Who are the johnsons in a raisin in the sun

Works by LORRAINE HANSBERRY

A Raisin in the Sun

The Sign in Sidney Brustein’s Window

The Drinking Gourd

To Be Young, Gifted and Black

Les Blancs

What Use Are Flowers?

The Movement

FIRST VINTAGE BOOK EDITION, DECEMBER 1994

Copyright © 1958, 1986 by Robert Nemiroff, as an unpublished work Copyright © 1959, 1966, 1984, 1987, 1988 by Robert Nemiroff

Introduction copyright © 1987, 1988 by Robert Nemiroff

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally

published in hardcover in somewhat different form by Random House, Inc., New York, in 1958.

Caution: Professionals and amateurs are hereby warned that A Raisin in the Sun, being fully protected under the copyright Laws of the

United States of America, the British Empire, including the Dominion of Canada, and all other countries of the Universal Copyright and Berne

Conventions, is subject to royalty. All rights, including professional, amateur, motion picture, recitation, lecturing, public reading, radio and

television broadcasting, and the rights of translation into foreign languages, are strictly reserved. Particular emphasis is laid on the

question of readings, permission for which must be secured in writing. All inquiries should be addressed to the William Morris Agency, 1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019, authorized agents for the Estate of Lorraine Hansberry and for Robert Nemiroff, Executor.

Grateful acknowledgment is made to Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. for permission to reprint eleven lines from “Dream Deferred” (“Harlem”) from The Panther and the Lash by Langston Hughes. Copyright ©

1951 by Langston Hughes. Reprinted by permission.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hansberry, Lorraine, 1930–1965.

A raisin in the sun / by Lorraine Hansberry; with an introduction by Robert Nemiroff.—1st Vintage Books ed.

p. cm. eISBN: 978-0-307-80744-1

1. Afro-Americans—History—20th century—Drama. I. Title. PS3515.A515R3 1994

812′.54—dc20 94-20636

v3.1

To Mama: in gratitude for the dream

What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up Like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore— And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat Or crust and sugar over— Like a syrupy sweet?

Maybe it just sags Like a heavy load.

Or does it explode? LANGSTON HUGHES

INTRODUCTION by Robert Nemiroff*

This is the most complete edition of A Raisin in the Sun ever published. Like the American Playhouse production for television, it restores to the play two scenes unknown to the general public, and a number of other key scenes and passages staged for the first time in twenty-fifth anniversary revivals and, most notably, the Roundabout Theatre’s Kennedy Center production on which the television picture is based.

“The events of every passing year add resonance to A Raisin in the Sun. It is as if history is conspiring to make the play a classic”; “… one of a handful of great American dramas … A Raisin in the Sun belongs in the inner circle, along with Death of a Salesman, Long Day’s Journey into Night, and The Glass Menagerie.” So wrote The New York Times and the Washington Post respectively of Harold Scott’s revelatory stagings for the Roundabout in which most of these elements, cut on Broadway, were restored. The unprecedented resurgence of the work (a dozen regional revivals at this writing, new publications and productions abroad, and now the television production that will be seen by millions) prompts the new edition.

Produced in 1959, the play presaged the revolution in black and women’s consciousness—and the revolutionary ferment in Africa—that exploded in the years following the playwright’s death in 1965 to ineradicably alter the social fabric and consciousness of the nation and the world. As so many have commented lately, it did so in a manner and to an extent that few could have foreseen, for not only the

restored material, but much else that passed unnoticed in the play at the time, speaks to issues that are now inescapable: value systems of the black family; concepts of African American beauty and identity; class and generational conflicts; the relationships of husbands and wives, black men and women; the outspoken (if then yet unnamed) feminism of the daughter; and, in the penultimate scene between Beneatha and Asagai, the larger statement of the play—and the ongoing struggle it portends.

Not one of the cuts, it should be emphasized, was made to dilute or censor the play or to “soften” its statement, for everyone in that herculean, now-legendary band that brought Raisin to Broadway—and most specifically the producer, Philip Rose, and director, Lloyd Richards —believed in the importance of that statement with a degree of commitment that would have countenanced nothing of the kind. How and why, then, did the cuts come about?

The scene in which Beneatha unveils her natural haircut is an interesting example. In 1959, when the play was presented, the rich variety of Afro styles introduced in the mid-sixties had not yet arrived: the very few black women who wore their hair unstraightened cut it very short. When the hair of Diana Sands (who created the role) was cropped in this fashion, however, a few days before the opening, it was not contoured to suit her: her particular facial structure required a fuller Afro, of the sort she in fact adopted in later years. Result? Rather than vitiate the playwright’s point—the beauty of black hair—the scene was dropped.

Some cuts were similarly the result of happenstance or unpredictables of the kind that occur in any production: difficulties with a scene, the “processes” of actors, the dynamics of staging, etc. But most were related to the length of the play: running time. Time in the context of bringing to Broadway the first play by a black (young and

unknown) woman, to be directed, moreover, by another unknown black “first,” in a theater were black audiences virtually did not exist—and where, in the entire history of the American stage, there had never been a serious commercially successful black drama!

So unlikely did the prospects seem in that day, in fact, to all but Phil Rose and the company, that much as some expressed admiration for the play, Rose’s eighteen-month effort to find a co-producer to help complete the financing was turned down by virtually every established name in the business. He was joined at the last by another newcomer, David Cogan, but even with the money in hand, not a single theater owner on the Great White Way would rent to the new production! So that when the play left New York for tryouts—with a six-hundred-dollar advance in New Haven and no theater to come back to—had the script and performance been any less ready, and the response of critics and audiences any less unreserved than they proved to be, A Raisin in the Sun would never have reached Broadway.

Under these circumstances the pressures were enormous (if unspoken and rarely even acknowledged in the excitement of the work) not to press fate unduly with unnecessary risks. And the most obvious of these was the running time. It is one thing to present a four-and-a-half-hour drama by Eugene O’Neill on Broadway—but a first play (even ignoring the special features of this one) in the neighborhood of even three??? By common consensus, the need to keep the show as tight and streamlined as possible was manifest. Some things—philosophical flights, nuances the general audience might not understand, shadings, embellishments—would have to be sacrificed.

At the time the cuts were made (there were also some very good ones that focused and strengthened the drama), it was assumed by all that they would in no way significantly affect or alter the statement of the play, for there is nothing

in the omitted lines that is not implicit elsewhere in, and throughout, A Raisin in the Sun. But to think this was to reckon without two factors the future would bring into play. The first was the swiftness and depth of the revolution in consciousness that was coming and the consequent, perhaps inevitable, tendency of some people to assume, because the “world” had changed, that any “successful” work which preceded the change must embody the values they had outgrown. And the second was the nature of the American audience.

James Baldwin has written that “Americans suffer from an ignorance that is not only colossal, but sacred.” He is referring to that apparently endless capacity we have nurtured through long years to deceive ourselves where race is concerned: the baggage of myth and preconception we carry with us that enables northerners, for example, to shield themselves from the extent and virulence of segregation in the North, so that each time an “incident” of violence so egregious that they cannot look past it occurs they are “shocked” anew, as if it had never happened before or as if the problem were largely passé. (In 1975, when the cast of Raisin, the musical, became involved in defense of a family whose home in Queens, New York City, had been fire-bombed, we learned of a 1972 City Commissioner of Human Rights Report, citing “eleven cases in the last eighteen months in which minority-owned homes had been set afire or vandalized, a church had been bombed, and a school bus had been attacked”—in New York City!)

But Baldwin is referring also to the human capacity, where a work of art is involved, to substitute, for what the writer has written, what in our hearts we wish to believe. As Hansberry put it in response to one reviewer’s enthusiastic if particularly misguided praise of her play: “… it did not disturb the writer in the least that there is no such implication in the entire three acts. He did not need it in the

play; he had it in his head.”1 Such problems did not, needless to say, stop America

from embracing A Raisin in the Sun. But it did interfere drastically, for a generation, with the way the play was interpreted and assessed—and, in hindsight, it made all the more regrettable the abridgment (though without it would we even know the play today?). In a remarkable rumination on Hansberry’s death, Ossie Davis (who succeeded Sidney Poitier in the role of Walter Lee) put it this way:

The play deserved all this—the playwright deserved all this, and more. Beyond question! But I have a feeling that for all she got, Lorraine Hansberry never got all she deserved in regard to A Raisin in the Sun—that she got success, but that in her success she was cheated, both as a writer and as a Negro.

One of the biggest selling points about Raisin— filling the grapevine, riding the word-of-mouth, laying the foundation for its wide, wide acceptance—was how much the Younger family was just like any other American family. Some people were ecstatic to find that “it didn’t really have to be about Negroes at all!” It was, rather, a walking, talking, living demonstration of our mythic conviction that, underneath, all of us Americans, color-ain’t-got-nothing-to-do-with-it, are pretty much alike. People are just people, whoever they are; and all they want is a chance to be like other people. This uncritical assumption, sentimentally held by the audience, powerfully fixed in the character of the powerful mother with whom everybody could identify, immediately and completely, made any other questions about the Youngers, and what living in the slums of Southside Chicago had done to them, not only irrelevant and impertinent, but also disloyal … because everybody who walked into the

theater saw in Lena Younger … his own great American Mama. And that was decisive.2

In effect, as Davis went on to develop, white America “kidnapped” Mama, stole her away and used her fantasized image to avoid what was uniquely African American in the play. And what it was saying.

