American yawp chapter 6 summary

History Reflective Questions

Formatting instructions. You must clearly identify which reflective question you are answering (for example: Lesson 1.1, Lesson 1.2, etc.) Each answer should be a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) that gives a balanced answer (provide both a "big picture" overview with specific, detailed historical facts and examples as supporting evidence).

Formatting instructions. You must clearly identify which reflective question you are answering (for example: Lesson 1.1, Lesson 1.2, etc.) Each answer should be a short paragraph (3-4 sentences) that gives a balanced answer (provide both a "big picture" overview with specific, detailed historical facts and examples as supporting evidence).

Reflective question for Lesson 1.1: How do the Redeemers (Southern white elites who were in power before the war) regain control? What are they "redeeming?" (American Yawp, Chapter 15)

Reflective Question for Lesson 1.2: Analyze the Indian policy of the US government. What promises had been made to the Indians? What promises were broken?( American Yawp, Chapter 17 - all)

Reflective Question for Lesson 1.3: Why does the People's Party organize? What is the platform of the party (Omaha Platform)?( American Yawp, Chapter 16, all)

Reflective Question for Lesson 1.4: What factors prevented large scale social, economic, and political change in the South?( American Yawp, Chapter 18, all)

Reflective Question for Case Study 1.1: Briefly describe the reasons for Geronimo's continued resistance to American authority as presented in the documentary.

Reflective Question for Case Study 1.2: The documentary over Carnegie discussed both positive and negative aspects of his actions as a business owner. You have also been introduced to the concept of Robber Baron v Captain of Industry in a previous lesson. What actions, as presented in the documentary, can be considered those of a robber baron (a more pejorative interpretation of actions)? What actions, as presented in the documentary, can be considered those of a captain of industry (a more positive interpretation)? How would you categorize Carnegie, is he more of a robber baron or captain of industry?

Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Prince of Steel

produced by Rick Davis, in Biography (New York, NY: A&E Television Networks, 1997), 44 mins

Reflective question for Lesson 2.1. Prompt: What are the key points (both for and against) in the domestic debate over having an empire?

This is your reflective question for Lesson 2.2. Prompt: How are minorities in the U.S. treated in the late 19th/early 20th centuries? Which groups are assimilated? Which are segregated? Why?( American Yawp, Chapter 20)

This is your reflective question for Lesson 2.3. Prompt: Why does the U.S. wish to remain neutral in WWI? Who is most opposed to the war? Why?( American Yawp, Chapter 21)

This is your reflective question for Case Study 2.1 Prompt: Whose tactics, Alice Paul's or Susan B Anthony's, do you think more important for the final push for ratification of the 19th Amendment?

