Give me liberty 5th edition volume 2 pdf

A N A M E R I C A N H I S T O R Y

G I V E M E L I B E RT Y !

W . W . N O R T O N & C O M P A N Y

N E W Y O R K . L O N D O N

★ E R I C F O N E R ★

Bn

SEAGULL FIFTH EDITION

Volume 2: From 1865

Victoria

Vancouver

Spokane Tacoma

Seattle

Olympia

Eugene

Salem

Portland

Salinas

Reno

Fresno

Oakland

Sacramento

San Francisco

San Jose

Carson City

Tijuana

Bakersfield

Escondido

Lancaster

Oceanside

Oxnard Pasadena

Long Beach Los Angeles

San Diego

Las Vegas

Tucson

Phoenix

Salt Lake City

Boise

Helena

Calgary

Regina

Saskatoon

Winnipeg

Bismarck

Sioux Falls

Pierre

Lincoln

Omaha

Pueblo

Colorado Springs

Denver

Cheyenne

Albuquerque

El Paso Ciudad Juárez

Santa Fe

MatamorosMonterrey

Nuevo Laredo

Brownsville

Laredo Corpus Christi

Austin

San Antonio Houston

Abilene

Beaumont

Lubbock

Waco

Fort Worth Dallas

Amarillo

Baton Rouge

Lafayette

Shreveport Jackson

New Orleans

Little Rock

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Tulsa

Kansas City Topeka Independence

Jefferson City

Springfield

St. Louis

Peoria

Springfield

Cedar Rapids

Des Moines

Madison Milwaukee

Chicago

Gary

Minneapolis St. Paul

Green Bay

Lansing

Fort Wayne

Toledo

Detroit

Toronto

Akron

Erie

Buffalo

Cleveland

Cincinnati Indianapolis

Columbus

Lexington Louisville Frankfort

Mobile

Montgomery

Birmingham

Columbus

Macon

Atlanta

Miami Fort Lauderdale

Tampa

Orlando

Tallahassee Jacksonville

Savannah

Columbia

Charlotte

Raleigh

Chattanooga

Knoxville

Memphis

Nashville

Norfolk

Richmond Charleston

Washington, D.C.

Baltimore Annapolis

Dover

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia Harrisburg

Trenton

Ottawa Montréal

Albany

Concord

Montpelier

Hartford New Haven

Providence

Newark

Boston

New York

Québec

Fredericton

Augusta

Nassau

Santa Barbara

Monterey

Walla Walla

Coeur d'Alene

Pocatello

Idaho Falls Jackson

St. George

Moab

Flagstaff

Missoula

Billings

Casper

Laramie

Steamboat Springs

Glenwood Springs

Odessa

Galveston

Huron

Williston

Fargo

International Falls

Duluth

Oshkosh

Sault Ste. Marie

Traverse City

Port Huron

Sioux City

Hannibal

Jonesboro

Texarkana

Natchitoches

Biloxi

Tupelo

Pensacola

Key West

Charleston

Wilmington

Asheville

Roanoke

Atlantic City

Watertown

Burlington

Portland

Bangor

Mulege

Hermosillo

Anchorage

Fairbanks

Juneau

Hilo

Honolulu

San Juan

WASHINGTON

OREGON

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

ARIZONA

UTAH

COLORADO

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

IOWA NEBRASKA

KANSAS

WISCONSIN

MICHIGAN

INDIANAILLINOIS

MISSOURI

KENTUCKY

OHIO

NEW YORK

CONNECTICUTPENNSYLVANIA

MARYLANDWEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA

NEW JERSEY

DELAWARE

VT

MAINE

NH

MASS.