Thus, in many reviews (and later academic studies), the Younger family—maintained by two female domestics and a chauffeur, son of a laborer dead of a lifetime of hard labor —was transformed into an acceptably “middle class” family. The decision to move became a desire to “integrate” (rather than, as Mama says simply, “to find the nicest house for the least amount of money for my family.… Them houses they put up for colored in them areas way out always seem to cost twice as much.”).

In his “A Critical Reevaluation: A Raisin in the Sun’s Enduring Passion,” Amiri Baraka comments aptly: “We missed the essence of the work—that Hansberry had created a family on the cutting edge of the same class and ideological struggles as existed in the movement itself and among the people.… The Younger family is part of the black majority, and the concerns I once dismissed as ‘middle class’—buying a home and moving into ‘white folks’ neighborhoods’—are actually reflective of the essence of black people’s striving and the will to defeat segregation, discrimination, and national oppression. There is no such thing as a ‘white folks’ neighborhood’ except to racists and to those submitting to racism.”3

Mama herself—about whose “acceptance” of her “place” in the society there is not a word in the play, and who, in quest of her family’s survival over the soul- and body- crushing conditions of the ghetto, is prepared to defy housing-pattern taboos, threats, bombs, and God knows what else—became the safely “conservative” matriarch, upholder of the social order and proof that if one only

perseveres with faith, everything will come out right in the end and the-system-ain’t-so-bad-after-all. (All this, presumably, because, true to character, she speaks and thinks in the language of her generation, shares their dream of a better life and, like millions of her counterparts, takes her Christianity to heart.) At the same time, necessarily, Big Walter Younger—the husband who reared this family with her and whose unseen presence and influence can be heard in every scene—vanished from analysis.

And perhaps most ironical of all to the playwright, who had herself as a child been almost killed in such a real-life story,4 the climax of the play became, pure and simple, a “happy ending”—despite the fact that it leaves the Youngers on the brink of what will surely be, in their new home, at best a nightmare of uncertainty. (“If he thinks that’s a happy ending,” said Hansberry in an interview, “I invite him to come live in one of the communities where the Youngers are going!”5) Which is not even to mention the fact that that little house in a blue-collar neighborhood— hardly suburbia, as some have imagined—is hardly the answer to the deeper needs and inequities of race and class and sex that Walter and Beneatha have articulated.

When Lorraine Hansberry read the reviews—delighted by the accolades, grateful for the recognition, but also deeply troubled—she decided in short order to put back many of the materials excised. She did that in the 1959 Random House edition, but faced with the actuality of a prize-winning play, she hesitated about some others which, for reasons now beside the point, had not in rehearsal come alive. She later felt, however, that the full last scene between Beneatha and Asagai (drastically cut on Broadway) and Walter’s bedtime scene with Travis (eliminated entirely) should be restored at the first opportunity, and this was done in the 1966 New American Library edition. As anyone who has seen the recent

productions will attest, they are among the most moving (and most applauded) moments in the play.

Because the visit of Mrs. Johnson adds the costs of another character to the cast and ten more minutes to the play, it has not been used in most revivals. But where it has been tried it has worked to solid—often hilarious—effect. It can be seen in the American Playhouse production, and is included here in any case, because it speaks to fundamental issues of the play, makes plain the reality that waits the Youngers at the curtain, and, above all, makes clear what, in the eyes of the author, Lena Younger—in her typicality within the black experience—does and does not represent.

Another scene—the Act I, Scene Two moment in which Beneatha observes and Travis gleefully recounts his latest adventure in the street below—makes tangible and visceral one of the many facts of ghetto life that impel the Youngers’ move. As captured on television and published here for the first time, it is its own sobering comment on just how “middle class” a family this is.

A word about the stage and interpretive directions. These are the author’s original directions combined, where meaningful to the reader,6 with the staging insights of two great directors and companies: Lloyd Richards’ classic staging of that now-legendary cast that first created the roles; and Harold Scott’s, whose searching explorations of the text in successive revivals over many years— culminating in the inspired production that broke box office records at the Kennedy Center and won ten awards for Scott and the company—have given the fuller text, in my view, its most definitive realization to date.

Finally, a note about the American Playhouse production. Unlike the drastically cut and largely one-dimensional 1961 movie version—which, affecting and pioneering though it may have been, reflected little of the greatness of the original stage performances—this new screen version is a

luminous embodiment of the stage play as reconceived, but not altered, for the camera, and is exquisitely performed. That it is, is due inextricably to producer Chiz Schultz’s and director Bill Duke’s unswerving commitment to the text; Harold Scott’s formative work with the stage company; Duke’s own fresh insights and the cinematic brilliance of his reconception and direction for the screen; and the energizing infusion into this mix of Danny Glover’s classic performance as Walter Lee to Esther Rolle’s superlative Mama. As in the case of any production, I am apt to question a nuance here and there, and regrettably, because of a happenstance in production, the Walter- Travis scene has been omitted. But that scene will, I expect, be restored in the videocassette version of the picture, which should be available shortly. It is thus an excellent version for study.

What is for me personally, as a witness to and sometime participant in the foregoing events, most gratifying about the current revival is that today, some twenty-nine years after Lorraine Hansberry, thinking back with disbelief a few nights after the opening of Raisin, typed out these words—

… I had turned the last page out of the typewriter and pressed all the sheets neatly together in a pile, and gone and stretched out face down on the living room floor. I had finished a play; a play I had no reason to think or not think would ever be done; a play that I was sure no one would quite understand.… 7

—her play is not only being done, but that more than she had ever thought possible—and more clearly than it ever has been before—it is being “understood.”

Yet one last point that I must make because it has come up so many times of late. I have been asked if I am not surprised that the play still remains so contemporary, and isn’t that a “sad” commentary on America? It is indeed a

sad commentary, but the question also assumed something more: that it is the topicality of the play’s immediate events—i.e., the persistence of white opposition to unrestricted housing and the ugly manifestations of racism in its myriad forms—that keeps it alive. But I don’t believe that such alone is what explains its vitality at all. For though the specifics of social mores and societal patterns will always change, the decline of the “New England territory” and the institution of the traveling salesman does not, for example, “date” Death of a Salesman, any more than the fact that we now recognize love (as opposed to interfamilial politics) as a legitimate basis for marriage obviates Romeo and Juliet. If we ever reach a time when the racial madness that afflicts America is at last truly behind us—as obviously we must if we are to survive in a world composed four-fifths of peoples of color—then I believe A Raisin in the Sun will remain no less pertinent. For at the deepest level it is not a specific situation but the human condition, human aspiration, and human relationships—the persistence of dreams, of the bonds and conflicts between men and women, parents and children, old ways and new, and the endless struggle against human oppression, whatever the forms it may take, and for individual fulfillment, recognition, and liberation—that are at the heart of such plays. It is not surprising therefore that in each generation we recognize ourselves in them anew.

Croton- on- Hudson, N.Y. October 1988

*The late ROBERT NEMIROFF, Lorraine Hansberry’s literary executor, shared a working relationship with the playwright from the time of their

marriage in 1953. He was the producer and/or adapter of several of her works, including The Sign in Sidney Brustein’s Window; To Be Young, Gifted and Black; and Les Blancs. In 1974, his production of the musical Raisin, based on A Raisin in the Sun, won the Tony Award for Best Musical. 1“Willie Loman, Walter Younger, and He Who Must Live,” Village Voice, August 12, 1959. 2“The Significance of Lorraine Hansberry,” Freedomways, Summer 1985. 3A Raisin in the Sun and The Sign in Sidney Brustein’s Window, Vintage Books, 1995. 4Hansberry, To Be Young, Gifted and Black , New American Library, p. 51. 5“Make New Sounds: Studs Terkel Interviews Lorraine Hansberry,” American Theatre, November 1984. 6Much fuller directions for staging purposes are contained in the Samuel French Thirtieth Anniversary acting edition. 7To Be Young, Gifted and Black, p. 120.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In addition to individuals and institutions recalled above and in the American Playhouse and Broadway credits—and the many others too numerous to record who have contributed to the current revival—I wish especially to thank:

Gene Feist and Todd Haimes of the Roundabout Theatre, without whom what followed could never have been; Burt D’Lugoff, Howard Hausman, Alan Bomser, and Seymour Baldash, whose support and critical judgment have been invaluable; Jaki Brown, Toni Livingston, and Josephine Abady, who first dared to dream and then to break the first ground to bring Raisin to television; Esther Rolle and all in the Roundabout Raisin “family” whose unwavering commitment through three on- again, off-again, touch-and-go years were the rock on which the production stood; Danny Glover, whose name, alongside Ms. Rolle’s, made the production possible but did not prepare one for the magnificent actuality of his work; David M. Davis and Lindsay Law of American Playhouse; Ricki Franklin, Phylis Geller, and Samuel J. Paul of KCET/Los Angeles; and David Loxton and WNET/New York—who extended every cooperation and maximum freedom for us to develop and produce the television production as we saw it; and Producer Chiz Schultz and co-producer Steve

Schwartz, who brought to the new incarnation not only impeccable judgment and assured expertise, but an integrity of caring dedication to the playwright’s vision and text that one meets rarely, if ever, at the crossroads of art and commerce.

