A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would

A

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

NOTE: For all nutrients, values for infants are AI. Dashes indicate that values have not been determined. aThe water AI includes drinking water, water in beverages, and wa- ter in foods; in general, drinking water and other beverages contrib- ute about 70 to 80 percent, and foods, the remainder. Conversion factors: 1 L = 33.8 fluid oz; 1 L = 1.06 qt; 1 cup = 8 fluid oz. bThe Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) represents the average dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a healthy person of a given gender, age, weight, height, and physical activity level. The values listed are based on an “active” person at the refer- ence height and weight and at the midpoint ages for each group

until age 19. Chapter 8 provides equations and tables to determine estimated energy requirements. cThe linolenic acid referred to in this table and text is the omega-3 fatty acid known as alpha-linolenic acid. dThe values listed are based on reference body weights. eAssumed to be from human milk. fAssumed to be from human milk and complementary foods and beverages. This includes approximately 0.6 L (∼21⁄2 cups) as total fluid including formula, juices, and drinking water. gFor energy, the age groups for young children are 1–2 years and 3–8 years.

hFor males, subtract 10 kcalories per day for each year of age above 19. iBecause weight need not change as adults age if activity is main- tained, reference weights for adults 19 through 30 years are applied to all adult age groups. jFor females, subtract 7 kcalories per day for each year of age above 19.

SOURCE: Adapted from the Dietary Reference Intakes series, National Academies Press. Copyright 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2011 by the National Academies of Sciences.

Age (yr)

Males

0–0.5 — 62 (24) 6 (13) 0.7e 570 60 — 31 4.4 0.5 9.1 1.52

0.5–1 — 71 (28) 9 (20) 0.8f 743 95 — 30 4.6 0.5 11 1.20

1–3g — 86 (34) 12 (27) 1.3 1046 130 19 — 7 0.7 13 1.05

4–8g 15.3 115 (45) 20 (44) 1.7 1742 130 25 — 10 0.9 19 0.95

9–13 17.2 144 (57) 36 (79) 2.4 2279 130 31 — 12 1.2 34 0.95

14–18 20.5 174 (68) 61 (134) 3.3 3152 130 38 — 16 1.6 52 0.85

19–30 22.5 177 (70) 70 (154) 3.7 3067h 130 38 — 17 1.6 56 0.80

31–50 22.5i 177 (70)i 70 (154)i 3.7 3067h 130 38 — 17 1.6 56 0.80

>50 22.5i 177 (70)i 70 (154)i 3.7 3067h 130 30 — 14 1.6 56 0.80

Females

0–0.5 — 62 (24) 6 (13) 0.7e 520 60 — 31 4.4 0.5 9.1 1.52

0.5–1 — 71 (28) 9 (20) 0.8f 676 95 — 30 4.6 0.5 11 1.20

1–3g — 86 (34) 12 (27) 1.3 992 130 19 — 7 0.7 13 1.05

4–8g 15.3 115 (45) 20 (44) 1.7 1642 130 25 — 10 0.9 19 0.95

9–13 17.4 144 (57) 37 (81) 2.1 2071 130 26 — 10 1.0 34 0.95

14–18 20.4 163 (64) 54 (119) 2.3 2368 130 26 — 11 1.1 46 0.85

19–30 21.5 163 (64) 57 (126) 2.7 2403 j 130 25 — 12 1.1 46 0.80

31–50 21.5i 163 (64)i 57 (126)i 2.7 2403 j 130 25 — 12 1.1 46 0.80

>50 21.5i 163 (64)i 57 (126)i 2.7 2403 j 130 21 — 11 1.1 46 0.80

Pregnancy

1st trimester 3.0 +0 175 28 — 13 1.4 46 0.80

2nd trimester 3.0 +340 175 28 — 13 1.4 71 1.10

3rd trimester 3.0 +452 175 28 — 13 1.4 71 1.10

Lactation

1st 6 months 3.8 +330 210 29 — 13 1.3 71 1.30

2nd 6 months 3.8 +400 210 29 — 13 1.3 71 1.30

Re fe

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The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) include two sets of values that serve as goals for nutrient intake—Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AI). The RDA reflect the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the needs of most healthy people. If there is insufficient evidence to determine an RDA, an AI is set. AI are more ten­ tative than RDA, but both may be used as goals for nutrient intakes. (Chapter 9 provides more details.)