RHODE ISLAND

NEW MEXICO

OKLAHOMA

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

ARKANSAS

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

ALASKA

HAWAII

PUERTO RICO

CANADA

MEXICO

CANADA

BAHAMAS

C A

S C

A D

E

R A

N G

E

C O

A S

T

R A

N G

E S

S

I E

R R

A

N E

V A

D A

Death Valley MOJAVE

DESERT

SONORAN

DESERT

G R E A T

B A S I N

Great Salt Lake

Desert

C O L O R A D O

P L AT E A U

C O

L U

M B

I A

P

L

A T

E A

U

B i

t t

e r

r o

o t

B lack Hil ls

G R

E A

T

P L

A I

N S

R O

C K

Y

M O

U N

T A

I N

S

E d w a r d s

P l a t e a u C

O

A S

T A L

P

L

A

I N

C E N T R A L L O W L A N D

U p p e r P e n i n

s u l a

L o w e r P e n

i n s u

l a

O

z a

r k P

l a t e a

u

H i

g h

P

l a

i n

s

L l a n o

E s t a c a d o

Okefeno kee Swamp

F l o r i d

a Ke

ys

G reat Dismal Swamp

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

M

O U

N T

A I

N S

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

P

L A

T E

A U

Great Smoky Mountains

P I

E D

M O

N T

Ad i ro ndack M o unt a ins

Whi t e M t ns

Cape Co d

Lo ng I s land

Cape Canavera l

Cape Hat t eras

Cape Lo o ko ut

Cape Fear

Cape Sab le

Cape San B las

Channe l I s lands

Po int Concept ion

Po int Reyes

Cape Mendoc ino

Cape B lanco

Cape Disappo intment

Cape F lat te ry

Vancouver I s land

C A

N A

D I A N S

H I

E

L D

Niagara Fa l l s

L A

U R

E N

T I

D E

S

C A

R P

S

I E R

R A

M A

D R

E O

C C

I D E

N T

A L

S I E R

R A

M A

D R E O

R I E N TA L

B A

J A

C

A L

I F

O R

N I

A

I s l e Roya le

The Ev e rg lade sQueen

Charlotte Islands

Alexander Archipelago

A l a s k a

P e n

i n

s u l a

A L A

S K A R

A N G E

B R O O K S R A N G E

N o r t h S l o p e

Seward Pen insu l a

Ku sk

ok w

im M

ou nt

a i

ns

St . E l ias Mounta ins Kena i

Pen insu la

Kod iak I s land

St . La w r ence

I s la nd

Nun iva k I s land

Aleu t ian

I s lan d s

Hawaii

Maui

Molokai

Oahu

Kauai Nihau

Lanai

Kahoolawe

Mauna Kea

Mauna Loa

+

+

St. Croix

St. Thomas

St. John

Tortola

U.S. Virgin Islands

Colum bia R.

Sa cr

a m

en to

R .

G re

en R

.

C ol

ora do

R.

Platte R .

Lo up R.

N. Platte R.

S. P l a tte

R.

K la

math R.

W il la

m ette R

.

Salm o

n R.

C ol

um b

ia R

.

K ooten

a y

R .

M iss

our i R.

Milk R.

Yell owston e R

.

B ig

h orn

R .

O

wyhee R .

Snake R .

Snake R.

S. S

as katchewan R.

B ow

R . Qu'Appe lle R.

Sou ris R

. A

s s i n iboine R.

Li tt

le M

is so

u ri

R . Ja

m es R

.

Chey enne

R.

Be lle

Fo ur

ch e

R.

Niobrara R.

Georgian Ba y

Osage R .

M issou

ri R .

Des M oines R.

R ed

R . o f th

e N orth

M innesota R.

Mississippi R .

W isc

onsin

R .

Il

lin ois R.

W

ab

ash R.

C um

ber land R.

Ohio R.

O h

io R

.

St . L

aw re

nc e R

.

Ottawa R.

H u

d son

R .

C on

n ec t i cu

t R .

D elaw

are R .

St. John R

.

K e

n nebec R .

Penob scot R .

Al ba

ny R

.

M is

si na

ibi R.

Kansa

s R.

O uachita R

.

Red R.

W hit e R.

Arka

n s as R.

Can a d i a n R

.

M is

si ss

ip pi

R .

T om

bigb e e R

.

A la

ba m

a R.

Te nn

e s

se e

R .

R o anoke R .

Savannah R .

P e e D

ee R

.

A ltam aha R.

C ha

tt a

ho oc

he e

R .

S t. Joh

n ' s R .

R io

G ra

nd e

P ec

os R

.

R io G

rande

C olorado R .

Brazos R . Sabine R.

S a

n Joaqu

in

R .

G ila R .