I regret that there is not the space to name here, too, each of the wonderful actors, understudies, designers, technicians, and staff of both the Roundabout and television productions who do not appear in the Playhouse credits, but whose contributions and spirits are joined to those of their colleagues on screen. I am indebted to them all.

And, finally, two in a place by themselves:

My wife, Jewell Handy Gresham, who has stood unbending through the worst and the best of times, providing light and unfailing inspiration to the vision we share; and Samuel Liff of the William Morris Agency, without whose personal commitment and extraordinary perseverance going far beyond the professional to a true love of theater and art, much that has happened could never have been.

R.N. 1988

Contents

Cover Other Books by This Author

Title Page Copyright

Dedication Epigraph

Introduction Acknowledgments

Act I Scene One: Friday morning.

Scene Two: The following morning.

Act II Scene One: Later, the same day.

Scene Two: Friday night, a few weeks later. Scene Three: Moving day, one week later.

Act III An hour later.

About the Author

The American Playhouse television presentation of A RAISIN IN THE SUN, broadcast on February 1, 1989, was a production of Robert Nemiroff/Jaki Brown/Toni Livingston/Josephine Abady Productions, Fireside Entertainment Corporation, and KCET/Los Angeles in association with WNET/New York.

CAST

(in order of appearance)

RUTH YOUNGER Starletta DuPois WALTER LEE YOUNGER Danny Glover TRAVIS YOUNGER Kimble Joyner BENEATHA YOUNGER Kim Yancey LENA YOUNGER Esther Rolle JOSEPH ASAGAI Lou Ferguson GEORGE MURCHISON Joseph C. Phillips MRS. JOHNSON Helen Martin KARL LINDNER John Fiedler BOBO Stephen Henderson

MOVING MEN Ron O.J. Parson, Charles Watts

Directed by Bill Duke Produced by Chiz Schultz

Executive Producer Robert Nemiroff

Co-Producer Production Design

Steven S. Schwartz Thomas Cariello

Lighting Design Costume Design

Bill Klages Celia Bryant and Judy Dearing

Bill Klages

Music Edited by Ed Bland Gary Anderson

Camerawork Greg Cook, Gregory Harms, Kenneth A. Patterson

(Based on the 25th Anniversary Stage Production Directed by Harold Scott

Produced by The Roundabout Theatre Company, Inc. [Gene Feist/Todd Haimes] and Robert Nemiroff)

Produced for American Playhouse with funds from Public Television Stations, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the Chubb Group of Insurance Companies. American Playhouse is presented by KCET, SCETV, WGBH, and WNET; Executive Director David M. Davis, Executive Producer Lindsay Law, Director of Program Development Lynn Hols t. For KCET: Executive Producer Ricki Franklin, Supervising Producer Samuel J. Paul, Executive in Charge Phylis Geller; with additional funds from the Ambassador International Foundation. For WNET: Executive Producer David Loxton.

A RAISIN IN THE SUN was first presented by Philip Rose and David J. Cogan at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York City, March 11, 1959, with the following cast:

(In order of appearance)

RUTH YOUNGER Ruby Dee TRAVIS YOUNGER Glynn Turman WALTER LEE YOUNGER (BROTHER) Sidney Poitier BENEATHA YOUNGER Diana Sands LENA YOUNGER (MAMA) Claudia McNeil JOSEPH ASAGAI Ivan Dixon GEORGE MURCHISON Louis Gossett KARL LINDNER John Fiedler BOBO Lonne Elder III

MOVING MEN Ed Hall, Douglas Turner Ward

Directed by Lloyd Richards

Designed and Lighted by Ralph Alswang

Costumes by Virginia Volland

The action of the play is set in Chicago’s Southside, sometime between

World War II and the present.

Act I Scene One: Friday morning.

Scene Two: The following morning.

Act II Scene One: Later, the same day.

Scene Two: Friday night, a few weeks later. Scene Three: Moving day, one week later.

Act III An hour later.

ACT I

SCENE ONE

The YOUNGER living room would be a comfortable and well-ordered room if it were not for a number of indestructible contradictions to this state of being. Its furnishings are typical and undistinguished and their primary feature now is that they have clearly had to accommodate the living of too many people for too many years—and they are tired. Still, we can see that at some time, a time probably no longer remembered by the family (except perhaps for MAMA), the furnishings of this room were actually selected with care and love and even hope—and brought to this apartment and arranged with taste and pride.

That was a long time ago. Now the once loved pattern of the couch upholstery has to fight to show itself from under acres of crocheted doilies and couch covers which have themselves finally come to be more important than the upholstery. And here a table or a chair has been moved to disguise the worn places in the carpet; but the carpet has fought back by showing its weariness, with depressing uniformity, elsewhere on its surface.

Weariness has, in fact, won in this room. Everything has been polished, washed, sat on, used, scrubbed too often. All pretenses but living itself have long since vanished from the very atmosphere of this room.

Moreover, a section of this room, for it is not really a room unto itself, though the landlord’s lease would make it

seem so, slopes backward to provide a small kitchen area, where the family prepares the meals that are eaten in the living room proper, which must also serve as dining room. The single window that has been provided for these “two” rooms is located in this kitchen area. The sole natural light the family may enjoy in the course of a day is only that which fights its way through this little window.

At left, a door leads to a bedroom which is shared by MAMA and her daughter, BENEATHA. At right, opposite, is a second room (which in the beginning of the life of this apartment was probably a breakfast room) which serves as a bedroom for WALTER and his wife, RUTH.

Time: Sometime between World War II and the present. Place: Chicago’s Southside. At Rise: It is morning dark in the living room, TRAVIS is

asleep on the make-down bed at center. An alarm clock sounds from within the bedroom at right, and presently RUTH enters from that room and closes the door behind her. She crosses sleepily toward the window. As she passes her sleeping son she reaches down and shakes him a little. At the window she raises the shade and a dusky Southside morning light comes in feebly. She fills a pot with water and puts it on to boil. She calls to the boy, between yawns, in a slightly muffled voice.

RUTH is about thirty. We can see that she was a pretty girl, even exceptionally so, but now it is apparent that life has been little that she expected, and disappointment has already begun to hang in her face. In a few years, before thirty-five even, she will be known among her people as a “settled woman.”

She crosses to her son and gives him a good, final, rousing shake.

RUTH Come on now, boy, it’s seven thirty! (Her son sits up at last, in a stupor of sleepiness) I say hurry up, Travis!

You ain’t the only person in the world got to use a bathroom! (The child, a sturdy, handsome little boy of ten or eleven, drags himself out of the bed and almost blindly takes his towels and “today’s clothes” from drawers and a closet and goes out to the bathroom, which is in an outside hall and which is shared by another family or families on the same floor, RUTH crosses to the bedroom door at right and opens it and calls in to her husband) Walter Lee! … It’s after seven thirty! Lemme see you do some waking up in there now! (She waits) You better get up from there, man! It’s after seven thirty I tell you. (She waits again) All right, you just go ahead and lay there and next thing you know Travis be finished and Mr. Johnson’ll be in there and you’ll be fussing and cussing round here like a madman! And be late too! (She waits, at the end of patience) Walter Lee —it’s time for you to GET UP!

(She waits another second and then starts to go into the bedroom, but is apparently satisfied that her husband has begun to get up. She stops, pulls the door to, and returns to the kitchen area. She wipes her face with a moist cloth and runs her fingers through her sleep-disheveled hair in a vain effort and ties an apron around her housecoat. The bedroom door at right opens and her husband stands in the doorway in his pajamas, which are rumpled and mismated. He is a lean, intense young man in his middle thirties, inclined to quick nervous movements and erratic speech habits—and always in his voice there is a quality of indictment)

WALTER Is he out yet? RUTH What you mean out? He ain’t hardly got in there good

yet. WALTER (Wandering in, still more oriented to sleep than to

a new day) Well, what was you doing all that yelling for if I can’t even get in there yet? (Stopping and thinking) Check coming today?

RUTH They said Saturday and this is just Friday and I hopes to God you ain’t going to get up here first thing this morning and start talking to me ’bout no money—’cause I ’bout don’t want to hear it.

WALTER Something the matter with you this morning? RUTH No—I’m just sleepy as the devil. What kind of eggs

you want? WALTER Not scrambled, (RUTH starts to scramble eggs)

Paper come? (RUTH points impatiently to the rolled up Tribune on the table, and he gets it and spreads it out and vaguely reads the front page) Set off another bomb yesterday.

RUTH (Maximum indifference) Did they? WALTER (Looking up) What’s the matter with you? RUTH Ain’t nothing the matter with me. And don’t keep

asking me that this morning. WALTER Ain’t nobody bothering you. (Reading the news of

the day absently again) Say Colonel McCormick is sick. RUTH (Affecting tea-party interest) Is he now? Poor thing. WALTER (Sighing and looking at his watch) Oh, me. (He

waits) Now what is that boy doing in that bathroom all this time? He just going to have to start getting up earlier. I can’t be being late to work on account of him fooling around in there.

RUTH (Turning on him) Oh, no he ain’t going to be getting up no earlier no such thing! It ain’t his fault that he can’t get to bed no earlier nights ’cause he got a bunch of

crazy good-for-nothing clowns sitting up running their mouths in what is supposed to be his bedroom after ten o’clock at night …

WALTER That’s what you mad about, ain’t it? The things I want to talk about with my friends just couldn’t be important in your mind, could they?