ANDREW CARNEGIE PRINCE OF STEEL

NARRATOR On November 25th, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland , William Carnegie plied his trade on the handloom which filled the first floor of his humble stone bungalow. But his mind that day was not on making fine linen cloth. His wife, Margaret , was in labor in the other room of their home, a small attic. That night, she gave birth to their first child, a son they named Andrew . The child's father, William , was a fine craftsman who provided a comfortable home for his wife and son, but his business was devastated by the textilefactories. William Carnegie refused to seek work in the factories and the family suffered through the poverty caused by his pride. It was Andrew's mother, Margaret , who supplied the strength to keep the family together. From her example, Andrew learned the value of hard work at an early age. Even then while doing his chores, he showed contempt for things that stood in his way. One of his jobs was to fetch water from the town well. By custom, the townspeople put out their buckets to form a line the night before. But Andrewgot tired of watching late risers take their place in front of him. One morning, he simply kicked their buckets out of theway and took his place at the head of the line. No one stopped him. Going to school wasn't mandatory and Andrewdidn't start until he was eight. Most of his early education was learned at the feet of his father and uncles, George Lauder , who ran a grocery market, and Tom Morrison , a fiery public speaker whose working-class opinions about the wealthy antagonized powerful people. Young Andrew would learn there was a price to pay for his Uncle Tom Morrison'sconfrontations with political foes. From his bedroom window,Andrew could see the tree line of the beautiful PittencrieffEstate, which contained ruins from the historical legacy ofMary , Queen of Scots. Just once a year, the owner of the estate allowed the public to come in and stroll the grounds, with one exception. He barred anyone related to a Morrison . So Andrew was forced to stay outside while all of his playmates were allowed to go into the park. The pain of this annual event in his young life would forever color Carnegie'sattitudes about his personal right to freedom of expression and his belief in the equality of all men. By the winter of 1847, another kind of pain would threaten the Carnegie family, which now included his brother, Tom , born in 1843 . DespiteMargaret's valiant efforts, they faced a prospect of soup lines to survive. Against everyone's advice, she decided to uproot the family and immigrate to America , where she had relatives living in Pittsburgh . Twelve-year-old Andrew was afraid of leaving the only home he'd ever known. He would later write of his departure from Scotland , " I remember I stood with tearful eyes as my beloved Dunfermline vanished from view." Andrew had never seen the sea when they booked passage on the converted whaling ship, the Wiscasset, bound forAmerica . On May 17, 1848 , as the family boarded, a distraught Andrew had to be carried onto the ship by a sailor.On board, families were segregated by sex, and all thepassengers endured steerage conditions. Packed together and poorly fed, many were sick the entire 50-day journey toNew York . But Carnegie , as he would all his life, adapted.He learned everything he could about the ship and was quickly trusted by the sailors to help with their work. Soon, he was even a guest at their special Sunday dinners. As theyarrived at the New York docks, the family was met by a barrage of sales agents, hawking fares up the Hudson River through the Erie Canal. The sheer size of America was overwhelming. Margaret , who was nearly penniless, had no idea it was still so far to their final destination. She bargained hard for the cheapest tickets. Finally, after two months of hardship, the Carnegies arrived by paddlewheel steamer in Pittsburgh where they were met by relatives. They settled in aback alley house in the Allegheny slum known as Slabtown, and once again faced the battle to survive. Andrew was 13, and his schooldays were over. He got a job for a $1.20 a week in the isolated boiler room of a thread factory. He might have ended up in the dead end of child labor, but for the one thing that pursued Andrew all his life, luck. Playing a game in a tavern, an uncle happened to hear that the O'Reilly Telegraph was looking for a messenger. He mentioned it toAndrew , who got the job.

08:25JOSEPH WALL Biographer of Andrew Carnegie

JOSEPH WALL The first thing he did was learn every street in, in downtown Pittsburgh and every businessman in every house on the street. So he got the reputation of delivering the messages, the telegrams, faster than anybody else.

08:40NARRATOR Becoming a messenger expanded Andrew'sworld and his circle of friends. With other Scottish immigrants, he helped create the Webster Debate Society where he could hash over the burning issues of the day. And he found ways to use his lowly job. When the Pittsburgh Theater had a telegram, Andrew arranged to deliver it during the play. He persuaded the management to let him watch from the balcony. He memorized entire acts of Shakespeare ,which he could recite while playing all the parts. Between deliveries, Andrew hung around the telegraph office. He not only learned the Morse code, but his agile mind also mastered changing new technology, which he turned to his advantage.

09:30JOSEPH WALL When a telegraph message came in, it had to be put on a magnetic tape, and then the tape translated.Carnegie is probably the second person in the United Stateswho could get the message just by listening to the differences between the dits and the dots.

09:50NARRATOR Andrew was quickly promoted to full-timeoperator and then made responsible for receiving foreign news. He was so obsessed by the job that he got annoyed if the transmission broke down and had to be resent. He preferred to guess at the missing bits and fill in the details himself. Who knows how much of Pittsburgh's news sprang from the imagination of a 16-year-old? Andrew worked long hours. He had to. He had replaced his father as the family breadwinner. William was never able to adapt to his new life, and the family continued to suffer in poverty. In contrast, Andrew seemed to feed on the energy of his adopted country. He would walk five miles after work to learn double-entry bookkeeping. The only libraries that existed were private, but when one was opened to schoolchildren, Carnegie read anything he could get his hands on until one day, the privilege of using the library was taken away.

10:55KENNETH MILLER great grandson

KENNETH MILLER He couldn't use it because he was a working child instead of in school, and he immediately dashed off a letter to the newspaper, anonymously saying that he thought that it was the will of the donor that the library be opened to all of the children of Pittsburgh . And indeed, they opened the library. He found the power of the pen compelling, and from then on, he was never without a pen or indeed without a book.