Little C olorado R.

Yuk o n R

.

Lake Superior

L a

ke M

ic h

ig an

Lake H uron

La ke

Er ie

Lak e On

tari o

Lake Mead

Lake Tahoe

Great Salt Lake

Lake Powell

Lake of the Woods

Lake Winnebago

Lake St. Clair

Lake of the Ozarks

Lake Champlain

Monterey Bay

James Bay

Lake Pontchartrain

Lake Okeechobee

Salton Sea

Iliamna Lake

Gulf of Mexico

G ul

f o f S

t. La

wr ence

G u

lf o

f M ai

ne

Delaware Bay

Breton Sound

Mississippi River Delta

Apalachee Bay

G u

lf of C a

liforn ia

Vizcaíno Bay

Str. of Juan de Fu c a

C h

esa p

ea k

e B ay

Galveston Bay Atchafala

ya Ba y

Gulf of Alaska

B erin

g S ea

Chukchi Sea

Beaufort Sea

Bristol Bay

Kuskokwim Bay

Norton Sound

Kotzebue Sound

C oo

k I

n le

t

A le

nu ih

ah a C

han nel

Ka iw

i C ha

nn el

K au

ai C

ha nn

el

K a

u la

k ahi C

hannel

Caribbean Sea

P a

cific O cea

n

A tl

an ti

c O

ce an

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

0

0

200

200

400 miles

400 kilometers

0

0

100 miles

100 kilometers

0

0

50 miles

50 kilometers

0

0

150

150

300 miles

300 kilometers

PHYSICAL/POLITICAL MAP OF THE

UNITED STATES

Victoria

Vancouver

Spokane Tacoma

Seattle

Olympia

Eugene

Salem

Portland

Salinas

Reno

Fresno

Oakland

Sacramento

San Francisco

San Jose

Carson City

Tijuana

Bakersfield

Escondido

Lancaster

Oceanside

Oxnard Pasadena

Long Beach Los Angeles

San Diego

Las Vegas

Tucson

Phoenix

Salt Lake City

Boise

Helena

Calgary

Regina

Saskatoon

Winnipeg

Bismarck

Sioux Falls

Pierre

Lincoln

Omaha

Pueblo

Colorado Springs

Denver

Cheyenne

Albuquerque

El Paso Ciudad Juárez

Santa Fe

MatamorosMonterrey

Nuevo Laredo

Brownsville

Laredo Corpus Christi

Austin

San Antonio Houston

Abilene

Beaumont

Lubbock

Waco

Fort Worth Dallas

Amarillo

Baton Rouge

Lafayette

Shreveport Jackson

New Orleans

Little Rock

Wichita

Oklahoma City

Tulsa

Kansas City Topeka Independence

Jefferson City

Springfield

St. Louis

Peoria

Springfield

Cedar Rapids

Des Moines

Madison Milwaukee

Chicago

Gary

Minneapolis St. Paul

Green Bay

Lansing

Fort Wayne

Toledo

Detroit

Toronto

Akron

Erie

Buffalo

Cleveland

Cincinnati Indianapolis

Columbus

Lexington Louisville Frankfort

Mobile

Montgomery

Birmingham

Columbus

Macon

Atlanta

Miami Fort Lauderdale

Tampa

Orlando

Tallahassee Jacksonville

Savannah

Columbia

Charlotte

Raleigh

Chattanooga

Knoxville

Memphis

Nashville

Norfolk

Richmond Charleston

Washington, D.C.