(He rises and finds a cigarette in her handbag on the table and crosses to the little window and looks out, smoking and deeply enjoying this first one)

RUTH (Almost matter of factly, a complaint too automatic to deserve emphasis) Why you always got to smoke before you eat in the morning?

WALTER (At the window) Just look at ’em down there … Running and racing to work … (He turns and faces his wife and watches her a moment at the stove, and then, suddenly) You look young this morning, baby.

RUTH (Indifferently) Yeah? WALTER Just for a second—stirring them eggs. Just for a

second it was—you looked real young again. (He reaches for her; she crosses away. Then, drily) It’s gone now—you look like yourself again!

RUTH Man, if you don’t shut up and leave me alone. WALTER (Looking out to the street again) First thing a man

ought to learn in life is not to make love to no colored woman first thing in the morning. You all some eeeevil people at eight o’clock in the morning.

(TRAVIS appears in the hall doorway, almost fully dressed and quite wide awake now, his towels and pajamas across his shoulders. He opens the door and signals for his father to make the

bathroom in a hurry)

TRAVIS (Watching the bathroom) Daddy, come on!

(WALTER gets his bathroom utensils and flies out to the bathroom)

RUTH Sit down and have your breakfast, Travis. TRAVIS Mama, this is Friday. (Gleefully) Check coming

tomorrow, huh? RUTH You get your mind off money and eat your breakfast. TRAVIS (Eating) This is the morning we supposed to bring

the fifty cents to school. RUTH Well, I ain’t got no fifty cents this morning. TRAVIS Teacher say we have to. RUTH I don’t care what teacher say. I ain’t got it. Eat your

breakfast, Travis. TRAVIS I am eating. RUTH Hush up now and just eat!

(The boy gives her an exasperated look for her lack of understanding, and eats grudgingly)

TRAVIS You think Grandmama would have it? RUTH No! And I want you to stop asking your grandmother

for money, you hear me? TRAVIS (Outraged) Gaaaleee! I don’t ask her, she just

gimme it sometimes! RUTH Travis Willard Younger—I got too much on me this

morning to be— TRAVIS Maybe Daddy— RUTH Travis!

(The boy hushes abruptly. They are both quiet and tense for several seconds)

TRAVIS (Presently) Could I maybe go carry some groceries in front of the supermarket for a little while after school then?

RUTH Just hush, I said. (Travis jabs his spoon into his cereal bowl viciously, and rests his head in anger upon his fists) If you through eating, you can get over there and make up your bed.

(The boy obeys stiffly and crosses the room, almost mechanically, to the bed and more or less folds the bedding into a heap, then angrily gets his books and cap)

TRAVIS (Sulking and standing apart from her unnaturally) I’m gone.

RUTH (Looking up from the stove to inspect him automatically) Come here. (He crosses to her and she studies his head) If you don’t take this comb and fix this here head, you better! (TRAVIS puts down his books with a great sigh of oppression, and crosses to the mirror. His mother mutters under her breath about his “slubbornness”) ’Bout to march out of here with that head looking just like chickens slept in it! I just don’t know where you get your slubborn ways … And get your jacket, too. Looks chilly out this morning.

TRAVIS (With conspicuously brushed hair and jacket) I’m gone.

RUTH Get carfare and milk money—(Waving one finger)— and not a single penny for no caps, you hear me?

TRAVIS (With sullen politeness) Yes’m.

(He turns in outrage to leave. His mother watches after him as in his frustration he approaches the door almost comically. When she speaks to him, her voice has become a very gentle tease)

RUTH (Mocking; as she thinks he would say it) Oh, Mama makes me so mad sometimes, I don’t know what to do! (She waits and continues to his back as he stands stock-still in front of the door) I wouldn’t kiss that woman good-bye for nothing in this world this morning! (The boy finally turns around and rolls his eyes at her, knowing the mood has changed and he is vindicated; he does not, however, move toward her yet) Not for nothing in this world! (She finally laughs aloud at him and holds out her arms to him and we see that it is a way between them, very old and practiced. He crosses to her and allows her to embrace him warmly but keeps his face fixed with masculine rigidity. She holds him back from her presently and looks at him and runs her fingers over the features of his face. With utter gentleness—) Now—whose little old angry man are you?

TRAVIS (The masculinity and gruffness start to fade at last) Aw gaalee—Mama …

RUTH (Mimicking) Aw gaaaaalleeeee, Mama! (She pushes him, with rough playfulness and finality, toward the door) Get on out of here or you going to be late.

TRAVIS (In the face of love, new aggressiveness) Mama, could I please go carry groceries?

RUTH Honey, it’s starting to get so cold evenings. WALTER (Coming in from the bathroom and drawing a

make-believe gun from a make-believe holster and shooting at his son) What is it he wants to do?

RUTH Go carry groceries after school at the supermarket. WALTER Well, let him go … TRAVIS (Quickly, to the ally) I have to—she won’t gimme

the fifty cents … WALTER (To his wife only) Why not? RUTH (Simply, and with flavor) ’Cause we don’t have it. WALTER (To RUTH only) What you tell the boy things like that

for? (Reaching down into his pants with a rather important gesture) Here, son—

(He hands the boy the coin, but his eyes are directed to his wife’s, TRAVIS takes the money happily)

TRAVIS Thanks, Daddy.

(He starts out. RUTH watches both of them with murder in her eyes. WALTER stands and stares back at her with defiance, and suddenly reaches into his pocket again on an afterthought)

WALTER (Without even looking at his son, still staring hard at his wife) In fact, here’s another fifty cents … Buy yourself some fruit today—or take a taxicab to school or something!

TRAVIS Whoopee—

(He leaps up and clasps his father around the middle with his legs, and they face each other in mutual appreciation; slowly WALTER LEE peeks around the boy to catch the violent rays from his wife’s eyes and draws his head back as if shot)

WALTER You better get down now—and get to school, man.

TRAVIS (At the door) O.K. Good-bye.

(He exits)

WALTER (After him, pointing with pride) That’s my boy. (She looks at him in disgust and turns back to her work) You know what I was thinking ’bout in the bathroom this morning?

RUTH No. WALTER How come you always try to be so pleasant! RUTH What is there to be pleasant ’bout! WALTER You want to know what I was thinking ’bout in the

bathroom or not! RUTH I know what you thinking ’bout. WALTER (Ignoring her) ’Bout what me and Willy Harris was

talking about last night. RUTH (Immediately—a refrain) Willy Harris is a good-for-

nothing loudmouth. WALTER Anybody who talks to me has got to be a good-for-

nothing loudmouth, ain’t he? And what you know about who is just a good-for-nothing loudmouth? Charlie Atkins was just a “good-for-nothing loudmouth” too, wasn’t he! When he wanted me to go in the dry-cleaning business with him. And now—he’s grossing a hundred thousand a year. A hundred thousand dollars a year! You still call him a loudmouth!

RUTH (Bitterly) Oh, Walter Lee …

(She folds her head on her arms over the table)

WALTER (Rising and coming to her and standing over her) You tired, ain’t you? Tired of everything. Me, the boy, the way we live—this beat-up hole—everything. Ain’t you? (She doesn’t look up, doesn’t answer) So tired—

moaning and groaning all the time, but you wouldn’t do nothing to help, would you? You couldn’t be on my side that long for nothing, could you?

RUTH Walter, please leave me alone. WALTER A man needs for a woman to back him up … RUTH Walter— WALTER Mama would listen to you. You know she listen to

you more than she do me and Bennie. She think more of you. All you have to do is just sit down with her when you drinking your coffee one morning and talking ’bout things like you do and—(He sits down beside her and demonstrates graphically what he thinks her methods and tone should be)—you just sip your coffee, see, and say easy like that you been thinking ’bout that deal Walter Lee is so interested in, ’bout the store and all, and sip some more coffee, like what you saying ain’t really that important to you— And the next thing you know, she be listening good and asking you questions and when I come home—I can tell her the details. This ain’t no fly-by- night proposition, baby. I mean we figured it out, me and Willy and Bobo.

RUTH (With a frown) Bobo? WALTER Yeah. You see, this little liquor store we got in mind

cost seventy-five thousand and we figured the initial investment on the place be ’bout thirty thousand, see. That be ten thousand each. Course, there’s a couple of hundred you got to pay so’s you don’t spend your life just waiting for them clowns to let your license get approved —

RUTH You mean graft? WALTER (Frowning impatiently) Don’t call it that. See there,

that just goes to show you what women understand about the world. Baby, don’t nothing happen for you in this world ’less you pay somebody off!

RUTH Walter, leave me alone! (She raises her head and stares at him vigorously—then says, more quietly) Eat your eggs, they gonna be cold.

WALTER (Straightening up from her and looking off) That’s it. There you are. Man say to his woman: I got me a dream. His woman say: Eat your eggs. (Sadly, but gaining in power) Man say: I got to take hold of this here world, baby! And a woman will say: Eat your eggs and go to work. (Passionately now) Man say: I got to change my life, I’m choking to death, baby! And his woman say—(In utter anguish as he brings his fists down on his thighs) —Your eggs is getting cold!

