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CI: Recommend a pulmonary rehabilitation program Rationale: Pulmonary rehabilitation can lower exertional dyspnea and perceived intensity of breathlessness (Ackley et al., 2016)

CI: Collaborate with a respiratory therapist for cough control and improved breathing Rationale: This will help improve or maintain oxygenation in the patient (Boon, 2018)

CI: Supervise oxygen (O2) at 2 L/min through nasal cannula as ordered. Instruct the patient and kin not to increase the O2 level Rationale: Oxygen therapy is used to treat hypoxia and is prescribed for chronic and acute breathing problems (Rees, 2017). However, a sudden increase in the O2 level can lead to respiratory failure (Linton, 2015)

Expected Outcomes

The vital signs of the patient will show normal fluctuation during physical activity, which is a measure of activity tolerance (LeMone et al., 2015)

CONCEPT MAP 3

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Introduction

This paper presents an evidence-based concept map that illustrates a nursing care plan to achieve high-quality outcomes for a

patient experiencing SOB and difficulty breathing. The concept map contains urgent diagnoses, possible nursing interventions, and

opportunities for interprofessional collaboration as well as rationales and possible high-quality outcomes. The narrative justifies the

value and relevance of the evidence used in the concept map and provides additional evidence, conflicting data, and the scope of

interprofessional collaborations in achieving high-quality outcomes.

Additional Evidence

Jane Doe is a 72-year-old female experiencing SOB and difficulty breathing. The suspected diagnoses are based on the

patient’s medical history and physical examination. The evidence used in the concept map is a combination of subjective (patient-

reported distress) and objective (symptoms or characteristics related to a condition observed in the patient) data obtained after an

investigation. Doe also suffered from emphysema in the past. Fatigue, SOB, edema, and wheezing are common symptoms of COPD.

The diagnoses in the concept map are related to various conditions related to COPD such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. This

evidence suggests that the client’s current distress could be related to COPD. However, symptoms such as wheezing, edema, SOB,

and fatigue can also be observed in a person suffering from congestive heart failure (LeMone et al., 2015). Even though COPD and

congestive heart failure have several risk factors and symptoms in common, the causes and treatments are different.

Interprofessional Strategies

An interprofessional collaboration between health care professionals, patients, and their caregivers is required for high-quality

outcomes. Successful collaborations require positive reinforcement and mutual feedback in an objective and non-discriminatory

setting (Amalakuhan & Adams, 2015). COPD will benefit from a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological

interventions guided by an interprofessional collaborative practice. The concept map clearly identifies interventions that can be

performed independently and those that need interprofessional collaboration. For instance, it is necessary to collaborate with a

respiratory therapist to teach and assist a patient in coughing effectively. Similarly, referring the patient to a pulmonary rehabilitation

program can help lower exertional dyspnea and the perceived intensity of breathlessness. The concept map also facilitates

communication in an interprofessional team by identifying the types of nursing interventions required, thereby preventing conflict.

Health care professionals must collaborate with caregivers and COPD patients to achieve high-quality outcomes. This

collaboration should effectively optimize non-pharmacological interventions such as providing smoking cessation counseling for

patients who find it difficult to quit the habit, promoting pulmonary rehabilitation programs, and administering appropriate

vaccinations. Interprofessional collaborations should also focus on helping patients gradually incorporate more physical activity into

their lifestyles and managing comorbidities common in COPD in addition to the interventions discussed in the concept map. Health

care professionals, caregivers, and COPD patients must work together to deliver the prescribed pharmacotherapy (Amalakuhan &

Adams, 2015).

Value and Relevance of Evidence

An evidence-based concept map with interprofessional strategies allows health care professionals to collaborate and analyze

patient data as well as think critically (Aein & Aliakbari, 2017). According to Cook, Dover, Dickson, and Colton, concept map