Why shouldn t guns be allowed on college campuses

Darby Dickerson, dean of Texas Tech University School of Law, is an expert in higher education law and policy and is an elected member of the American Law Institute. Her scholarly articles have appeared in legal journals across the country.

The shootings that have occurred in recent years at US colleges and universities have generated passionate debate about how best to prevent such violence and whether persons should be allowed to carry concealed guns on campuses. Various experts, such as Jesus Villahermosa, a Washington state SWAT officer and founder of Crisis Reality Training, believe there is no credible evidence that students or staff carrying guns would reduce crime. In fact, research has shown that the brains of most college students have not fully developed with regard to impulse control and judgment; therefore, allowing students access to guns could actually increase reckless shooting incidents.

Colleges and universities occupy a special place in American society. They are much more than a series of buildings and collection of individuals. Instead, they are dynamic living and learning environments where individuals with varying levels of maturity interact, often under stressful circumstances. While recognizing the right of responsible individuals to possess firearms under other circumstances, the unique characteristics of a university campus make the presence of firearms problematic....

National Context Regarding Guns on Campuses

Currently, 26 states plus the District of Columbia ban concealed weapons on college and university

property. Twenty-three states allow individual campuses to decide. Only Utah allows guns on the campuses at public institutions; the state allows private institutions to set their own policies.

In November 2008, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities issued a higher- education policy brief titled "Concealed Weapons on State College Campuses: In Pursuit of Individual Liberty and Collective Security." The organization aptly framed the issue of guns on campus as follows:

The tragic events at Virginia Tech [April 2007] and Northern Illinois University [February 2008] have policymakers, campus officials and citizens looking for solutions to prevent future attacks. Violent shootings that have occurred on a few college campuses in recent years have provoked a debate over the best ways to ensure the safety of students, faculty and staff. Lawmakers in several states have advanced the idea allowing citizens with concealed weapons permits to carry their weapons on campus.... These legislative proposals have been met with considerable controversy, evoking strong emotion on both sides. Thus far, Utah is the only state to have adopted this policy. All other state legislatures where similar bills have been introduced have rejected the idea.

The Second Amendment—the right to keep and bear arms as established by the U.S. Constitution and many state constitutions—is not at issue in this controversy. Rather, this is a policy debate over how best to ensure public safety, as the Second Amendment is subject to reasonable restrictions, such as bans on guns in schools. The majority opinion of the U.S.

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Supreme Court recently concluded in District of Columbia vs. Heller:

Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment, nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings [emphasis added], or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.

The majority also noted: "We identify these presumptively lawful regulatory measures only as examples; our list does not purport to be exhaustive." While striking down the District of Columbia's strict ban on handguns, the justices did not call into question any of the existing gun bans on college campuses.

The most recent published case regarding guns on campus was issued by the Virginia Supreme Court on January 13, 2011. In Digiacinto v. Rector & Visitors of George Mason University, a visitor to the public university claimed that the university's policy prohibiting possession of firearms on campus violated his constitutional rights. Relying on the conclusion in Heller that the right to keep and bear arms is not absolute, the court held that the Second Amendment does not prevent the government from prohibiting firearms in sensitive places, such as George Mason's campus and events.

In determining that the university was a "sensitive place" under Heller, the court relied on the parties' stipulation that George Mason has 30,000 students enrolled ranging from age 16 to senior citizens, that more than 350 incoming freshman would be under 18, that elementary and high school students attend summer camps on campus, and that children attend an on-campus preschool. All of these

individuals use George Mason's buildings and attend on-campus events. The court also emphasized that "[u]nlike a public street or park, a university traditionally has not been open to the general public, 'but instead is an institute of higher learning that is devoted to its mission of public education.' ... Moreover, parents who send their children to a university have a reasonable expectation that the university will maintain a campus free of foreseeable harm."

In October 2010, the Colorado Supreme Court granted certiorari [review] in Regents of the University of Colorado v. Students for Concealed Carry on Campus, LLC to consider "[w]hether the General Assembly intended the Concealed Carry Act to divest the Board of Regents of its constitutional and statutory authority to enact safety and welfare measures for the University of Colorado's campuses" and "[w]hether a constitutional challenge to a statute or ordinance regulating the right to bear arms is

governed by the deferential rational basis standard of review or a more stringent reasonable exercise standard of review." In the underlying case, a student-interest group sued the university alleging that its weapons control policy violated Colorado's Concealed Carry Act (CCA) and the right to bear arms in self-defense under the Colorado Constitution. Although the trial court dismissed the claims, the Colorado Court of Appeals reversed and remanded for further proceedings. The case does not yet appear on the state supreme court's public oral-argument calendar.