RUTH (Softly) Walter, that ain’t none of our money. WALTER (Not listening at all or even looking at her) This

morning, I was lookin’ in the mirror and thinking about it … I’m thirty-five years old; I been married eleven years and I got a boy who sleeps in the living room—(Very, very quietly)—and all I got to give him is stories about how rich white people live …

RUTH Eat your eggs, Walter. WALTER (Slams the table and jumps up)—DAMN MY

EGGS—DAMN ALL THE EGGS THAT EVER WAS! RUTH Then go to work. WALTER (Looking up at her) See—I’m trying to talk to you

’bout myself—(Shaking his head with the repetition)— and all you can say is eat them eggs and go to work.

RUTH (Wearily) Honey, you never say nothing new. I listen to you every day, every night and every morning, and you never say nothing new. (Shrugging) So you would rather be Mr. Arnold than be his chauffeur. So—I would rather be living in Buckingham Palace.

WALTER That is just what is wrong with the colored woman in this world … Don’t understand about building their men

up and making ’em feel like they somebody. Like they can do something.

RUTH (Drily, but to hurt) There are colored men who do things.

WALTER No thanks to the colored woman. RUTH Well, being a colored woman, I guess I can’t help

myself none.

(She rises and gets the ironing board and sets it up and attacks a huge pile of rough-dried clothes, sprinkling them in preparation for the ironing and then rolling them into tight fat balls)

WALTER (Mumbling) We one group of men tied to a race of women with small minds!

(His sister BENEATHA enters. She is about twenty, as slim and intense as her brother. She is not as pretty as her sister-in-law, but her lean, almost intellectual face has a handsomeness of its own. She wears a bright-red flannel nightie, and her thick hair stands wildly about her head. Her speech is a mixture of many things; it is different from the rest of the family’s insofar as education has permeated her sense of English—and perhaps the Midwest rather than the South has finally—at last—won out in her inflection; but not altogether, because over all of it is a soft slurring and transformed use of vowels which is the decided influence of the Southside. She passes through the room without looking at either RUTH or WALTER and goes to the outside door and looks, a little blindly, out to the bathroom. She sees that it has been lost to the Johnsons. She closes the door with a sleepy vengeance and

crosses to the table and sits down a little defeated)

BENEATHA I am going to start timing those people. WALTER You should get up earlier. BENEATHA (Her face in her hands. She is still fighting the

urge to go back to bed) Really—would you suggest dawn? Where’s the paper?

WALTER (Pushing the paper across the table to her as he studies her almost clinically, as though he has never seen her before) You a horrible-looking chick at this hour.

BENEATHA (Drily) Good morning, everybody. WALTER (Senselessly) How is school coming? BENEATHA (In the same spirit) Lovely. Lovely. And you

know, biology is the greatest. (Looking up at him) I dissected something that looked just like you yesterday.

WALTER I just wondered if you’ve made up your mind and everything.

BENEATHA (Gaining in sharpness and impatience) And what did I answer yesterday morning—and the day before that?

RUTH (From the ironing board, like someone disinterested and old) Don’t be so nasty, Bennie.

BENEATHA (Still to her brother) And the day before that and the day before that!

WALTER (Defensively) I’m interested in you. Something wrong with that? Ain’t many girls who decide—

WALTER and BENEATHA (In unison) —“to be a doctor.”

(Silence)

WALTER Have we figured out yet just exactly how much

medical school is going to cost? RUTH Walter Lee, why don’t you leave that girl alone and get

out of here to work? BENEATHA (Exits to the bathroom and bangs on the door)

Come on out of there, please!

(She comes back into the room)

WALTER (Looking at his sister intently) You know the check is coming tomorrow.

BENEATHA (Turning on him with a sharpness all her own) That money belongs to Mama, Walter, and it’s for her to decide how she wants to use it. I don’t care if she wants to buy a house or a rocket ship or just nail it up somewhere and look at it. It’s hers. Not ours—hers.

WALTER (Bitterly) Now ain’t that fine! You just got your mother’s interest at heart, ain’t you, girl? You such a nice girl—but if Mama got that money she can always take a few thousand and help you through school too—can’t she?

BENEATHA I have never asked anyone around here to do anything for me!

WALTER No! And the line between asking and just accepting when the time comes is big and wide—ain’t it!

BENEATHA (With fury) What do you want from me, Brother— that I quit school or just drop dead, which!

WALTER I don’t want nothing but for you to stop acting holy ’round here. Me and Ruth done made some sacrifices for you—why can’t you do something for the family?

RUTH Walter, don’t be dragging me in it. WALTER You are in it— Don’t you get up and go work in

somebody’s kitchen for the last three years to help put clothes on her back?

RUTH Oh, Walter—that’s not fair … WALTER It ain’t that nobody expects you to get on your

knees and say thank you, Brother; thank you, Ruth; thank you, Mama—and thank you, Travis, for wearing the same pair of shoes for two semesters—

BENEATHA (Dropping to her knees) Well—I do—all right?— thank everybody! And forgive me for ever wanting to be anything at all! (Pursuing him on her knees across the floor) FORGIVE ME, FORGIVE ME, FORGIVE ME!

RUTH Please stop it! Your mama’ll hear you. WALTER Who the hell told you you had to be a doctor? If you

so crazy ’bout messing ’round with sick people—then go be a nurse like other women—or just get married and be quiet …

BENEATHA Well—you finally got it said … It took you three years but you finally got it said. Walter, give up; leave me alone—it’s Mama’s money.

WALTER He was my father, too! BENEATHA So what? He was mine, too—and Travis’

grandfather—but the insurance money belongs to Mama. Picking on me is not going to make her give it to you to invest in any liquor stores—(Underbreath, dropping into a chair)—and I for one say, God bless Mama for that!

WALTER (To RUTH) See—did you hear? Did you hear! RUTH Honey, please go to work. WALTER Nobody in this house is ever going to understand

me. BENEATHA Because you’re a nut. WALTER Who’s a nut? BENEATHA You—you are a nut. Thee is mad, boy. WALTER (Looking at his wife and his sister from the door,

very sadly) The world’s most backward race of people,

and that’s a fact. BENEATHA (Turning slowly in her chair) And then there are

all those prophets who would lead us out of the wilderness—(WALTER slams out of the house)—into the swamps!

RUTH Bennie, why you always gotta be pickin’ on your brother? Can’t you be a little sweeter sometimes? (Door opens, WALTER walks in. He fumbles with his cap, starts to speak, clears throat, looks everywhere but at RUTH. Finally:)

WALTER (To RUTH) I need some money for carfare. RUTH (Looks at him, then warms; teasing, but tenderly)

Fifty cents? (She goes to her bag and gets money) Here —take a taxi!

(WALTER exits, MAMA enters. She is a woman in her early sixties, full-bodied and strong. She is one of those women of a certain grace and beauty who wear it so unobtrusively that it takes a while to notice. Her dark-brown face is surrounded by the total whiteness of her hair, and, being a woman who has adjusted to many things in life and overcome many more, her face is full of strength. She has, we can see, wit and faith of a kind that keep her eyes lit and full of interest and expectancy. She is, in a word, a beautiful woman. Her bearing is perhaps most like the noble bearing of the women of the Hereros of Southwest Africa—rather as if she imagines that as she walks she still bears a basket or a vessel upon her head. Her speech, on the other hand, is as careless as her carriage is precise—she is inclined to slur everything— but her voice is perhaps not so much quiet as

simply soft)

MAMA Who that ’round here slamming doors at this hour?

(She crosses through the room, goes to the window, opens it, and brings in a feeble little plant growing doggedly in a small pot on the windowsill. She feels the dirt and puts it back out)

RUTH That was Walter Lee. He and Bennie was at it again. MAMA My children and they tempers. Lord, if this little old

plant don’t get more sun than it’s been getting it ain’t never going to see spring again. (She turns from the window) What’s the matter with you this morning, Ruth? You looks right peaked. You aiming to iron all them things? Leave some for me. I’ll get to ’em this afternoon. Bennie honey, it’s too drafty for you to be sitting ’round half dressed. Where’s your robe?

BENEATHA In the cleaners. MAMA Well, go get mine and put it on. BENEATHA I’m not cold, Mama, honest. MAMA I know—but you so thin … BENEATHA (Irritably) Mama, I’m not cold. MAMA (Seeing the make-down bed as TRAVIS has left it)

Lord have mercy, look at that poor bed. Bless his heart— he tries, don’t he?

(She moves to the bed TRAVIS has sloppily made up)

RUTH No—he don’t half try at all ’cause he knows you going to come along behind him and fix everything. That’s just how come he don’t know how to do nothing right now— you done spoiled that boy so.

MAMA (Folding bedding) Well—he’s a little boy. Ain’t supposed to know ’bout housekeeping. My baby, that’s what he is. What you fix for his breakfast this morning?

RUTH (Angrily) I feed my son, Lena! MAMA I ain’t meddling—(Underbreath; busy-bodyish) I just

noticed all last week he had cold cereal, and when it starts getting this chilly in the fall a child ought to have some hot grits or something when he goes out in the cold —

RUTH (Furious) I gave him hot oats—is that all right! MAMA I ain’t meddling. (Pause) Put a lot of nice butter on it?

(RUTH shoots her an angry look and does not reply) He likes lots of butter.

RUTH (Exasperated) Lena— MAMA (To BENEATHA. MAMA is inclined to wander

conversationally sometimes) What was you and your brother fussing ’bout this morning?

BENEATHA It’s not important, Mama.

