William bagley philosophy of education

Phylo Analysis

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 10

Annotated Bibliography on Experiments and the Learning Process

Annotated Bibliography on Experiments and the Learning Process

Addams Jane’s Progressivism

Shields, P. M., & Soeters, J. (2017). Peaceweaving: Jane Addams, positive peace, and public administration. The American Review of Public Administration, 47(3), 323-339.

The authors of this article explore positive peace as one of the essential elements of public administration, although it has been neglected. The report focuses on ideas that were put forward by Jane Addams, who is a renowned educational thinker and the developer of the progressivism educational philosophy. More than a century ago, Jane Addams worked tirelessly to develop one of the most used education theory because it has stood the test of time. The educational thinker, as explained in this article, focused on the notion of peace that is infused in social justice and equity. The authors of this article, are of views that the work of Jane Addams, that did not only end in education realms but also extended to the administration sphere where she applied practical ideas to create what was known as the peace weaving which was as a result of her feminist work. The authors of this article link the progressivism education philosophy to successful administration in public organizations. Just like the ideas, in theory, it is apparent from the study that people are likely to gain excellent administrative skills if they are not only taught teacher-centered content in education but also allow the learners to expand their learning ideas which may be very important in their future careers. In conclusion, the authors concentrate their efforts on understanding how Jane Addams's progressivism nature people to become successful in their different working environments. This article is critical to the study that will be conducted later as it will provide the practical evidence that will be required to prove that progressivism theory of teaching and learning is the best for the current generation in the time when everything is dynamic. The article, in its entirety, provides practical examples of how the assumptions of the theory of education can be very beneficial.

Colky, M. (1988). Jane Addams: Pioneer to adult education. Dissertations. 2568. Retrieved from https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2568 .

The author of this article focused on adult education, of which the author describes as similar to lifelong learning. The article provides evidence to indicate that knowledge is a lifelong process that only stops at death. The author in the article seems to focus on the arguments presented by the founder of the progressivism theory of learning. The report argues that education has no restriction based on age, and it can occur in any format at any place provided the environment allows learning. The author of this article is of the views that knowledge can be from life itself through life experience or can be flexible, contemporary of conventionally designed as long as the message is delivered. The article asserts that learning in adult education should focus learners and meet the learning expectations and needs to ensure that they are developed through the training provided. From the analysis of this article, it is evident that education is life but not preparation for what life will present in the future. This relegates any traditional concepts which assume that education should only be for the youths. Something very clear from the article is that learning occurs in the entire life of a person which also support the arguments of the Jane Addams philosophy, which tend to support learning at any stage of life. One thing that is also very clear from the article is that it is adult education not because it is for the adults but because it is maturity and adulthood that define its limits and scope. It is also very clear that as it is called adult education concept focuses on meeting the needs of the learners just like it is advocated for by Jane Addams in her education philosophy of progressivism. Adult education concept is not limited to adults, but it is inclusive.

Taylor, K. J. (2005). Teaching the progressive era through the life and accomplishments of Jane Addams. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/659/

The author of this article is of the views that the American education curriculum has been reduced to a list of facts and has ignored other learning aspects such as events, people and the history of America because of the standardized testing education system. The author's argument in this article explains how the American curriculum has mutilated what needs to be taught, and educators focus on what will be tested while teaching students. They tie their teaching plan to detailed design which denies the students to learn things outside the syllabus. Teachers move from one unit to the other and ignore the need to inform the students or the learners what are the ideas that transform the subjects they are being taught. The author proposes that students should be taught based on the arguments that were made by Jane Addams during her period which focused on teaching learners other things such as the events that shaped the American nation so that students can appreciate the work that was done by the American reformers in all spheres more especially in education. The author is of the views that education system should reflect the historical one which equipped students with skills that they needed to help them meet their life during the industrial era. From the article, it becomes apparent that Jane Addams philosophy did not only play a huge role in education, but it was applied directly to the society, and it is from the theory that the present-day American pragmatism. The article, in its entirety, supports the arguments that education should not be pinned to a particular method, but it should be designed to allow the students to tap knowledge outside the set syllabus. This article is crucial as it will provide evidence in the study that will be conducted later that Jane Addams philosophy can be used to teach students the past and present issues in society.

William Chandler’s Essentialism

Ryazanov, A. A., & Christenfeld, N. J. (2018). The strategic value of essentialism. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 12(1), e12370.

Essentialism is another education philosophy that was developed by Bagley, William Chandler, which is also used in education. Essentialism is a philosophy requires that learners should be taught in a specified manner that subscribe to particular techniques and methods. The authors of this article are of the views that essentialism as a philosophy that was developed by Bagley, William Chandler does not contribute positively to society. The philosophy believes that people have underlying that is determined by social factors that only work to help advance the persistent evils in the society and maintain the status quo. Essentialism creates categories which are regarded to be very dangerous to human cognitive, which in the process results in discrimination, prejudice, and other social evils. The authors in this article are of the views that essentialism in education contributes to the fixed minds of the students and other people who have gone through the same education system. The authors focus on two domains that are enshrined in the essentialism philosophy that includes social and trait essentialism which has been described to be the very fixed mindset and detrimental. It is very clear from this article that essentialism as an education philosophy does not contribute to opening up of the learners' minds but only help to confine the thoughts of the learners' in particular social group or exhibit specific behaviors. In some instances, essentialism can be a strategy for reducing blame over uncontrollable aspects of individuals and groups and for identity formation. Although essentialism theory of learning may have some benefits to the learners as it seeks to make all the people equal, it has been proven over time to largely contribute to the social persistence that exists in the society today. This article is important to the intended study as it will help to outline the weaknesses of essentialism as a learning philosophy.