11:25NARRATOR Andrew had fought for his love of learning and won. But as much as this victory thrilled him, he was witnessing a personal defeat that would mark him forever.Andrew's increased responsibilities required that he travel throughout Pennsylvania . He found himself working the same territory as his father, who chose to peddle his meager output of linens up and down the Allegheny River .

11:55JOSEPH WALL It was there one day that Andrew met his father. Andrew had a stateroom on the boat. His father with his packet of linens was sleeping out on the deck that night.And there's a poignant meeting of the two. Ah, here's a successful young boy, 18 years old, and here is a father, defeated by the modern world.

12:20NARRATOR Andrew loved his father but despised the failure he represented. On the other hand, Andrew revered his mother. She was demanding and tough, forging in her son an iron will to succeed.

12:35LINDA HILLS great granddaughter

LINDA HILLS Her role in molding his character should never be underestimated. Andrew himself was devoted to her in every respect, and he deeply loved his mother.

12:55NARRATOR But even this formidable mother-and-son team could not prevent the inevitable. Broken by years of failure,Will Carnegie died on October 2, 1855 , leaving Andrew as the source of support for his brother and mother. But Andrewwas not afraid of the future. One day, he came home and found his mother crying. When he asked her why, she told him the move to America had been a mistake.

13:20JOSEPH WALL And at that point, Ah, Andrew said, "Don't worry, Mother. Someday, I will get a carriage with fine horses and we'll ride down the street."

13:30NARRATOR Their hardship had bonded mother and son with a strength no one could come between. But Andrew wasn't earning the kind of money that makes such fairy tales come true. However, he was about to make a decision that would change his life forever. In the early 1850's , America was caught up in the excitement of expansionism. Railroads pushed Westward. Andrew saw that his adopted country was a land of opportunity. In 1882 , Pennsylvania Railroadexecutive Tom Scott offered Andrew a chance to leave the security of O'Reilly Telegraph to become his assistant. He took the risk, gambling that one day he could become a manager instead of an employee. Andrew realized he need to improve his social skills to excel in these new surroundings.

14:25KENNETH MILLER great grandson

KENNETH MILLER He formed a relationship with ah, a young woman in Pennsylvania to be trained in social graces which accounted later for his success at the, at the dinner table in the, in the homes in Pittsburgh .

14:40NARRATOR As Andrew honed his business skills at the Pennsylvania Railroad, the country was facing the problems which would lead to the Civil War. The issue, "Equality for all versus slavery." Carnegie hitched his political allegiance to a working-class politician from Illinois , Abraham Lincoln .

15:00KENNETH MILLER There was never any question in great grandfather's mind about the issue of slavery and abolition. He was a fierce abolitionist. And it was certainly consistent with every other aspect of, of his life. He believed in the, the uhm, genius of the human spirit and human mind.

15:25NARRATOR By 1859 , Andrew Carnegie had been promoted to the head of the Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He was 24 years old, well on his way to being an accomplished executive. But his boss, Tom Scott , was about to teach Andrew his most important lesson in business, how capitalism works. Scott would loan Andrew$600 to invest in Adams Express stock. To cover the collateral, Andrew's mother agreed to put up the only thing they had, their home. And while Carnegie's first dividend check was for $10, it was a revelation. He wrote, "The money was something I had not worked for with the sweat of my brow. Eureka, I cried. Here's the goose that lays the golden eggs." Using his dividends and whatever money he could squeeze from his railroad salary, Carnegie invested inbusinesses he knew, like the telegraph, or in companies associated with the railroad. He recognized that railroad expansion meant longer trips and correctly guessed thatpeople would want to use the new invention, the sleeping car. He thought the design was ingenious: the comfort of a fold-out bed at night, converting to a spacious lounge by day. Carnegie backed his belief with an investment in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company, a move which was the real beginning of the Carnegie fortune. He would later say, "The first considerable sum I ever made was from this source.Blessed be the man who invented sleep." As war threatened the country, Tom Scott , Andrew's mentor, asked him to joinPresident Lincoln's team of civilian advisors in Washington . Andrew was put in charge of telegraph communications for the first real battle of the Civil War, the Battle of Bull Run.