(She gets up and goes to look out at the bathroom, which is apparently free, and she picks up her towels and rushes out)

MAMA What was they fighting about? RUTH Now you know as well as I do. MAMA (Shaking her head) Brother still worrying hisself sick

about that money? RUTH You know he is. MAMA You had breakfast? RUTH Some coffee. MAMA Girl, you better start eating and looking after yourself

better. You almost thin as Travis.

RUTH Lena— MAMA Un-hunh? RUTH What are you going to do with it? MAMA Now don’t you start, child. It’s too early in the morning

to be talking about money. It ain’t Christian. RUTH It’s just that he got his heart set on that store— MAMA You mean that liquor store that Willy Harris want him

to invest in? RUTH Yes— MAMA We ain’t no business people, Ruth. We just plain

working folks. RUTH Ain’t nobody business people till they go into

business. Walter Lee say colored people ain’t never going to start getting ahead till they start gambling on some different kinds of things in the world—investments and things.

MAMA What done got into you, girl? Walter Lee done finally sold you on investing.

RUTH No. Mama, something is happening between Walter and me. I don’t know what it is—but he needs something —something I can’t give him anymore. He needs this chance, Lena.

MAMA (Frowning deeply) But liquor, honey— RUTH Well—like Walter say—I spec people going to always

be drinking themselves some liquor. MAMA Well—whether they drinks it or not ain’t none of my

business. But whether I go into business selling it to ’em is, and I don’t want that on my ledger this late in life. (Stopping suddenly and studying her daughter-in-law) Ruth Younger, what’s the matter with you today? You look like you could fall over right there.

RUTH I’m tired.

MAMA Then you better stay home from work today. RUTH I can’t stay home. She’d be calling up the agency and

screaming at them, “My girl didn’t come in today—send me somebody! My girl didn’t come in!” Oh, she just have a fit …

MAMA Well, let her have it. I’ll just call her up and say you got the flu—

RUTH (Laughing) Why the flu? MAMA ’Cause it sounds respectable to ’em. Something

white people get, too. They know ’bout the flu. Otherwise they think you been cut up or something when you tell ’em you sick.

RUTH I got to go in. We need the money. MAMA Somebody would of thought my children done all but

starved to death the way they talk about money here late. Child, we got a great big old check coming tomorrow.

RUTH (Sincerely, but also self-righteously) Now that’s your money. It ain’t got nothing to do with me. We all feel like that—Walter and Bennie and me—even Travis.

MAMA (Thoughtfully, and suddenly very far away) Ten thousand dollars—

RUTH Sure is wonderful. MAMA Ten thousand dollars. RUTH You know what you should do, Miss Lena? You should

take yourself a trip somewhere. To Europe or South America or someplace—

MAMA (Throwing up her hands at the thought) Oh, child! RUTH I’m serious. Just pack up and leave! Go on away and

enjoy yourself some. Forget about the family and have yourself a ball for once in your life—

MAMA (Drily) You sound like I’m just about ready to die. Who’d go with me? What I look like wandering ’round

Europe by myself? RUTH Shoot—these here rich white women do it all the time.

They don’t think nothing of packing up they suitcases and piling on one of them big steamships and—swoosh!— they gone, child.

MAMA Something always told me I wasn’t no rich white woman.

RUTH Well—what are you going to do with it then? MAMA I ain’t rightly decided. (Thinking. She speaks now

with emphasis) Some of it got to be put away for Beneatha and her schoolin’—and ain’t nothing going to touch that part of it. Nothing. (She waits several seconds, trying to make up her mind about something, and looks at RUTH a little tentatively before going on) Been thinking that we maybe could meet the notes on a little old two- story somewhere, with a yard where Travis could play in the summertime, if we use part of the insurance for a down payment and everybody kind of pitch in. I could maybe take on a little day work again, few days a week —

RUTH (Studying her mother-in-law furtively and concentrating on her ironing, anxious to encourage without seeming to) Well, Lord knows, we’ve put enough rent into this here rat trap to pay for four houses by now …

MAMA (Looking up at the words “rat trap” and then looking around and leaning back and sighing—in a suddenly reflective mood—) “Rat trap”—yes, that’s all it is. (Smiling) I remember just as well the day me and Big Walter moved in here. Hadn’t been married but two weeks and wasn’t planning on living here no more than a year. (She shakes her head at the dissolved dream) We was going to set away, little by little, don’t you know, and buy a little place out in Morgan Park. We had even

picked out the house. (Chuckling a little) Looks right dumpy today. But Lord, child, you should know all the dreams I had ’bout buying that house and fixing it up and making me a little garden in the back—(She waits and stops smiling) And didn’t none of it happen.

(Dropping her hands in a futile gesture)

RUTH (Keeps her head down, ironing) Yes, life can be a barrel of disappointments, sometimes.

MAMA Honey, Big Walter would come in here some nights back then and slump down on that couch there and just look at the rug, and look at me and look at the rug and then back at me—and I’d know he was down then … really down. (After a second very long and thoughtful pause; she is seeing back to times that only she can see) And then, Lord, when I lost that baby—little Claude—I almost thought I was going to lose Big Walter too. Oh, that man grieved hisself! He was one man to love his children.

RUTH Ain’t nothin’ can tear at you like losin’ your baby. MAMA I guess that’s how come that man finally worked

hisself to death like he done. Like he was fighting his own war with this here world that took his baby from him.

RUTH He sure was a fine man, all right. I always liked Mr. Younger.

MAMA Crazy ’bout his children! God knows there was plenty wrong with Walter Younger—hard-headed, mean, kind of wild with women—plenty wrong with him. But he sure loved his children. Always wanted them to have something—be something. That’s where Brother gets all these notions, I reckon. Big Walter used to say, he’d get right wet in the eyes sometimes, lean his head back with the water standing in his eyes and say, “Seem like God didn’t see fit to give the black man nothing but dreams—

but He did give us children to make them dreams seem worth while.” (She smiles) He could talk like that, don’t you know.

RUTH Yes, he sure could. He was a good man, Mr. Younger. MAMA Yes, a fine man—just couldn’t never catch up with his

dreams, that’s all.

(BENEATHA comes in, brushing her hair and looking up to the ceiling, where the sound of a vacuum cleaner has started up)

BENEATHA What could be so dirty on that woman’s rugs that she has to vacuum them every single day?

RUTH I wish certain young women ’round here who I could name would take inspiration about certain rugs in a certain apartment I could also mention.

BENEATHA (Shrugging) How much cleaning can a house need, for Christ’s sakes.

MAMA (Not liking the Lord’s name used thus) Bennie! RUTH Just listen to her—just listen! BENEATHA Oh, God! MAMA If you use the Lord’s name just one more time— BENEATHA (A bit of a whine) Oh, Mama— RUTH Fresh—just fresh as salt, this girl! BENEATHA (Drily) Well—if the salt loses its savor— MAMA Now that will do. I just ain’t going to have you ’round

here reciting the scriptures in vain—you hear me? BENEATHA How did I manage to get on everybody’s wrong

side by just walking into a room? RUTH If you weren’t so fresh— BENEATHA Ruth, I’m twenty years old. MAMA What time you be home from school today?

BENEATHA Kind of late. (With enthusiasm) Madeline is going to start my guitar lessons today.

(MAMA and RUTH look up with the same expression)

MAMA Your what kind of lessons? BENEATHA Guitar. RUTH Oh, Father! MAMA How come you done taken it in your mind to learn to

play the guitar? BENEATHA I just want to, that’s all. MAMA (Smiling) Lord, child, don’t you know what to do with

yourself? How long it going to be before you get tired of this now—like you got tired of that little playacting group you joined last year? (Looking at RUTH) And what was it the year before that?

RUTH The horseback-riding club for which she bought that fifty-five-dollar riding habit that’s been hanging in the closet ever since!

MAMA (To BENEATHA) Why you got to flit so from one thing to another, baby?

BENEATHA (Sharply) I just want to learn to play the guitar. Is there anything wrong with that?

MAMA Ain’t nobody trying to stop you. I just wonders sometimes why you has to flit so from one thing to another all the time. You ain’t never done nothing with all that camera equipment you brought home—

BENEATHA I don’t flit! I—I experiment with different forms of expression—

RUTH Like riding a horse? BENEATHA —People have to express themselves one way

or another.

MAMA What is it you want to express? BENEATHA (Angrily) Me! (MAMA and RUTH look at each

other and burst into raucous laughter) Don’t worry—I don’t expect you to understand.

MAMA (To change the subject) Who you going out with tomorrow night?

BENEATHA (With displeasure) George Murchison again. MAMA (Pleased) Oh—you getting a little sweet on him? RUTH You ask me, this child ain’t sweet on nobody but

herself—(Underbreath) Express herself!

(They laugh)

BENEATHA Oh—I like George all right, Mama. I mean I like him enough to go out with him and stuff, but—

RUTH (For devilment) What does and stuff mean? BENEATHA Mind your own business. MAMA Stop picking at her now, Ruth. (She chuckles—then

a suspicious sudden look at her daughter as she turns in her chair for emphasis) What DOES it mean?

BENEATHA (Wearily) Oh, I just mean I couldn’t ever really be serious about George. He’s—he’s so shallow.