In addition to the values that serve as goals for nutrient in­ takes (presented in the tables on these two pages), the DRI in­ clude a set of values called Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL). The UL represent the maximum amount of a nutrient that ap­ pears safe for most healthy people to consume on a regular ba­ sis. Turn the page for a listing of the UL for selected vitamins and minerals.

Estimated Energy Requirements (EER), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Water, Energy, and the Energy Nutrients

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202

B

Infants 0–0.5 0.2 0.3 2 5 1.7 0.1 65 0.4 125 40 400 400 (10 µg) 4 2.0 0.5–1 0.3 0.4 4 6 1.8 0.3 80 0.5 150 50 500 400 (10 µg) 5 2.5 Children 1–3 0.5 0.5 6 8 2 0.5 150 0.9 200 15 300 600 (15 µg) 6 30 4–8 0.6 0.6 8 12 3 0.6 200 1.2 250 25 400 600 (15 µg) 7 55 Males 9–13 0.9 0.9 12 20 4 1.0 300 1.8 375 45 600 600 (15 µg) 11 60 14–18 1.2 1.3 16 25 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 75 900 600 (15 µg) 15 75 19–30 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 90 900 600 (15 µg) 15 120 31–50 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 550 90 900 600 (15 µg) 15 120 51–70 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.7 400 2.4 550 90 900 600 (15 µg) 15 120 >70 1.2 1.3 16 30 5 1.7 400 2.4 550 90 900 800 (20 µg) 15 120 Females 9–13 0.9 0.9 12 20 4 1.0 300 1.8 375 45 600 600 (15 µg) 11 60 14–18 1.0 1.0 14 25 5 1.2 400 2.4 400 65 700 600 (15 µg) 15 75 19–30 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 425 75 700 600 (15 µg) 15 90 31–50 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.3 400 2.4 425 75 700 600 (15 µg) 15 90 51–70 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.5 400 2.4 425 75 700 600 (15 µg) 15 90 >70 1.1 1.1 14 30 5 1.5 400 2.4 425 75 700 800 (20 µg) 15 90 Pregnancy ≤18 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 80 750 600 (15 µg) 15 75 19–30 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 85 770 600 (15 µg) 15 90 31–50 1.4 1.4 18 30 6 1.9 600 2.6 450 85 770 600 (15 µg) 15 90 Lactation ≤18 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 115 1200 600 (15 µg) 19 75 19–30 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 120 1300 600 (15 µg) 19 90 31–50 1.4 1.6 17 35 7 2.0 500 2.8 550 120 1300 600 (15 µg) 19 90

NOTE: For all nutrients, values for infants are AI. a Niacin recommendations are expressed as niacin equivalents (NE), except for recommendations for infants younger than 6 months, which are expressed as preformed niacin. bFolate recommendations are expressed as dietary folate equivalents (DFE).

cVitamin A recommendations are expressed as retinol activity equivalents (RAE). d Vitamin D recommendations are expressed as cholecalciferol and assume an absence of adequate exposure to sunlight. eVitamin E recommendations are expressed as α-tocopherol.

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Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Vitamins

Age (yr)

Infants 0–0.5 120 180 400 200 100 30 0.27 2 110 15 200 0.003 0.01 0.2 2 0.5–1 370 570 700 260 275 75 11 3 130 20 220 0.6 0.5 5.5 3 Children 1–3 1000 1500 3000 700 460 80 7 3 90 20 340 1.2 0.7 11 17 4–8 1200 1900 3800 1000 500 130 10 5 90 30 440 1.5 1.0 15 22 Males 9–13 1500 2300 4500 1300 1250 240 8 8 120 40 700 1.9 2 25 34 14–18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 410 11 11 150 55 890 2.2 3 35 43 19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 400 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 35 45 31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 35 45 51–70 1300 2000 4700 1000 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 30 45 >70 1200 1800 4700 1200 700 420 8 11 150 55 900 2.3 4 30 45 Females 9–13 1500 2300 4500 1300 1250 240 8 8 120 40 700 1.6 2 21 34 14–18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 360 15 9 150 55 890 1.6 3 24 43 19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 310 18 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 25 45 31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 320 18 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 25 45 51–70 1300 2000 4700 1200 700 320 8 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 20 45 >70 1200 1800 4700 1200 700 320 8 8 150 55 900 1.8 3 20 45 Pregnancy ≤18 1500 2300 4700 1300 1250 400 27 12 220 60 1000 2.0 3 29 50 19–30 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 350 27 11 220 60 1000 2.0 3 30 50 31–50 1500 2300 4700 1000 700 360 27 11 220 60 1000 2.0 3 30 50 Lactation ≤18 1500 2300 5100 1300 1250 360 10 13 290 70 1300 2.6 3 44 50 19–30 1500 2300 5100 1000 700 310 9 12 290 70 1300 2.6 3 45 50 31–50 1500 2300 5100 1000 700 320 9 12 290 70 1300 2.6 3 45 50 NOTE: For all nutrients, values for infants are AI.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) and Adequate Intakes (AI) for Minerals