17:15JOSEPH WALL Biographer of Andrew Carnegie

JOSEPH WALL Andrew was riding along a train and saw that one place, Southern sympathizers had pulled the telegraph lines down and were holding them with a stake. Andrewleaped off the handcar, went over and pulled up the stake, and the telegraph wire came zooming up past his face and cutting across the cheek. He always claimed he was the firstah, casualty of the Battle of Bull Run .

17:45NARRATOR But it was the hundreds of other casualties from the battle that would mark him forever, leading to his later conviction that, "War must become as obsolete as cannibalism." After his war experience, Carnegie returned toPittsburgh and went back to work for the PennsylvaniaRailroad. But his passion was capitalism. In a series ofinvestments which often included his younger brother, Tom ,Carnegie began taking chances. He pulled off a merger with the Pullman Sleeping Car Company, being careful to negotiate controlling interest. He was always fascinated by new technology. So when an inventor showed him how wooden bridges could be replaced by ones made of iron, he became a partner in the Keystone Bridge Company, the first big step in what would become his passionate commitment to iron, and eventually, steel. By 1865 , Carnegie'sinvestments were so successful that he resigned from the Pennsylvania Railroad. It was the last salaried position he would ever hold. By 1867 , Andrew was doing so well that he and his mother moved to New York , a city he considered the center of the world. They moved into the luxurious St. Nicholas Hotel where Margaret could finally have her extravagant lifestyle. But Andrew hungered for a different kind of fulfillment. His business connections and substantial wealth certainly entitled him the membership in New York'selite society. But he wasn't interested in people or events which simply glorified money.

19:20JOSEPH WALL He liked to collect poets and essayists and, and novelists and scientists. Whereas, other men of great wealth like J. P. Morgan or Henry Clay Frick , ah, or theRockefellers were gathering art, Carnegie gathered intellectuals.

19:45NARRATOR Andrew began increasingly running hisbusinesses which were largely centered in Pittsburgh from afar. He sold bonds in the financial markets of England andFrance , selling an incredible $30 million worth in five years. But then he simply stopped selling bonds because he didn't like trading paper and speculating on the achievement of others. For Andrew , making the product was important just as it had been for his father. Even so, he was a very rich young man. In 1868 , when he was 33, Carnegie added up his investments and was astonished to find he had a guaranteed annual income of $50,000 in a time when a bottle of milk delivered to your doorstep cost a nickel. One late December night, in a note he wrote to himself, he debated the very personal question of whether he would continue making money or devote himself to the betterment of mankind. He resolved that by age 35, he would turn all his attentions to education, writing and philanthropy.

20:50KENNETH MILLER Nobody was watching over his shoulders certainly as he, as he wrote that letter. Ah, but in the end, he was able fairly quickly to put aside the notion that he would step out of business because he just felt the rush of the enterprise.

21:05NARRATOR He was consumed by it. By 1869 , when the last spike was driven in the new Transcontinental Railroad,Carnegie had begun a business strategy of vertical organization. He wanted ownership of the resources he needed, their delivery system and the final manufacture of the product. He'd always had a wide variety of investments, but vertical organization began to alter his business philosophy so much that one day, he would sum it up by saying, "Put all your eggs in one basket. And then watch that basket." Carnegie's basket would be woven of steel, and an1872 trip to England revealed how it would be made. Until then, steel was made in small crucibles and production was measured in pounds. The invention of a forced-air system known as the Bessemer Steel Process promised production measured in tons. Carnegie , as he did so often, saw thefuture in this technology and hired the people who could make the future his.

22:05KENNETH MILLER Great grandfather always said that if you took from him all of his railroads and all of his steel mills and all of his money and left him his people, that he could rebuild Carnegie Company in four years. I think he really believed that the people were always the key to his success, the, thegenius of the people he surrounded himself with.

22:35NARRATOR The managers Carnegie hired often worked for him all of their lives. They supervised wave after wave of newly arrived immigrants who paid the price of loyalty with their backbreaking work. In just 24 years, Carnegie himself, once an exploited victim of child labor, now commanded thousands of low-paid employees within the growing empire of Carnegie Steel. He insisted on plowing money back intoexpansion, pressuring his junior partners into giving up their profits for the sake of growth. He was ferocious about cutting costs, and yet, any innovation to improve production was immediately installed.

