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5. Project Planning and Critical Path Methods 6. Tools to Assess Forces That Influence Outcomes and Stakeholders 7. Leverage Analysis 8. Operation Management Tools

Working the Plan Ethically and Adaptively Developing a Communication Plan Timing and Focus of Communications Key Principles in Communicating for Change Influence Strategies

Transition Management Summary Key Terms Checklist: Developing an Action Plan End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 10: Measuring Change: Designing Effective Control Systems Selecting and Deploying Measures

Focus on Key Factors Use Measures That Lead to Challenging but Achievable Goals Use Measures and Controls That Are Perceived as Fair and Appropriate Avoid Sending Mixed Signals Ensure Accurate Data Match the Precision of the Measure With the Ability to Measure

Control Systems and Change Management Controls During Design and Early Stages of the Change Project Controls in the Middle of the Change Project Controls Toward the End of the Change Project

Other Measurement Tools Strategy Maps The Balanced Scorecard Risk Exposure Calculator The DICE Model

Summary Key Terms Checklist: Creating a Balanced Scorecard End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 11: Summary Thoughts on Organizational Change Putting the Change Path Model Into Practice Future Organizations and Their Impact Becoming an Organizational Change Agent: Specialists and Generalists Paradoxes in Organizational Change Orienting Yourself to Organizational Change Summary End-of-Chapter Exercises

Case Studies Case Study 1: Building Community at Terra Nova Consulting Case Study 2: Food Banks Canada: Revisiting Strategy 2012

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Case Study 3: “Not an Option to Even Consider:” Contending With the Pressures to Compromise Case Study 4: Diego Curtiz at Highland State University Case Study 5: Ellen Zane—Leading Change at Tufts/NEMC Case Study 6: Ellen Zane at Tufts Medical Center: Spring 2011

Notes Index About the Authors

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Preface

Since the publishing of the second edition of this text, the world has continued to churn in very challenging ways. Uneven and shifting global patterns of growth, sluggish Western economies, continuing fallout from the financial crisis, stubbornly high unemployment levels in much of the world, and heightened global uncertainty in matters related to health, safety, and security define the terrain. Their consequences continue to unfold. The massive credit crisis was followed by unprecedented worldwide government stimulus spending, followed by sovereign debt crises, followed by . . . ??? Wars and insurrections in parts of Africa, the Ukraine, and much of the Middle East; deteriorating international relationships involving major powers; fears of global pandemics (Ebola and MERS); and the rise of ISIS and Boko Haram and their unprecedented inhumanity have shaken all organizations, big or small, public or private. They have also made us, your authors, much more aware of the extreme influence of the external environment on the internal workings of an organization. As we point out in our book, even the smallest of firms have to adapt when banks refuse them normal credit, and even the largest and most successful of firms have to learn how to adapt when disruptive technologies or rapid social and political changes alter their realities.

Our models have always included and often started with events external to the organization. We have always argued that change leaders need to scan their environments and be aware of trends and crises in those environments. The events of the past two years have reinforced our sense of this even more. Managers must be sensitive to what happens around them, know how to make sense of this, and then have the skills and abilities that will allow them to both react effectively to the internal and external challenges and remain constant in their visions and dreams of how to make their organizations and the world a better place to live.

A corollary of this is that organizations need a response capability that is unprecedented, because we’re playing on a global stage of increasing complexity and uncertainty. If you are a bank, you need a capital ratio that would have been unprecedented a few years ago. If you are a major organization, you need to build in flexibility into your structures, policies, and plans. If you are a public sector organization, you need to be sensitive to how capricious granting agencies or funders will be when revenues dry up. In today’s world, organizational resilience and adaptability gain new prominence.

Further, we are faced with a continuing reality that change is endemic. All managers are change managers. All good managers are change leaders. The management job involves creating, anticipating, encouraging, engaging others, and responding positively to change. This has been a theme of this book which continues. Change management is for everyone. Change management emerges from the bottom and middle of the organization as much as from the top. It will be those key leaders who are embedded in the organization who will enable the needed adaptation of the organization to its environment. M iddle managers need to be key change leaders.

In addition to the above, we have used feedback on the second edition to strengthen the pragmatic orientation that we had developed. The major themes of action orientation, analysis tied with doing, the management of a nonlinear world, and the bridging of the “Knowing–Doing” gap continue to be central. At the same time, we have tried to shift to a more user-friendly, action perspective. To make the material more accessible to a diversity of readers, some theoretical material has been altered, some of our models have been clarified and simplified, and some of our language and formatting has been modified.

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As we stated in the preface to the first edition, our motivation for this book was to fill a gap we saw in the marketplace. Our challenge was to develop a book that not only gave prescriptive advice, “how-to-do-it lists,” but one that also provided up-to-date theory without getting sidetracked by academic theoretical complexities. We hope that we have captured the management experience with change so that our manuscript assists all those who must deal with change, not just senior executives or organizational development specialists. Although there is much in this book for the senior executive and organizational development specialist, our intent was to create a book that would be valuable to a broad cross section of the workforce.

Our personal beliefs form the basis for the book. Even as academics, we have a bias for action. We believe that “doing is healthy.” Taking action creates influence and demands responses from others. While we believe in the need for excellent analysis, we know that action itself provides opportunities for feedback and learning that can improve the action. Finally, we have a strong belief in the worth of people. In particular, we believe that one of the greatest sources of improvement is the untapped potential to be found in the people of the organization.

We recognize that this book is not an easy read. It is not meant to be. It is meant as a serious text for those involved in change—that is, all managers! We hope you find it a book that you will want to keep and pull from your shelf in the years ahead, when you need to lead change and you want help thinking it through.

Your authors,