So di

um AI

( m

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( m

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Age (yr)

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202

C

Infants

0–0.5 — — — — — 600 1000 (25 µg) —

0.5–1 — — — — — 600 1500 (38 µg) —

Children

1–3 10 30 300 1000 400 600 2500 (63 µg) 200

4–8 15 40 400 1000 650 900 3000 (75 µg) 300

9–13 20 60 600 2000 1200 1700 4000 (100 µg) 600

Adolescents

14–18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 4000 (100 µg) 800

Adults

19–70 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 4000 (100 µg) 1000

>70 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 4000 (100 µg) 1000

Pregnancy

≤18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 4000 (100 µg) 800

19–50 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 4000 (100 µg) 1000

Lactation

≤18 30 80 800 3000 1800 2800 4000 (100 µg) 800

19–50 35 100 1000 3500 2000 3000 4000 (100 µg) 1000

Infants

0–0.5 — — 1000 — — 40 4 — 45 — — 0.7 — — — —

0.5–1 — — 1500 — — 40 5 — 60 — — 0.9 — — — —

Children

1–3 1500 2300 2500 3000 65 40 7 200 90 1000 2 1.3 300 3 0.2 —

4–8 1900 2900 2500 3000 110 40 12 300 150 3000 3 2.2 600 6 0.3 —

9–13 2200 3400 3000 4000 350 40 23 600 280 5000 6 10 1100 11 0.6 —

Adolescents

14–18 2300 3600 3000 4000 350 45 34 900 400 8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 —

Adults

19–50 2300 3600 2500 4000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 1.8

51–70 2300 3600 2000 4000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 1.8

>70 2300 3600 2000 3000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 1.8

Pregnancy

≤18 2300 3600 3000 3500 350 45 34 900 400 8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 —

19–50 2300 3600 2500 3500 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 —

Lactation

≤18 2300 3600 3000 4000 350 45 34 900 400 8000 9 10 1700 17 1.0 —

19–50 2300 3600 2500 4000 350 45 40 1100 400 10,000 11 10 2000 20 1.0 —

aThe UL for niacin and folate apply to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of the two. bThe UL for vitamin A applies to the preformed vitamin only.

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for Vitamins

dThe UL for magnesium applies to synthetic forms obtained from supplements or drugs only. NOTE: An Upper Limit was not established for vitamins and minerals not listed and for those age groups listed with a dash (—) because of a lack of data, not because these nutrients are safe to consume at any level of intake. All nutrients can have adverse effects when intakes are excessive.

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(m

g/ da

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(m g/

da y)

Fo la

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(µ g/

da y)

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(m g/

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(m g/

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Vi ta

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(µ g/

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(I U/

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(m g/

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(µ g/

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Se le

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(µ

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Co pp

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(µ g/

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M an

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Fl uo

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Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for Minerals

cThe UL for vitamin E applies to any form of supplemental α-tocopherol, fortified foods, or a combination of the two.

SOURCE: Adapted with permission from the Dietary Reference Intakes series, National Academies Press. Copyright 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2011 by the National Academies of Sciences.

Age (yr)

Age (yr)

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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202

ADVANCED NUTRITION AND HUMAN METABOLISM

SEVENTH EDITION

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202

ADVANCED NUTRITION AND HUMAN METABOLISM

SEVENTH EDITION

Sareen S. Gropper FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY

AUBURN UNIVERSITY (PROFESSOR EMERITUS)

Jack L. Smith UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE

Timothy P. Carr UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA-LINCOLN

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202

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Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-202