Concern About Violence on College Campuses

The tragedies at Virginia Tech, Northern Illinois, Appalachian School of Law [January 2002], and the University of Alabama in Huntsville [February 2010], among others, illustrate that our campuses are not immune from violence. Studies reflect that violence on campus is most commonly perpetrated by students, against students. In response to the Virginia Tech shooting, the U.S. Secret Service,

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Department of Education, and F.B.I. studied violence at institutions of higher education. As part of this study, 272 incidents of targeted violence were identified through a comprehensive search of open- source reports from 1900 to 2008. The incidents include various forms of targeted violence, ranging from domestic violence to mass murder. Most incidents occurred during the 1990s and 2000s. Across these 272 incidents, the perpetrators killed 281 people and injured 247 more. The perpetrators used guns 54% of the time, knives or bladed instruments 21% of the time, and a combination of weapons 10% of the time. Florida had the fourth highest number of incidents in the study.

Concealed carry laws have the potential to dramatically increase violence on college and university campuses.

In 2008, the International Association of Campus Law Enforcement Administrators, Inc. (IACLEA)

issued a statement in response to various state legislative initiatives to allow persons to carry concealed weapons on college and university campuses. Below are excerpts from the IACLEA statement:

IACLEA's Board of Directors believes "concealed carry" initiatives do not make campuses safer. There is no credible evidence to suggest that the presence of students carrying concealed weapons would reduce violence on our college campuses.

There is no credible statistical evidence demonstrating that laws allowing the carrying of concealed firearms reduce crime. In fact, the evidence suggests that permissive concealed carry laws generally will increase crime....

Use of a gun in self-defense appears to be a rare occurrence. For example, of the 30,694 Americans who died by gunfire in 2005, only 147 were killed by firearms in justifiable homicides by private citizens....

IACLEA is concerned that concealed carry laws have the potential to dramatically increase violence on college and university campuses that our Members are empowered to protect. Among the concerns with concealed carry laws or policies are: the potential for accidental discharge or misuse of firearms at on-campus or off-campus parties where large numbers of students are gathered or at student gatherings where alcohol or drugs are being consumed, as well as the potential for guns to be used as a means to settle disputes between or among students. There is also a real concern that campus police officers responding to a situation involving an active shooter may not be able to distinguish between the shooter and others with firearms.

Public safety is threatened by student gun owners. One study found that two-thirds of gun-owning college students engage in binge drinking. Gun-owning students are more likely than unarmed college students to drink "frequently and excessively" and then engage in risky activities, such as driving when under the influence of alcohol, vandalizing property, and getting into trouble with police....

Another study similarly discovered that college student gun owners are more likely than those who do not own guns to engage in activities that put themselves and others at risk for severe or life-threatening injuries, including reckless behavior involving alcohol, driving while intoxicated, and suffering an alcohol-related injury....

Suicides accounted for 55 percent of the nation's nearly 31,000 firearms deaths in 2005, the most recent year statistics are available from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention.... Public Health researchers have concluded that in homes where guns are present, the likelihood that someone in the home will die from suicide or homicide is much greater.

We urge public policy makers to weigh heavily the concerns of IACLEA regarding the unintended consequences of any proposals to allow college students and any other persons to carry concealed weapons on campus. We believe that the research we have cited shows that these unintended consequences include:

Likely increase in reckless shooting incidents resulting in injuries and deaths from1. firearms on campus;

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Likely increase in both homicides and suicides;2.

Increased exposure of campus police to injuries;3.

Unfunded mandates resulting from policy changes, including resources necessary4. to investigate firearms incidents, thefts of firearms, and checking for underage/prohibited possessors....

Restricting Guns on Campus

The work of Jesus Villahermosa, founder of Crisis Realty Training and a S.W.A.T. officer in Washington State, also reflects the wisdom of restricting guns on campus. Officer Villahermosa has first-hand experience responding to gun-related violence in schools. In an essay published in the Chronicle of Higher Education, he concluded:

I have been a deputy sheriff for more than 26 years and was the first certified master defensive-tactics instructor for law-enforcement personnel in the state of Washington. In addition, I have been a firearms instructor and for several decades have served on my county sheriff's SWAT team, where I am now point man on the entry team. Given my extensive experience dealing with violence in the workplace and at schools and colleges, I do not think professors and administrators, let alone students, should carry guns....

Adding a weapon ... into the mix can quickly turn a constructive meeting into one filled with fear and intimidation.

