reflexes 316
PART ii: THE EAR: HEARiNg AND BALANCE 316
Anatomy of the Ear 317 External (Outer) Ear 317
Middle Ear 318
Internal (Inner) Ear 318
Equilibrium 318 Static Equilibrium 319
Dynamic Equilibrium 319
Hearing 322
Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits 323
Contents 21
Chapter 9, continued Developmental Aspects of Blood 378
SUMMARy 379
REviEw QUESTiONS 380
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 381
FOCUS ON CAREERS Phlebotomy Technician 376
11 The Cardiovascular System 382 The Heart 383
Anatomy of the Heart 383 Size, Location, and Orientation • Coverings and Walls of the Heart
Chambers and Associated Great Vessels 384
Heart Valves 387 Cardiac Circulation
Physiology of the Heart 390 Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm • Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds • Cardiac Output
Blood vessels 396 Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels 396
Tunics • Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels 399 Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation • Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation • Special Circulations
Physiology of Circulation 406 Arterial Pulse • Blood Pressure • Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients • Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System 415
SUMMARy 418
REviEw QUESTiONS 420
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 422
A CLOSER LOOk Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart 393
Adrenal Glands 346 Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex • Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Pancreatic Islets 349
Gonads 353 Hormones of the Ovaries • Hormones of the Testes
Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs 353
Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System 357
SUMMARy 359
REviEw QUESTiONS 361
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 362
A CLOSER LOOk Potential Uses for Growth Hormone 342
SySTEMS iN SyNC 358
10 Blood 363 Composition and Functions of Blood 363
Components 364
Physical Characteristics and Volume 364
Plasma 364
Formed Elements 366 Erythrocytes • Leukocytes • Platelets
Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) 371 Formation of Red Blood Cells • Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
Hemostasis 373 Phases of Hemostasis 373
Disorders of Hemostasis 374
Blood groups and Transfusions 375 Human Blood Groups 375
Blood Typing 378
22 Contents
SUMMARy 457
REviEw QUESTiONS 459
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 461
A CLOSER LOOk AIDS: An Ongoing Pandemic 454
SySTEMS iN SyNC 456
13 The Respiratory System 462 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 462
The Nose 463
The Pharynx 464
The Larynx 465
The Trachea 466
The Main Bronchi 466
The Lungs 467 The Bronchial Tree • Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane
Respiratory Physiology 471 Mechanics of Breathing 471
Inspiration • Expiration
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities 474
Nonrespiratory Air Movements 475
Respiratory Sounds 475
External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration 475
External Respiration • Gas Transport in the Blood • Internal Respiration
Control of Respiration 478 Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm • Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
Respiratory Disorders 480
Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System 483
SUMMARy 485
A CLOSER LOOk Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno! 412
SySTEMS iN SyNC 417
12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses 424
PART i: THE LyMPHATiC SySTEM 424
Lymphatic vessels 425
Lymph Nodes 426
Other Lymphoid Organs 428
PART ii: BODy DEFENSES 429
innate Body Defenses 430 Surface Membrane Barriers 430
Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals 432 Natural Killer Cells • Inflammatory Response • Phagocytes • Antimicrobial Proteins • Fever
Adaptive Body Defenses 436 Antigens 438
Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview 438
Lymphocytes • Antigen-Presenting Cells
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response 441
Active and Passive Humoral Immunity • Antibodies
Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response 446
Organ Transplants and Rejection 448
Disorders of Immunity 451
PART iii: DEvELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE LyMPHATiC SySTEM AND BODy DEFENSES 455
Contents 23
Chapter 13, continued PART ii: NUTRiTiON AND METABOLiSM 513
Nutrition 513 Dietary Recommendations 513
Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients 514 Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals
Metabolism 516 Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells 516
Carbohydrate Metabolism • Fat Metabolism • Protein Metabolism
The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism 520
General Metabolic Functions • Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport
Body Energy Balance 523 Regulation of Food Intake • Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production • Body Temperature Regulation
PART iii: DEvELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE DigESTivE SySTEM AND METABOLiSM 527 SUMMARy 532
REviEw QUESTiONS 534
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 536
A CLOSER LOOk Peptic Ulcers: “Something Is Eating at Me” 512
A CLOSER LOOk Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted 529
SySTEMS iN SyNC 531
15 The Urinary System 537 kidneys 538
Location and Structure 538 Kidney Structure • Blood Supply
Nephrons 539
REviEw QUESTiONS 487
CRiTiCAL THiNkiNg AND CLiNiCAL APPLiCATiON QUESTiONS 488
A CLOSER LOOk Too Clean for Our Own Good? 482