Baltimore Annapolis

Dover

Pittsburgh

Philadelphia Harrisburg

Trenton

Ottawa Montréal

Albany

Concord

Montpelier

Hartford New Haven

Providence

Newark

Boston

New York

Québec

Fredericton

Augusta

Nassau

Santa Barbara

Monterey

Walla Walla

Coeur d'Alene

Pocatello

Idaho Falls Jackson

St. George

Moab

Flagstaff

Missoula

Billings

Casper

Laramie

Steamboat Springs

Glenwood Springs

Odessa

Galveston

Huron

Williston

Fargo

International Falls

Duluth

Oshkosh

Sault Ste. Marie

Traverse City

Port Huron

Sioux City

Hannibal

Jonesboro

Texarkana

Natchitoches

Biloxi

Tupelo

Pensacola

Key West

Charleston

Wilmington

Asheville

Roanoke

Atlantic City

Watertown

Burlington

Portland

Bangor

Mulege

Hermosillo

Anchorage

Fairbanks

Juneau

Hilo

Honolulu

San Juan

WASHINGTON

OREGON

NEVADA

CALIFORNIA

ARIZONA

UTAH

COLORADO

IDAHO

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH DAKOTA

MINNESOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

IOWA NEBRASKA

KANSAS

WISCONSIN

MICHIGAN

INDIANAILLINOIS

MISSOURI

KENTUCKY

OHIO

NEW YORK

CONNECTICUTPENNSYLVANIA

MARYLANDWEST VIRGINIA VIRGINIA

NEW JERSEY

DELAWARE

VT

MAINE

NH

MASS.

RHODE ISLAND

NEW MEXICO

OKLAHOMA

TEXAS

LOUISIANA

ARKANSAS

TENNESSEE

MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA

GEORGIA

FLORIDA

SOUTH CAROLINA

NORTH CAROLINA

ALASKA

HAWAII

PUERTO RICO

CANADA

MEXICO

CANADA

BAHAMAS

C A

S C

A D

E

R A

N G

E

C O

A S

T

R A

N G

E S

S I

E R

R A

N

E V

A D

A

Death Valley MOJAVE

DESERT

SONORAN

DESERT

G R E A T

B A S I N

Great Salt Lake

Desert

C O L O R A D O

P L AT E A U

C O

L U

M B

I A

P

L

A T

E A

U

B i

t t

e r

r o

o t

B lack Hil ls

G R

E A

T

P L

A I

N S

R O

C K

Y

M O

U N

T A

I N

S

E d w a r d s

P l a t e a u

C

O

A S

T A L

P

L

A

I N

C E N T R A L L O W L A N D

U p p e r P e n i n

s u l a

L o w e r P e n

i n s u

l a

O

z a

r k P

l a t e a

u

H i

g h

P

l a

i n

s

L l a n o

E s t a c a d o

O kefenokee Swamp

F l o r i d

a Ke

ys

G r eat Dis mal Swamp

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

M

O U

N T

A I

N S

A P

P

A L

A C

H I

A N

P

L A

T E

A U

Great Smoky Mountains

P I

E D

M O

N T

Ad i r ondack Mounta ins

W h i te Mtns

Cap e Cod

Long I s land

Cap e Ca navera l

Ca p e Hattera s

Cap e Lookout

Cap e Fear

Cap e Sab le

Cape San B las

Channe l I s lands

Po int Concept ion

Po int Reyes

Ca p e Mendoc ino

Cape B lanco

Cape Disappo intment

Cape F lat te ry

Vancouver I s land

C A

N A

D I A N S

H I

E

L D

N iagara Fa l l s

L A

U R

E N

T I

D E

S

C A

R P

S I E

R R

A M

A D

R E

O C

C I D

E N

T A

L

S I E R

R A

M A

D R E O

R I E N TA L

B A

J A

C

A L

I F

O R

N I

A

I s l e Roya le

The Everg ladesQueen

Charlotte Islands

Alexander Archipelago

A l a s k a

P e n

i n

s u l a

A L A

S K A R

A N G E

B R O O K S R A N G E

N o r t h S l o p e

S eward Pen i n su la

Ku sk

ok w

im M

ou nt

a i

ns

St . E l ias Mounta ins Kena i

Pen insu la

Kod iak I s land

St . Lawrence

I s land

Nun ivak I s land

Aleu t ian

I s lan d s

Hawaii

Maui

Molokai

Oahu

Kauai Nihau

Lanai

Kahoolawe

Mauna Kea

Mauna Loa

+

+

St. Croix

St. Thomas

St. John

Tortola

U.S. Virgin Islands

Colum bia R.

Sa cr

a m

en to

R .

G re

en R

.

C ol

ora do

R.

Platte R .

Lo up R.

N. Platte R.

S. P l a tte

R.

K la

math R.

W il la

m ette R

.

Salm o

n R.

C ol

um b

ia R

.