Many universities with policies prohibiting guns on campus also realize that at least some of their students may own and want to use guns for club sports or recreational hunting; these universities have developed policies and procedures to allow students to register and store rifles and other weapons traditionally used in sport in a locked vault maintained by campus police....

Universities that otherwise prohibit weapons on campus have also developed policies to account for R.O.T.C. programs and law-enforcement officers taking courses or attending programs on campus....

Although legislation to permit open-carry of weapons is or recently has been pending in a few states, including Arizona, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah, no legislature to date has authorized open- carry on college or university campuses. In states where open-carry legislation has been debated, university faculty and presidents have expressed concerns for their own safety and the nature of the academic environment. This fear is understandable, especially since faculty members must often interact with students who may be disappointed in their evaluations and grades. Engaging in difficult, but necessary, conversations with students to help them develop professionally and personally can be challenging under normal circumstances, but adding a weapon—especially one displayed openly—into the mix can quickly turn a constructive meeting into one filled with fear and intimidation.

Brain Development Studies

Although most traditional-age college students appear to be physically mature, their brains are still developing. Over the past decade, researchers have discovered that the human brain changes significantly during adolescence—often defined as the second decade of life—and is not fully

developed until about 24.

The areas of the brain that develop last include the pre-frontal cortex. Described as the "CEO of the body," this area "allows us to prioritize thoughts, imagine, think in the abstract anticipate consequences, plan, and control impulses." Because the brain develops back to front, "judgment" is last to mature. As Dr. Ken Winters of the University of Minnesota has explained, "By age 18, the adolescent's judgment for structured challenges is roughly equal to that of adults. But judgment that involves resisting impulses or delaying gratification is still under construction during late adolescence and early adulthood."

From these new studies, we have learned that, as a general rule, individuals in their late teens and early 20s:

prefer physical activities;

prefer high-excitement and low-effort activities;

prefer novelty;

exhibit poor planning and judgment;

often fail to consider negative consequences of their actions; and

seek riskier, impulsive behaviors.

Therefore, conduct most adults perceive as dangerous and risky, they perceive as fun. In addition, some evidence exists that "being in a group accentuates risk taking," which has tremendous implications for student affairs professionals. Moreover, the research underscores that alcohol and other drug use not only impedes brain development, but can have long-term negative consequences on brain structure.

Accessibility to guns and other weapons ... is likely to lead to additional incidents of self-injury, accidental shootings, and homicides.

High-risk alcohol and other drug use among our student populations represent the number one risk for our students. This is true even for students who do not drink or take drugs, as they can—and frequently are—the victims of others' abuse. The grim statistics include:

1,700 college students between the ages of 18 and 24 die each year from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes.

599,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are unintentionally injured under the influence of alcohol.

More than 696,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are assaulted by another student who has been drinking.

More than 97,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape.

As IACLEA has predicted, adding accessibility to guns and other weapons to this mix is likely to lead to additional incidents of self-injury, accidental shootings, and homicides.

Our collective goal should be to make our college and university campuses as safe as possible. Allowing guns and other weapons on campus will not advance that goal; indeed, it will have the

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opposite effect and lead to additional deaths and injuries. The best way to keep our campuses safe is to retain colleges and universities on the list of places where individuals may not bring firearms.

Further Readings Books

Ben Agger There Is a Gunman on Campus: Tragedy and Terror at Virginia Tech. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008.

Pjeter D. Baldridge, editor Gun Ownership and the Second Amendment. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

Chris Bird Thank God I Had a Gun: True Accounts of Self-Defense. San Antonio, TX: Privateer Publications, 2006.

Joan Burbick Gun Show Nation: Gun Culture and American Democracy. New York: New Press, 2006.

Brian Doherty Gun Control on Trial: Inside the Supreme Court Battle Over the Second Amendment. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2008.

Richard Feldman Ricochet: Confessions of a Gun Lobbyist. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

Kristin A. Goss Disarmed: The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.

Alan Gottlieb and Dave Workman America Fights Back: Armed Self-Defense in a Violent Age. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 2007.

Alan Gottlieb and Dave Workman These Dogs Don't Hunt: The Democrats' War on Guns. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 2008.

Stephen P. Halbrook The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2008.

Bernard E. Harcourt Language of the Gun: Youth, Crime, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

Dennis A. Henigan Lethal Logic: Exploding the Myths that Paralyze American Gun Policy. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2009.

Kathy Jackson The Cornered Cat: A Woman's Guide to Concealed Carry. Hamilton, MI: White Feather Press, LLC, 2010.

David B. Kopel Aiming for Liberty: The Past, Present, and Future of Freedom and Self Defense. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 2009.