23:20JOSEPH WALL He built a magnificent new blast furnace. It cost several million dollars. Andrew said, "Isn't this a miracle? Isn't this wonderful?" And his Chief Superintendent,Charlie Schwab , said, "Oh, it's a fine blast furnace. But if I had known what I know now, I would have built it differently and I could have saved 1/10 of one cent on every ton of steel we make." And Andrew calculated quickly in his mind the amount, number of tons of steel they were making, he said, "Tear it down. We'll build it the way it should have been built."

24:00NARRATOR In just over 30 years, Carnegie had risen from a penniless immigrant to become a captain of industry. Only5'3", this charming bachelor nevertheless towered over New York's thriving social scene. A true optimist, Carnegie would often sign off his correspondence with the phrase, " All is well since all grows better." But in 1880 , Andrew came upagainst the force that he had never before encountered in his life. In the spring of 1880 , life for 44-year-old AndrewCarnegie was a far cry from the poverty of his youth. He was now a multimillionaire who owned a string of fine horses. He was fond of riding in Central Park where he was often accompanied by well-bred young women. But then, he found himself increasingly asking just one woman, Louise Whitfield, to be his companion. Of his first great love, he would write, "Other young ladies were on my list. In the end, the others faded into ordinary beings as Whitfield remained alone as the perfect one beyond any I had met."

25:05BARBARA LAWSON grandaughter

BARBARA LAWSON Grandma and Grandpa did many things together, but because he had promised his mother,Margaret Morrison Carnegie , not to marry in, in her lifetime. They did, they just had the friendship and kept it that way, although they talked about, and they were engaged off and on once in a while, but it was never let, it was never, it was secret. It was kept secret.

25:35NARRATOR In 1881 , Andrew planned the coach trip throughBritain that was to be the fulfillment of the moment in a splendid coach, pulled by fine horses that Andrew had promised his mother so many years ago in the desperation of the Pittsburgh slums. The highlight of the trip was a triumphant return to Scotland and the gift of his first library, a heartfelt gesture to his beloved hometown.

25:55ERIC SIMPSON Scottish historian

ERIC SIMPSON As a coach came up the hill, they stopped for a time at the small cottage where Carnegie had, had been born, and Andrew Carnegie's eyes of course filled with tears. And then it continued up into the high street where the cheering crowds come out along to see and welcome this ah, generous Scottish American.

26:20NARRATOR But back in America , the mid- 1880s became extremely difficult. Andrew's on and off relationship withLouise deteriorated. There were business problems. The staple of his company, manufacturing and selling rails, slowed dramatically as the railroad expansion drew to aclose. 1886 was the darkest time of Carnegie's life. First, his brother fell ill in Pittsburgh . Over the years, Tom had not responded well to the constant pressure Andrew applied to his business and he had taken increasingly to drinking. Then his mother, Margaret , developed pneumonia and was house bound. Within days of each other, Tom and Margaret died.

27:00KENNETH MILLER great grandson

KENNETH MILLER : Tom and Andrew's mother's death hit him very hard. He was sick himself at the time. He almost died. Ah, he took months to recuperate.

27:15NARRATOR Eventually, Andrew poured himself back into his work. Although he felt the loss of his mother, he was also free of his vow not to marry until she had passed away. Finally, after seven years of courtship, 51-year-old Andrew married 29- year-old Louise .

27:35BARBARA LAWSON I think it was a marriage born inheaven. Her beliefs were the same as his, their standards were the same. Their goals were the same. And she just helped him go where he wanted to go because she also wanted him to go there.

27:50NARRATOR She also shared one of his strongest beliefs: that money should not be left to family. Instead in this rare recording of his own voice, he speaks of his responsibility toward the less fortunate.

28:05ANDREW CARNEGIE "The man of wealth, thus becoming the newest trustee and agent for his poorer brethren, is bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience and ability to administer."

28:20NARRATOR But Carnegie's lofty thoughts about dispensing his wealth were little comfort to the men, women and children whose work created that wealth. Their inheritancewas a struggle to survive on $2.50 daily wages with no pensions or benefits. Their perceptions of Andrew Carnegiewere forged by the 12-hour days, seven days a week that were the rule in plants owned by their boss and his industrial partners like Henry Frick .