K ooten

a y

R .

M iss

our i R.

Milk R.

Yell owston e R

.

B ig

h orn

R .

O

wyhee R .

Snake R .

Snake R.

S. S

as katchewan R.

B ow

R . Qu'Appe lle R.

Sou ris R

. A

s s i n iboine R.

Li tt

le M

is so

u ri

R . Ja

m es R

.

Chey enne

R.

Be lle

Fo ur

ch e

R.

Niobrara R.

Georgian Ba y

Osage R .

M issou

ri R .

Des M oines R.

R ed

R . o f th

e N orth

M innesota R.

Mississippi R .

W isc

onsin

R .

Il

lin ois R.

W

ab

ash R.

C um

ber land R.

Ohio R.

O h

io R

.

St . L

aw re

nc e R

.

Ottawa R.

H u

d son

R .

C on

n ec t i cu

t R .

D elaw

are R .

St. John R

.

K e

n nebec R .

Penob scot R .

Al ba

ny R

.

M is

si na

ibi R.

Kansa

s R.

O uachita R

.

Red R.

W hit e R.

Arka

n s as R.

Can a d i a n R

.

M is

si ss

ip pi

R .

T om

bigb e e R

.

A la

ba m

a R.

Te nn

e s

se e

R .

R o anoke R .

Savannah R .

P e e D

ee R

.

A ltam aha R.

C ha

tt a

ho oc

he e

R .

S t. Joh

n ' s R .

R io

G ra

nd e

P ec

os R

.

R io G

rande

C olorado R .

Brazos R . Sabine R.

S a

n Joaqu

in

R .

G ila R .

Little C olorado R.

Yuk o n R

.

Lake Superior L

a ke

M ic

h ig

an

Lake H uron

La ke

Er ie

Lak e On

tari o

Lake Mead

Lake Tahoe

Great Salt Lake

Lake Powell

Lake of the Woods

Lake Winnebago

Lake St. Clair

Lake of the Ozarks

Lake Champlain

Monterey Bay

James Bay

Lake Pontchartrain

Lake Okeechobee

Salton Sea

Iliamna Lake

Gulf of Mexico

G ul

f o f S

t. La

wr ence

G u

lf o

f M ai

ne

Delaware Bay

Breton Sound

Mississippi River Delta

Apalachee Bay

G u

lf of C a

liforn ia

Vizcaíno Bay

Str. of Juan de Fu c a

C h

esa p

ea k

e B ay

Galveston Bay Atchafala

ya Ba y

Gulf of Alaska

B erin

g S ea

Chukchi Sea

Beaufort Sea

Bristol Bay

Kuskokwim Bay

Norton Sound

Kotzebue Sound

C oo

k I

n le

t

A le

nu ih

ah a C

han nel

Ka iw

i C ha

nn el

K au

ai C

ha nn

el

K a

u la

k ahi C

hannel

Caribbean Sea

P a

cific O cea

n

A tl

an ti

c O

ce an

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

0

0

200

200

400 miles

400 kilometers

0

0

100 miles

100 kilometers

0

0

50 miles

50 kilometers

0

0

150

150

300 miles

300 kilometers

PHYSICAL/POLITICAL MAP OF THE

UNITED STATES

New York

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Toronto

Montréal

Dallas

Chicago Barcelona

Rio de Janeiro

Johannesburg

Sydney

Kabul

Algiers

Luanda

Buenos Aires Canberra, A.C.T.

Nassau Dhaka

Thimphu

Gaborone

Brasília

Ottawa

N’Djamena

Santiago

Beijing

Bogotá

Havana

Quito

Cairo

Reykjavik

New Delhi

Jakarta

Tehr ̄an Tokyo

Nairobi

Maseru

Tripoli

Antananarivo

Nouakchott Mexico City

Ulan Bator

Rabat

Windhoek

Kathmandu

Muscat

Islamabad

Asunción

Lima

Manila

Lisbon

Pretoria

Seoul

Mogadishu

Khartoum

Dar es Salaam

Nuku’alofa

Tunis

Washington, D.C.