Mark Pogrebin, N. Prabha Unnithan, Paul Stretesky Guns, Violence, and Criminal Behavior: The Offender's Perspective. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009.

John A. Rich Wrong Place, Wrong Time: Trauma and Violence in the Lives of Young Black Men. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

Lucinda Roy No Right to Remain Silent: The Tragedy at Virginia Tech. Van Nuys, CA: Harmony, 2009.

Robert J. Spitzer The Politics of Gun Control, 4th Edition. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008.

Mark Walters and Kathy Jackson Lessons from Armed America. Hamilton, MI: White Feather Press, LLC, 2009.

Timothy Wheeler and E. John Wipfler Keeping Your Family Safe: The Responsibilities of Firearm Ownership. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 2009.

Periodicals and Internet Sources Ben Adler "Conservatives Make Inaccurate Arguments Against Gun Control," Newsweek, January 18, 2011.

Ellen S. Alberding "Philanthropy Must Challenge the Idea that Gun Violence Can't Be Stopped," The Chronicle of Philanthropy, January 14, 2011.

Frida Berrigan "Too Many Guns," Huffington Post, October 23, 2008. www.huffingtonpost.com.

Jimmy Carter "What Happened to the Ban on Assault Weapons?" New York Times, April 26, 2009.

Steve Chapman "The Unconcealed Truth about Carrying Guns," Reason, March 31, 2011. www.reason.com.

Saul Cornell "What the 'Right to Bear Arms' Really Means," Salon, January 15, 2011. www.salon.com.

Diane Dimond "Packing Heat at College," Huffington Post, March 1, 2011. www.huffingtonpost.com.

John J. Donohue "It Takes Laws to Control the Bad Guys," New York Times, January 12, 2011.

James Alan Fox "More Guns Means More Guns," New York Times, January 12, 2011.

Morris Goodman "Gun Violence in America Calls for Gun Control," The News-Herald, January 17, 2011.

Michael Grunwald "Tucson Tragedy: Is Gun Control a Dead Issue?" Time, January 24, 2011.

Thomas L. Harnisch "Concealed Weapons on State College Campuses: In Pursuit of Individual Liberty and Collective Security," American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU), November 2008. www.aascu.org.

Bob Herbert "How Many Deaths Are Enough?" New York Times, January 17, 2011.

Joshua E. Keating "Armed, But Not Necessarily Dangerous," Foreign Policy, January 11, 2011. www.foreignpolicy.com.

Nicholas D. Kristof "Why Not Regulate Guns as Seriously as Toys?" New York Times, January 12, 2011.

Juliet A. Leftwich "Worse than Iraq: Guns Kill More Americans at Home in Six Weeks than in Four Years of War," The Recorder, October 12, 2007.

W. Scott Lewis "Empty Holsters on Campus," The Washington Times, October 24, 2007.

Sylvia Longmire "Guns in Mexico: A Challenge to Obama and the NRA," San Diego Union-Tribune, June 23, 2011.

John R. Lott, Jr. "More Guns, Less Crime?: The Case for Arming Yourself," New York Times, January 12, 2011.

Michael Luo "Mental Health and Guns: Do Background Checks Do Enough?" New York Times, April 19, 2007.

Heather Martens "When Background Checks Are Given a Chance, They Work," Minnesota Public Radio, March 23, 2011. www.minnesotapublicradio.org.

Roger Simon "The Everyday Crisis of Gun Violence," Politico, April 7, 2009. www.politico.com.

Ron Smith "Face the Facts: Gun Control Laws Don't Save Lives," The Baltimore Sun, January 20, 2011.

Robert J. Spitzer "Campuses Just Say 'No' to Guns," Huffington Post, February 27, 2011. www.huffingtonpost.com.

Daniel Stone "Is Gun Violence the Cost of Freedom?" Newsweek, January 13, 2011.

John Stossel "Guns Save Lives: Why the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Is Essential in a Free Society," Reason, June 24, 2010. www.reason.com.

Mike Stuckey "Record Numbers Licensed to Pack Heat," MSNBC.com, June 24, 2010. www.msnbc.msn.com.

Janalee Tobias "Columbine Was an Easy Target—Guns Protect Schools from Criminals," US News & World Report, April 20, 2009.

Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2012 Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning.

Source Citation Dickerson, Darby. "Students Should Not Be Allowed to Carry Guns on College

Campuses." Guns and Crime. Ed. Christine Watkins. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from "White Paper—Guns on Campus." NaBita.org. 2011. Opp osing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 8 July 2015.

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