Array division word problems

Chapter 8MorphologyInvestigatingtheforms in languageisgenerally known as morphology. Thisterm, which literally means'the study of forms', was originally used in biology, but. since the middle of the nineteenth century, has also been used to describe that type of investigation which 'analyzes all those basic'elements' which are used in a languageMorphemesWe do not actually have to go to other languages such as Swahili to discover that 'word-forms' may consist of a number of elements. We can recognize that English word-forms such as talks, talker, talked and talking must consist of one element talkand a number of other elements such as -s, -er, -ed, and -ing. All these elements are described as morphemes.The definition of a morpheme is "a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function". Let's clarify this definition with some examples. We would say that the word reopened in the sentence The police reopened the investigationconsists of three morphemes:one minimal unit of meaning is open,another minimal unit of meaning is re-(meaning 'again'), and a minimal unit of grammatical function is -ed(indicating past tense).The word tourists also contains three morphemes : one minimal unit of meaning, tour,another minimal unit of meaning -ist(meaning 'person who does something'), and a minimal unit of grammatical function -s(indicating plural).Freeand bound morphemesFrom these two examples, we can make a broad distinction between two types of morphemes. There are free morphemes,that is, morphemes which can stand by themselves as single words, (e.g. open and tour). There are also bound morphemes,that is. those which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form. (e.g. re-, -ist, -ed, -s). You will recognize this last set as a group of affixes. So. all affixes in English are bound morphemes. The free morphemes can be generally considered as the set of separate English word-forms. When they are used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem.For example:carelessnesscure-less-nessstemsuffixsuffix(free)(bound)(bound)undressedun-dress -edprefix stem suffix(bound) (free) (bound)There are a number of English words in which the element which seems to be the 'stem' is not,in fact, a free morpheme. In words like receive, reduceand
repeat,we can recognize the bound morpheme re-,but the elements -ceive,-duce and -peatare clearly not free morphemes. There is still some disagreement over the proper characterization of these elements and you may encounter a variety of technical terns used to describe them. It may help to work with a simple distinction between those forms like-cive and –duceas 'bound stems' and other formslike dress and cureas 'free stems.'Free morphemesWhat we have described as free morphemes fall into two categories.The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the 'content' of messages we convey. These free morphemes are called lexical morphemesand some examples are: man, house, tiger, sad,long, yellow, sincere, open, look, follow, break.We can add new lexical morphemes to the language rather easily, so they are treated as an 'open' class of words.The other group of free morphemes are called functional morphemes.Examples are: and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that.This set consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. Because we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are described as a 'closed' set of words.Bound morphemesThe set of affixes which fall into the 'bound' category can also be divided into two types. One type is the derivational morphemes,which are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.Thus, the addition of the derivational morpheme -nesschanges the adjective goodto the noun goodness.The noun care can become the adjectives careful orcareless via the derivational morphemes -fnlor -less. A list of derivational morphemes will include suffixes such as the -ishin foolish, the-lyin badlyand the -mentin pavement.It will also include prefixes such as re-., co-, un-and many more.The second setof bound morphemes contains what are called inflectional morpheme, which are not used to produce new words in the English language,hut rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tease or not,and if it is a comparative or possessive form. English has eight inflectional morphemes.Two of the inflections, -'s(possessive) and -s(plural) are attached to nouns. There are four attached to verbs, -s(third person present singular),-ing(present participle), -ed(past tense) and -en(past participle). There are two inflections, -est(superlative) and -er(comparative) attached to adjectives. Note that, in English, all inflectional morphemes listed here are suffixes.+Noun:-'s, -s.+Verb:-s, -ing, -ed, -en.+Adjective: -est, -er.There is some variation in the form of these inflectional morphemes, with, for example, the possessive sometimes occurring as -s'(those boys' books) and the past participle as -ed(they have finished).