Moscow

Caracas

Cape Town

Pago PagoApia

Papeete

Adamstown

Astana

Adis Ababa

La Paz

Sucre

Montevideo

London

Paris

Rome

Berlin

Oslo Stockholm

Madrid

BAHAMAS

BARBADOS

BELIZE

COSTA RICA

DOMINICA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EL SALVADOR

French Guiana (Fr.)

GUATEMALA

GUYANA

HAITI

HONDURAS

JAMAICA

NICARAGUA

PANAMA

PARAGUAY

ST. LUCIA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

SURINAME

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

URUGUAY

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

BOTSWANA

TANZANIA

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

CO NG

O

CAMEROON

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

BEN IN

TO G

O

BURKINA

G H

A N

A

DJIBOUTI GAMBIA

GABON

GUINEAGUINEA-BISSAU CÔTE

D’IVOIRE (Ivory Coast)

LESOTHO

LIBERIA

M OZ

AM BI

Q UE

NAMIBIA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SWAZILAND

KENYA UGANDA

Western Sahara (Mor.)

COMOROS

TUNISIA

DEMOCRATIC REP. OF CONGO

RWANDA

BURUNDI

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

CENTRAL AFRICAN

REP.

PAKISTAN

OM AN

SRI LANKA

MYANMAR

BANGLADESH

AFGHANISTAN

VIETNAM

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BRUNEI

TAIWAN

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

NEPAL

BHUTAN

SOLOMON ISLANDS

FIJI

SINGAPORE MALDIVES

MAURITIUS

ICELAND

AUSTRIA

BEL. LUX.

GERMANY

ROMANIA MOLDOVA

GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTAN ARMENIA

BELARUS

LITHUANIA LATVIA

ESTONIA

RUS.

PORTUGAL

DENMARK

GREECE

BULGARIA SERBIA

MONT.

B.H.

SL. CROATIA

NETH. IRELAND

SWITZ.

CZECH REP.

SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY

ALBANIA

CYPRUS

JORDAN

ISRAEL LEBANON

SYRIA

UNITED ARAB

EMIRATES

YEMEN

QATAR BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

SAMOA

VANUATU

PALAU FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

MAC.

ERITREA

TONGA

FIJI

TUVALU

NAURU

MARSHALL ISLANDS

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE

CAPE VERDE

SEY CHE

LLES

ARGENTINA

BOLIVIA

CHILE

COLOMBIA

CUBA MEXICO

PERU

VENEZUELA

ALGERIA

ANGOLA

CHAD

EGYPT

ETHIOPIA

LIBYA MO

RO CC

O

NIGERIA

SO MA

LIA

SOUTH AFRICA

MAURITANIA

SUDAN

NIGERMALI

MONGOLIA

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

MALAYSIA

PHILIPPINES

JAPAN

NEW ZEALAND

FRANCE

SPAIN

NO RW

AY

SW ED

EN FINLAND

POLAND

UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN

ITALY

UNITED KINGDOM

SAUDI ARABIA

TURKEY

IRAQ IRAN

KIRIBATI

KIRIBATI

RUSSIA

Greenland (Denmark)

BRAZIL

CANADA

UNITED STATES

INDIA

CHINA

AUSTRALIA

INDONESIA

RUSSIA

Alaska (U.S.)

Hawaii (U.S.)

ANTARCTICA

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

EUROPE

SOUTH AMERICA

EAST TIMOR

Crozet I s land s

Kergué len I s lands

Pr ince Edward I s lands (So. Af r i ca)

Tr i s tan Da Cunha Group (U.K . )

St . He lena (U.K . )

Ascens ion (U.K . )

South Georg ia

South Sandwich I s lands

South Orkney I s lands

South Shet land I s lands

Juan Fernandez Arch ipe lago (Ch i l e)

Easte r I s land (Ch i l e)

Marquesas I s lands

(Fr. )

P hoen ix I s l ands

Jan Mayen (Nor way)

Kermadec I s lands (N .Z . )

Nor fo lk I s land (Aus . )

Wrange l I s land

Faroe I s lands (Denmark)

Puer to R ico (U.S . )

Bermuda (U.K . )

Canar y I s lands (Sp. )

Azores (Por. )

Made i ra I s lands (Por. )

Andaman Is lands ( Ind ia)

Guam (U.S . )