Acquah, A., Adjei, A., & Kwame, M., J. (2017). School of thoughts of the essentialist philosophers on the aims of education, role of education and the focus of education: Implications for curriculum development and practice in Ghana. Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion: An International Peer-reviewed Journal 32. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320902855_School_of_Thoughts_of_the_Essentialist_Philosophers_on_the_Aims_of_Education_Role_of_Education_and_the_Focus_of_Education_Implications_for_Curriculum_Development_and_Practice_in_Ghana

The author in this article focused on investigating the essentialist philosopher and how perceives the aims of education. Also, what the philosopher believe to be the role of education and the focus of an education. The authors also assessed the impacts on a curriculum development would essentialist philosopher cause during the development of the curriculum. According to the authors of the article, essentialism philosophy only help to give the learners only the essentials, which mean only the most essential things in education using the back-to-basics approach to teaching and learning. The philosopher believes that students must be taught a core knowledge which has been set and must be transmitted in a defined, systematic, and disciplined manner. According to Acquah, Adjei, and Kwame (2017), "the promotion of citizenship. According to the Essentialist, the role of education is the transition of a common body of knowledge, skills, concepts, and traditions from generation to learners to transform them to meaningfully and constructively contribute democratically to the society," (Acquah, Adjei, & Kwame, 2017). It is very clear from the article that essentialist in education focuses on teaching specified subjects such as mathematics, English, physics, and specified skills such as reading, writing, among others. The essentialist focus much of the energy on the core curriculum when developing curriculum for learners. It is therefore clear that essentialism as an educational theory implements education curriculum that is teacher-centered other than being learners-centered. This reduces direct participation and contribution of the students to the learning process and makes them depend on teachers for their learning needs. It is because of this that most of the critics of this education theory believe that the system of teaching learners advance the idea of grouping learners based on their intellectual abilities and increase the gap among the learners. This article is also imperative to the intended study as it will provide shortcomings of the essentialist teaching philosophy.

Mahalingam, R. (2003). Essentialism, culture, and power: Representations of social class. Journal of Social Issues, 59(4), 733-749.

The authors of this article use the essentialist theory to investigate the asymmetries in the representation of social class in society. The authors research all evidence to prove that social class is influenced by social power and location. The study revealed that essentialists believe that a rich man will not be impacted when asked to work using the brain of a poor person. However, this will not be the same when a poor man has to work using the brain of a rich person. A poor man is likely to act differently if the mind of a rich person is transplanted into him/her, but the status quo will remain in the scenario when the brain of a poor person is transplanted to that of a rich person. In an educational perspective, the results of this study will mean that an intelligent person will remain intelligent when taught by a non-intelligent person, but a non-intelligent person will not become intelligent when taught by a highly intelligent person. This confirms that the social location factor in the thinking of an essentialist in the creation of social classes. Something that is very clear from the study is that essentialism as an education philosophy contributes immensely to the nature of different social groups such as the intelligent and non-intelligent groups of people which also enhance the idea of social classes in the society. Although the concept of essentialism is not entirely detrimental, there is need not to focus on the arguments of this theory of education as it confines the abilities of students to the specific core curriculum and does not give them time to discover their talents.

Synthesis

Progressivism and essentialism are the two most common education philosophies applied in teaching and learning situations today. Essentialism was developed by William Bagley, while Jane Addams created progressivism theory of education. Essentialist William Bagley is of the views that there exists a common core of knowledge that should be taught to learners in a specified and in a disciplined way (Gutek, 2011). The theory put many efforts on moral standards and intellectual capabilities. On the other hand, progressivism advocate Jane Addams is of the views that the best education is the one that focuses on the whole learner as compared to the educator and the content that is taught. One thing that makes progressivism the best education philosophy is its ability to allow students to test their ideas through direct involvements in experiments. This makes the learning process active but not passive to the learners and ignites the strength of the learner to become a problem solver and a thinker who can make meaning in education through answering the questions that emerge from their experimental activities (Gutek, 2011). It is not right that essentialism theory does not do good to students, as it enables the students to read and write, which are two important skills in education. However, it does not allow the learners to think outside the specified core curriculum, something that is only made possible by the progressivism theory making it more beneficial in learners perspective.

Preliminary Thesis Statement

With the current dynamism in the society, the best educational philosophy should allow learners to participate in the learning process through experiments to make them good thinkers and problem solvers.

References

Gutek, G. L. (2011). Historical and philosophical foundations of education: A biographical introduction (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.