28:50GEORGE DEBOLT grandson of steelworker

GEORGE DEBOLT You'd see men with no hands, men missing arms, um, missing legs. What's even more pathetic is you would 'd see kids because you could work in the mill as a, as a 12 year-old. Carnegie knew what the conditions were like in the mills. He had visited the mills -- he'd been inHomestead -- and so did Frick , and they knew what was going on and let it continue because it simply increased their profits.

29:20NARRATOR Finally, in 1889 , at the Bessemer steel plant inHomestead, Pennsylvania , labor fought back with the only weapon they've had, a strike. But management had all the power, and an agreement was hammered out fairly easily byCarnegie's major partner, Henry Clay Frick .

29:35GEORGE DEBOLT And you know if you didn't like the job, they'd shove you because there were literally thousands of other people wanting to get jobs in Homestead works.

29:45NARRATOR For years, Carnegie had managed his holdings without having to be there. But perhaps, with his brother,Tom , now gone, too much power was resting with his junior partners. In Carnegie's absence, Henry Frick was running the company. In 1892 , the labor agreement was up, and workers throughout the industry wondered if the union would stand up for their rights. The press picked up on the story, little suspecting they'd soon be using words like murder, treason and tragedy to describe events at Homestead .

30:15JOSEPH WALL Biographer of Andrew Carnegie

JOSEPH WALL Carnegie , when he left for Scotland in the spring 1892 , left orders with Frick to ah, break the union. The difficulty in understanding what really happened between ah, Carnegie and Frick and who is chiefly responsible for the tragedy of Homestead , is that Carnegie said, "Use anymethods you need to break the union. We will back you."

30:50NARRATOR Carnegie's understanding was that they would simply close the plant until the workers caved in. Frick took a more aggressive approach in plans that he did not cable toCarnegie . Frick built a fence around the Homestead plant and topped it with wire. At the end of June, he shut down the plant as he'd been instructed but he also contracted to hire 300 private Pinkerton guards. It would be needed to keep order if he brought in scab workers. Years before, Carnegiehad published his thoughts on the rights of labor, he was proud of his working class roots and he had written that workers had the right to form trade associations just as employers did. He also wrote about scab labor, that no one should take his neighbor's job. Now, his words were being taunted as lies, and his proud name was about to be linkedforever with one of the darkest moments in the history of US labor.

31:45NARRATOR By late June of 1892 , the labor trouble at Homestead had reached the boiling point. Carnegie , vacationed in Scotland while negotiations with the union broke down. A fence topped with barbed wire stood between the workers and their jobs. On July 1st, Henry Frick closed the Homestead plant, and then Frick made a fateful decision. He contacted the Pinkerton Detective Agency. In the early morning darkness of July 6, 300 Pinkerton guards were secretly floating on barges down the Monongahela River. They've been hired to occupy the plant, and their plan was to slip ashore at the Homestead landing.

32:25GEORGE DEBOLT grandson of steelworker

GEORGE DEBOLT My grandfather, George Debolt , was one of the strikers. And of course, on July the 6th, he was much more than a striker. He was a defender of his job but also his family, his nine-month pregnant wife, um, his future son, their community and their way of life.

32:50NARRATOR The Pinkerton boats were spotted passing under a bridge. An angry mob met them at the dock. Shots were fired. A Homesteader was killed. After 12 hours of fighting, the Pinkertons were trapped on a burning barge.They begged to surrender and were led toward jail.

33:10GEORGE DEBOLT They had to walk a gauntlet of not just steelworkers, but their wives, their children. They were furious and ah, proceeded to attack these Pinkertons. And the three other Pinkertons got killed ah, during this running of the gauntlet. And ah, all of the Pinkerton detectives were injured in some way.

33:40NARRATOR The state militia was called in. Before it was over 10 people had died. Union leaders were rounded up, including George Debolt , who was charged with treason and murder.

33:50GEORGE DEBOLT He was thrown into jail, tried, acquitted by a sympathetic jury but blackballed from ever working in the mill.

33:55NARRATOR Other strikers met the same fate as Debolt . Before the end of July, the plant reopened. New unskilled workers were hired at lower wages to replace former employees. Given no choice, many former strikers broke ranks with their union, trying to get their jobs back. Carnegie Steel seized the chance to break the union completely. Company spies were everywhere.