Northern Mar iana I s lands (U.S . )

New Ca ledon ia (Fr. )

Timor

Tasmania

Java

Sumatra

Borneo

Réun ion (Fr. )

Ga lapagos I s lands

(Ecuador)

K i r i t imat i (K i r ibat i )

P i tca i rn I s lands (U.K . )

North I s land

South I s land

Heard I s land and McDona ld I s lands (Aus . )

French Southern and Antarct ic Lands (Fr. )

Socot ra (Yemen)

Diego Garc ia

Chagos Arch ipe lago (U.K . )

Queen E l i zabeth I s lands

Severnaya Zemlya

New S iber ian I s lands

A leut ia n I s la

nds

Sva lbard (Norway)

No va

ya Z

em lya

Franz Jose f Land

Cook I s lands French Po lynes ia (Fr. )

Fa lk land I s lands (U.K . )

E l l e smere I s land

Baff in I s land

V ic tor ia I s land

Banks I s land

A l e u t i a n I s l a n d s

Ku r i l I

s l a nd

s

0° 30°

60° 90°

30°

60 °

90 °

180°

150°W

120°

150 °E

12 0°

75°S

60°S

0°

30°

60°

90 °

30°

60 °

90°

180° 150°E

120°

150 °W

12 0°

75°N

60°N

Great Australian

Bight

Hudson Strait

Foxe Basin

Gulf Of

Ad en

Lake Balkhash

Aral Sea

Baltic Sea

Celtic Sea

En glis

h C han

nel

Lake Baikal

Sea of Japan

South China

Sea

East China

Sea

Philippine Sea

Timor Sea

Yellow Sea

Coral Sea

Arafura Sea

Java Sea

Celebes Sea

Gulf of Thailand

De nm

ar k S

tra it

M oz

a m

bi qu

e C

ha nn

el

R ed Sea

Amundsen Gulf

Persian G u lf

C aspian

S ea

Chukchi Sea

Gulf of Alaska

Hudson Bay

Beaufort Sea

Bering Sea

Gulf of Mexico

Caribbean Sea

Scotia Sea

Gulf of Guinea

Norwegian Sea

North Sea

Labrador Sea

Baffin Bay Barents Sea

Kara Sea

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

Sea of Okhotsk

Bering Sea

Tasman Sea

Laptev Sea

East Siberian Sea

South Pacific Ocean

North Atl a n t i c O cean

North Paci f ic O c e an

Ind ian Ocean

South Atl antic O cean

North Paci f ic O cean

S o u t h Paci f ic O c ean

Arc t i c O c e anArct ic Oce a n

Southern Ocea n

Southern O c e an

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Southern Ocean

Southern Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

0

0

750

750

1,500 miles

1,500 kilometers

Scale at equator

0

0

1,500 miles

1,500 kilometers

POLITICAL MAP of the WORLD

THE POLES

New York

San Francisco

Los Angeles

Toronto

Montréal

Dallas

Chicago Barcelona

Rio de Janeiro

Johannesburg

Sydney

Kabul

Algiers

Luanda

Buenos Aires Canberra, A.C.T.

Nassau Dhaka

Thimphu

Gaborone

Brasília

Ottawa

N’Djamena

Santiago

Beijing

Bogotá

Havana

Quito

Cairo

Reykjavik

New Delhi

Jakarta

Tehr ̄an Tokyo

Nairobi

Maseru

Tripoli

Antananarivo

Nouakchott Mexico City

Ulan Bator

Rabat

Windhoek

Kathmandu

Muscat

Islamabad

Asunción

Lima

Manila

Lisbon

Pretoria

Seoul

Mogadishu

Khartoum

Dar es Salaam

Nuku’alofa

Tunis

Washington, D.C.

Moscow

Caracas

Cape Town

Pago PagoApia

Papeete

Adamstown

Astana

Adis Ababa

La Paz

Sucre

Montevideo

London

Paris

Rome

Berlin

Oslo Stockholm

Madrid

BAHAMAS

BARBADOS

BELIZE

COSTA RICA

DOMINICA

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ECUADOR

EL SALVADOR

French Guiana (Fr.)