RUTH Shallow—what do you mean he’s shallow? He’s rich! MAMA Hush, Ruth. BENEATHA I know he’s rich. He knows he’s rich, too. RUTH Weil—what other qualities a man got to have to

satisfy you, little girl? BENEATHA You wouldn’t even begin to understand. Anybody

who married Walter could not possibly understand. MAMA (Outraged) What kind of way is that to talk about your

brother? BENEATHA Brother is a flip—let’s face it.

MAMA (To RUTH, helplessly) What’s a flip? RUTH (Glad to add kindling) She’s saying he’s crazy. BENEATHA Not crazy. Brother isn’t really crazy yet—he—

he’s an elaborate neurotic. MAMA Hush your mouth! BENEATHA As for George. Well. George looks good—he’s

got a beautiful car and he takes me to nice places and, as my sister-in-law says, he is probably the richest boy I will ever get to know and I even like him sometimes—but if the Youngers are sitting around waiting to see if their little Bennie is going to tie up the family with the Murchisons, they are wasting their time.

RUTH You mean you wouldn’t marry George Murchison if he asked you someday? That pretty, rich thing? Honey, I knew you was odd—

BENEATHA No I would not marry him if all I felt for him was what I feel now. Besides, George’s family wouldn’t really like it.

MAMA Why not? BENEATHA Oh, Mama—The Murchisons are honest-to-God-

real-foe-rich colored people, and the only people in the world who are more snobbish than rich white people are rich colored people. I thought everybody knew that. I’ve met Mrs. Murchison. She’s a scene!

MAMA You must not dislike people ’cause they well off, honey.

BENEATHA Why not? It makes just as much sense as disliking people ’cause they are poor, and lots of people do that.

RUTH (A wisdom-of-the-ages manner. To MAMA) Well, she’ll get over some of this—

BENEATHA Get over it? What are you talking about, Ruth? Listen, I’m going to be a doctor. I’m not worried about

who I’m going to marry yet—if I ever get married. MAMA and RUTH If! MAMA Now, Bennie— BENEATHA Oh, I probably will … but first I’m going to be a

doctor, and George, for one, still thinks that’s pretty funny. I couldn’t be bothered with that. I am going to be a doctor and everybody around here better understand that!

MAMA (Kindly) ’Course you going to be a doctor, honey, God willing.

BENEATHA (Drily) God hasn’t got a thing to do with it. MAMA Beneatha—that just wasn’t necessary. BENEATHA Well—neither is God. I get sick of hearing about

God. MAMA Beneatha! BENEATHA I mean it! I’m just tired of hearing about God all

the time. What has He got to do with anything? Does he pay tuition?

MAMA You ’bout to get your fresh little jaw slapped! RUTH That’s just what she needs, all right! BENEATHA Why? Why can’t I say what I want to around here,

like everybody else? MAMA It don’t sound nice for a young girl to say things like

that—you wasn’t brought up that way. Me and your father went to trouble to get you and Brother to church every Sunday.

BENEATHA Mama, you don’t understand. It’s all a matter of ideas, and God is just one idea I don’t accept. It’s not important. I am not going out and be immoral or commit crimes because I don’t believe in God. I don’t even think about it. It’s just that I get tired of Him getting credit for all the things the human race achieves through its own stubborn effort. There simply is no blasted God—there is

only man and it is he who makes miracles!

(MAMA absorbs this speech, studies her daughter and rises slowly and crosses to BENEATHA and slaps her powerfully across the face. After, there is only silence and the daughter drops her eyes from her mother’s face, and MAMA is very tall before her)

MAMA Now—you say after me, in my mother’s house there is still God. (There is a long pause and BENEATHA stares at the floor wordlessly. MAMA repeats the phrase with precision and cool emotion) In my mother’s house there is still God.

BENEATHA In my mother’s house there is still God.

(A long pause)

MAMA (Walking away from BENEATHA, too disturbed for triumphant posture. Stopping and turning back to her daughter) There are some ideas we ain’t going to have in this house. Not long as I am at the head of this family.

BENEATHA Yes, ma’am.

(MAMA walks out of the room)

RUTH (Almost gently, with profound understanding) You think you a woman, Bennie—but you still a little girl. What you did was childish—so you got treated like a child.

BENEATHA I see. (Quietly) I also see that everybody thinks it’s all right for Mama to be a tyrant. But all the tyranny in the world will never put a God in the heavens!

(She picks up her books and goes out. Pause)

RUTH (Goes to MAMA’s door) She said she was sorry.

MAMA (Coming out, going to her plant) They frightens me, Ruth. My children.

RUTH You got good children, Lena. They just a little off sometimes—but they’re good.

MAMA No—there’s something come down between me and them that don’t let us understand each other and I don’t know what it is. One done almost lost his mind thinking ’bout money all the time and the other done commence to talk about things I can’t seem to understand in no form or fashion. What is it that’s changing, Ruth.

RUTH (Soothingly, older than her years) Now … you taking it all too seriously. You just got strong-willed children and it takes a strong woman like you to keep ’em in hand.

MAMA (Looking at her plant and sprinkling a little water on it) They spirited all right, my children. Got to admit they got spirit—Bennie and Walter. Like this little old plant that ain’t never had enough sunshine or nothing—and look at it …

(She has her back to RUTH, who has had to stop ironing and lean against something and put the back of her hand to her forehead)

RUTH (Trying to keep MAMA from noticing) You … sure … loves that little old thing, don’t you? …

MAMA Well, I always wanted me a garden like I used to see sometimes at the back of the houses down home. This plant is close as I ever got to having one. (She looks out of the window as she replaces the plant) Lord, ain’t nothing as dreary as the view from this window on a dreary day, is there? Why ain’t you singing this morning, Ruth? Sing that “No Ways Tired.” That song always lifts me up so—(She turns at last to see that RUTH has slipped quietly to the floor, in a state of

semiconsciousness) Ruth! Ruth honey—what’s the matter with you … Ruth!

Curtain

SCENE TWO

It is the following morning; a Saturday morning, and house cleaning is in progress at the YOUNGERS. Furniture has been shoved hither and yon and MAMA is giving the kitchen-area walls a washing down. BENEATHA, in dungarees, with a handkerchief tied around her face, is spraying insecticide into the cracks in the walls. As they work, the radio is on and a Southside disk-jockey program is inappropriately filling the house with a rather exotic saxophone blues. TRAVIS, the sole idle one, is leaning on his arms, looking out of the window.

TRAVIS Grandmama, that stuff Bennie is using smells awful. Can I go downstairs, please?

MAMA Did you get all them chores done already? I ain’t seen you doing much.

TRAVIS Yes’m—finished early. Where did Mama go this morning?

MAMA (Looking at BENEATHA) She had to go on a little errand.

(The phone rings. BENEATHA runs to answer it and reaches it before WALTER, who has entered from bedroom)

TRAVIS Where? MAMA To tend to her business. BENEATHA Haylo … (Disappointed) Yes, he is. (She tosses

the phone to WALTER, who barely catches it) It’s Willie Harris again.

WALTER (As privately as possible under MAMA’S gaze) Hello, Willie. Did you get the papers from the lawyer? … No, not yet. I told you the mailman doesn’t get here till ten-thirty … No, I’ll come there … Yeah! Right away. (He hangs up and goes for his coat)

BENEATHA Brother, where did Ruth go? WALTER (As he exits) How should I know! TRAVIS Aw come on, Grandma. Can I go outside? MAMA Oh, I guess so. You stay right in front of the house,

though, and keep a good lookout for the postman. TRAVIS Yes’m. (He darts into bedroom for stickball and

bat, reenters, and sees BENEATHA on her knees spraying under sofa with behind upraised. He edges closer to the target, takes aim, and lets her have it. She screams) Leave them poor little cockroaches alone, they ain’t bothering you none! (He runs as she swings the spray gun at him viciously and playfully) Grandma! Grandma!

MAMA Look out there, girl, before you be spilling some of that stuff on that child!

TRAVIS (Safely behind the bastion of MAMA) That’s right— look out, now! (He exits)

BENEATHA (Drily) I can’t imagine that it would hurt him—it has never hurt the roaches.

MAMA Well, little boys’ hides ain’t as tough as Southside roaches. You better get over there behind the bureau. I seen one marching out of there like Napoleon yesterday.

BENEATHA There’s really only one way to get rid of them, Mama—

MAMA How?

BENEATHA Set fire to this building! Mama, where did Ruth go?

MAMA (Looking at her with meaning) To the doctor, I think. BENEATHA The doctor? What’s the matter? (They

exchange glances) You don’t think— MAMA (With her sense of drama) Now I ain’t saying what I

think. But I ain’t never been wrong ’bout a woman neither.

(The phone rings)

BENEATHA (At the phone) Hay-lo … (Pause, and a moment of recognition) Well—when did you get back! … And how was it? … Of course I’ve missed you—in my way … This morning? No … house cleaning and all that and Mama hates it if I let people come over when the house is like this … You have? Well, that’s different … What is it—Oh, what the hell, come on over … Right, see you then. Arrivederci.

(She hangs up)

MAMA (Who has listened vigorously, as is her habit) Who is that you inviting over here with this house looking like this? You ain’t got the pride you was born with!

BENEATHA Asagai doesn’t care how houses look, Mama— he’s an intellectual.

MAMA Who? BENEATHA Asagai—Joseph Asagai. He’s an African boy I

met on campus. He’s been studying in Canada all summer.