34:20JOSEPH WALL Biographer of Andrew Carnegie

JOSEPH WALL That was probably the most dreadful place in America , a place of terror and fear.

34:30NARRATOR Carnegie returned to Pittsburgh . He was appalled by the violence and the deaths. No one knows how much Frick told him by Transatlantic Cable, but Carnegienever trusted Frick again. Carnegie tried to make amends by providing community facilities.

34:45GEORGE DEBOLT I think that Andrew Carnegie , made the library in Homestead so magnificent because he felt guilty. He felt guilty as hell that men were killed ah, and that so many people were injured. And this was his way of attempting to maybe make peace with the community.

35:10NARRATOR But the damage was forever done. The gloryCarnegie so enjoyed in becoming a public figure now turned against him. Cartoons of the day turned his words of tribute to labor into cruel jokes as they ridiculed him.

35:25KENNETH MILLER great grandson

KENNETH MILLER The most important business failure of his life and that haunted him throughout his life was of course, the events at Homestead . The, I mean you can't, and he was the boss. So I mean you can't absolve him of all of the, all of the blame.

35:40NARRATOR However, the bottom line was that Carnegiewon and labor costs were cut further. Profits increased dramatically. Carnegie's holdings became mind boggling. When massive iron ore deposits were discovered inMinnesota , Carnegie leased them. Rail and shipping lines were needed to get that ore to Pittsburgh . Carnegiecontrolled them. When armor plating was needed as thecountry decided to equip a standing army, Carnegie , a pacifist, was also a pragmatist. He invested. Carnegie Steel's products were used in building the greatest landmarks of the time: the Brooklyn Bridge, New York skyscrapers, the Washington Monument. The numbers were incredible. The Carnegie Company, which was supposedly valued at 25 million, was returning yearly profits over 20 million. But all this would pale beside events in his personal life.

36:35LINDA HILLS great grandaughter

LINDA HILLS A dear friend of my great grandfather's hadlost his wife in childbirth. And that was not uncommon, andtherefore, he did not want to risk losing his beloved Louise .And so they did not have children. But she contracted typhoid fever and was extremely ill, and during this time, she took a pillow and cradled it and rocked it, and it was like she had a baby. And her doctor said to my great grandfather that should she survive this fever, that she must be allowed to have a child.

37:15NARRATOR And so on March 30th, 1897 , Carnegie became a father at age 62. Louise named their daughter Margaretafter Andrew's mother. Andrew wanted a special place for his new family to call home, and he found it in the ruins of SkiboCastle in Northern Scotland . Carnegie's renovation providedunheard of comforts like central heating. He hired local contractors to restore the stone walls and had stained glass windows. When he was done, life at Skibo was like stepping into a fairy tale.

37:50BARBARA LAWSON grandaughter

BARBARA LAWSON Coming to Skibo, there would be a piperon the circular lawn in front of the house. And the castle itself ah, was extraordinarily beautiful um, but very homey.Ah, at night, the piper would come and pipe everyone into dinner. And grandma and grandpa, they paired up with their guests and led everyone in ah, to the dining hall.

38:20NARRATOR A frequent visitor to Skibo, King Edward VII ofEngland , once offered to honor Carnegie by making him a knight. Andrew's reply was, "Why would I want to be a knight when I'm already the Prince of Steel?" And in fact, entrepreneurs like Rockefeller and Carnegie had taken on the luster of American royalty. But they were still ruthless men. The 1800s were about to end. Whether they should be known as robber barons or industrial statesmen, the empire builders who had shaped the country's destiny prepared for the battles of the 20th century. But soon, the Prince of steel would stand alone. He was about to make the most profound decision of his life. Turn-of-the-century New York was alive with the possibilities of horseless carriages, mass production and the standard of living unprecedented in history. Carnegiewas involved in a bitter dispute with Henry Frick over buying out Frick's shares. The battle threatened the stability of the company. As a solution, one of Carnegie's partners, Charles Schwab , secretly met with financier J. P. Morgan and suggested the unthinkable, selling the Carnegie holdings.When Morgan expressed interest, Schwab worked up the courage to approach Carnegie .