MAMA What’s his name? BENEATHA Asagai, Joseph. Ah-sah-guy … He’s from

Nigeria. MAMA Oh, that’s the little country that was founded by slaves

way back … BENEATHA No, Mama—that’s Liberia. MAMA I don’t think I never met no African before. BENEATHA Well, do me a favor and don’t ask him a whole

lot of ignorant questions about Africans. I mean, do they wear clothes and all that—

MAMA Well, now, I guess if you think we so ignorant ’round here maybe you shouldn’t bring your friends here—

BENEATHA It’s just that people ask such crazy things. All anyone seems to know about when it comes to Africa is Tarzan—

MAMA (Indignantly) Why should I know anything about Africa?

BENEATHA Why do you give money at church for the missionary work?

MAMA Well, that’s to help save people. BENEATHA YOU mean save them from heathenism— MAMA (Innocently) Yes. BENEATHA I’m afraid they need more salvation from the

British and the French.

(RUTH comes in forlornly and pulls off her coat with dejection. They both turn to look at her)

RUTH (Dispiritedly) Well, I guess from all the happy faces— everybody knows.

BENEATHA You pregnant? MAMA Lord have mercy, I sure hope it’s a little old girl.

Travis ought to have a sister.

(BENEATHA and RUTH give her a hopeless look for this grandmotherly enthusiasm)

BENEATHA How far along are you? RUTH Two months. BENEATHA Did you mean to? I mean did you plan it or was it

an accident? MAMA What do you know about planning or not planning? BENEATHA Oh, Mama. RUTH (Wearily) She’s twenty years old, Lena. BENEATHA Did you plan it, Ruth? RUTH Mind your own business. BENEATHA It is my business—where is he going to live, on

the roof? (There is silence following the remark as the three women react to the sense of it) Gee—I didn’t mean that, Ruth, honest. Gee, I don’t feel like that at all. I—I think it is wonderful.

RUTH (Dully) Wonderful. BENEATHA Yes—really. (There is a sudden commotion

from the street and she goes to the window to look out) What on earth is going on out there? These kids. (There are, as she throws open the window, the shouts of children rising up from the street. She sticks her head out to see better and calls out) TRAVIS! TRAVIS … WHAT ARE YOU DOING DOWN THERE? (She sees) Oh Lord, they’re chasing a rat!

(RUTH covers her face with hands and turns away)

MAMA (Angrily) Tell that youngun to get himself up here, at once!

BENEATHA TRAVIS … YOU COME UPSTAIRS … AT ONCE!

RUTH (Her face twisted) Chasing a rat.… MAMA (Looking at RUTH, worried) Doctor say everything

going to be all right? RUTH (Far away) Yes—she says everything is going to be

fine … MAMA (Immediately suspicious) “She”—What doctor you

went to?

(RUTH just looks at MAMA meaningfully and MAMA opens her mouth to speak as TRAVIS bursts in)

TRAVIS (Excited and full of narrative, coming directly to his mother) Mama, you should of seen the rat … Big as a cat, honest! (He shows an exaggerated size with his hands) Gaaleee, that rat was really cuttin’ and Bubber caught him with his heel and the janitor, Mr. Barnett, got him with a stick—and then they got him in a corner and— BAM! BAM! BAM!—and he was still jumping around and bleeding like everything too—there’s rat blood all over the street—

(RUTH reaches out suddenly and grabs her son without even looking at him and clamps her hand over his mouth and holds him to her. MAMA crosses to them rapidly and takes the boy from her)

MAMA You hush up now … talking all that terrible stuff … (TRAVIS is staring at his mother with a stunned expression. BENEATHA comes quickly and takes him away from his grandmother and ushers him to the door)

BENEATHA You go back outside and play … but not with any rats. (She pushes him gently out the door with the boy straining to see what is wrong with his mother)

MAMA (Worriedly hovering over RUTH) Ruth honey—what’s the matter with you—you sick?

(RUTH has her fists clenched on her thighs and is fighting hard to suppress a scream that seems to be rising in her)

BENEATHA What’s the matter with her, Mama? MAMA (Working her fingers in RUTH’S shoulders to relax

her) She be all right. Women gets right depressed sometimes when they get her way. (Speaking softly, expertly, rapidly) Now you just relax. That’s right … just lean back, don’t think ’bout nothing at all … nothing at all —

RUTH I’m all right …

(The glassy-eyed look melts and then she collapses into a fit of heavy sobbing. The bell rings)

BENEATHA Oh, my God—that must be Asagai. MAMA (To RUTH) Come on now, honey. You need to lie

down and rest awhile … then have some nice hot food.

(They exit, RUTH’S weight on her mother-in-law. BENEATHA, herself profoundly disturbed, opens the door to admit a rather dramatic-looking young man with a large package)

ASAGAI Hello, Alaiyo— BENEATHA (Holding the door open and regarding him with

pleasure) Hello … (Long pause) Well—come in. And please excuse everything. My mother was very upset about my letting anyone come here with the place like this.

ASAGAI (Coming into the room) You look disturbed too … Is something wrong?

BENEATHA (Still at the door, absently) Yes … we’ve all got

BENEATHA (Still at the door, absently) Yes … we’ve all got acute ghetto-itis. (She smiles and comes toward him, finding a cigarette and sitting) So—sit down! No! Wait! (She whips the spray gun off sofa where she had left it and puts the cushions back. At last perches on arm of sofa. He sits) So, how was Canada?

ASAGAI (A sophisticate) Canadian. BENEATHA (Looking at him) Asagai, I’m very glad you are

back. ASAGAI (Looking back at her in turn) Are you really? BENEATHA Yes—very. ASAGAI Why?—you were quite glad when I went away.

What happened? BENEATHA You went away. ASAGAI Ahhhhhhhh. BENEATHA Before—you wanted to be so serious before

there was time. ASAGAI How much time must there be before one knows

what one feels? BENEATHA (Stalling this particular conversation. Her

hands pressed together, in a deliberately childish gesture) What did you bring me?

ASAGAI (Handing her the package) Open it and see. BENEATHA (Eagerly opening the package and drawing out

some records and the colorful robes of a Nigerian woman) Oh, Asagai! … You got them for me! … How beautiful … and the records too! (She lifts out the robes and runs to the mirror with them and holds the drapery up in front of herself)

ASAGAI (Coming to her at the mirror) I shall have to teach you how to drape it properly. (He flings the material about her for the moment and stands back to look at her) Ah—Oh-pay-gay-day, oh-gbah-mu-shay. (A

Yoruba exclamation for admiration) You wear it well … very well … mutilated hair and all.

BENEATHA (Turning suddenly) My hair—what’s wrong with my hair?

ASAGAI (Shrugging) Were you born with it like that? BENEATHA (Reaching up to touch it) No … of course not.

(She looks back to the mirror, disturbed)

ASAGAI (Smiling) How then? BENEATHA YOU know perfectly well how … as crinkly as

yours … that’s how. ASAGAI And it is ugly to you that way? BENEATHA (Quickly) Oh, no—not ugly … (More slowly,

apologetically) But it’s so hard to manage when it’s, well —raw.

ASAGAI And so to accommodate that—you mutilate it every week?

BENEATHA It’s not mutilation! ASAGAI (Laughing aloud at her seriousness) Oh … please!

I am only teasing you because you are so very serious about these things. (He stands back from her and folds his arms across his chest as he watches her pulling at her hair and frowning in the mirror) Do you remember the first time you met me at school? … (He laughs) You came up to me and you said—and I thought you were the most serious little thing I had ever seen—you said: (He imitates her) “Mr. Asagai—I want very much to talk with you. About Africa. You see, Mr. Asagai, I am looking for my identity!”

(He laughs)

BENEATHA (Turning to him, not laughing) Yes—

(Her face is quizzical, profoundly disturbed)

ASAGAI (Still teasing and reaching out and taking her face in his hands and turning her profile to him) Well … it is true that this is not so much a profile of a Hollywood queen as perhaps a queen of the Nile—(A mock dismissal of the importance of the question) But what does it matter? Assimilationism is so popular in your country.

BENEATHA (Wheeling, passionately, sharply) I am not an assimilationist!

ASAGAI (The protest hangs in the room for a moment and ASAGAI studies her, his laughter fading) Such a serious one. (There is a pause) So—you like the robes? You must take excellent care of them—they are from my sister’s personal wardrobe.

BENEATHA (With incredulity) You—you sent all the way home—for me?

ASAGAI (With charm) For you—I would do much more … Well, that is what I came for. I must go.

BENEATHA Will you call me Monday? ASAGAI Yes … We have a great deal to talk about. I mean

about identity and time and all that. BENEATHA Time? ASAGAI Yes. About how much time one needs to know what

one feels. BENEATHA You see! You never understood that there is

more than one kind of feeling which can exist between a man and a woman—or, at least, there should be.

ASAGAI (Shaking his head negatively but gently) No. Between a man and a woman there need be only one kind of feeling. I have that for you … Now even … right

this moment … BENEATHA I know—and by itself—it won’t do. I can find that

anywhere. ASAGAI For a woman it should be enough. BENEATHA I know—because that’s what it says in all the

novels that men write. But it isn’t. Go ahead and laugh— but I’m not interested in being someone’s little episode in America or—(With feminine vengeance)—one of them! (ASAGAI has burst into laughter again) That’s funny as hell, huh!