GUATEMALA

GUYANA

HAITI

HONDURAS

JAMAICA

NICARAGUA

PANAMA

PARAGUAY

ST. LUCIA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

SURINAME

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

URUGUAY

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS

BOTSWANA

TANZANIA

MADAGASCAR

MALAWI

CO NG

O

CAMEROON

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

BEN IN

TO G

O

BURKINA

G H

A N

A

DJIBOUTI GAMBIA

GABON

GUINEAGUINEA-BISSAU CÔTE

D’IVOIRE (Ivory Coast)

LESOTHO

LIBERIA

M OZ

AM BI

Q UE

NAMIBIA

SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE

SWAZILAND

KENYA UGANDA

Western Sahara (Mor.)

COMOROS

TUNISIA

DEMOCRATIC REP. OF CONGO

RWANDA

BURUNDI

ZAMBIA

ZIMBABWE

CENTRAL AFRICAN

REP.

PAKISTAN

OM AN

SRI LANKA

MYANMAR

BANGLADESH

AFGHANISTAN

VIETNAM

LAOS

THAILAND

CAMBODIA

BRUNEI

TAIWAN

NORTH KOREA

SOUTH KOREA

NEPAL

BHUTAN

SOLOMON ISLANDS

FIJI

SINGAPORE MALDIVES

MAURITIUS

ICELAND

AUSTRIA

BEL. LUX.

GERMANY

ROMANIA MOLDOVA

GEORGIA

AZERBAIJAN

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTAN ARMENIA

BELARUS

LITHUANIA LATVIA

ESTONIA

RUS.

PORTUGAL

DENMARK

GREECE

BULGARIA SERBIA

MONT.

B.H.

SL. CROATIA

NETH. IRELAND

SWITZ.

CZECH REP.

SLOVAKIA

HUNGARY

ALBANIA

CYPRUS

JORDAN

ISRAEL LEBANON

SYRIA

UNITED ARAB

EMIRATES

YEMEN

QATAR BAHRAIN

KUWAIT

SAMOA

VANUATU

PALAU FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

MAC.

ERITREA

TONGA

FIJI

TUVALU

NAURU

MARSHALL ISLANDS

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE

CAPE VERDE

SEY CHE

LLES

ARGENTINA

BOLIVIA

CHILE

COLOMBIA

CUBA MEXICO

PERU

VENEZUELA

ALGERIA

ANGOLA

CHAD

EGYPT

ETHIOPIA

LIBYA MO

RO CC

O

NIGERIA

SO MA

LIA

SOUTH AFRICA

MAURITANIA

SUDAN

NIGERMALI

MONGOLIA

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

MALAYSIA

PHILIPPINES

JAPAN

NEW ZEALAND

FRANCE

SPAIN

NO RW

AY

SW ED

EN FINLAND

POLAND

UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN

ITALY

UNITED KINGDOM

SAUDI ARABIA

TURKEY

IRAQ IRAN

KIRIBATI

KIRIBATI

RUSSIA

Greenland (Denmark)

BRAZIL

CANADA

UNITED STATES

INDIA

CHINA

AUSTRALIA

INDONESIA

RUSSIA

Alaska (U.S.)

Hawaii (U.S.)

ANTARCTICA

NORTH AMERICA

ASIA

EUROPE

SOUTH AMERICA

EAST TIMOR

Crozet I s land s

Kergué len I s lands

Pr ince Edward I s lands (So. Af r i ca)

Tr i s t an D a Cu nha Group (U. K . )

St . He lena (U.K . )

Ascens ion (U. K . )

South Georg ia

South Sandwich I s lands

South Orkney I s lands

South Shet land I s lands

Juan Fernandez Arch ipe lago (Ch i l e)

Easte r I s land (Ch i l e)

Marquesas I s lands

(Fr. )

Phoen ix I s lands

Jan Mayen (N or way)

Kermadec I s lands (N .Z . )

Nor fo lk I s land (Aus . )

Wrange l I s land

Fa roe I s lands (Den m ark)

Puer to R ico (U.S . )

Bermuda (U.K . )

Canar y I s lands (Sp. )

Azores (Por. )

Made i ra I s lands (Por. )

Andaman Is lands ( Ind ia)

Guam (U.S . )

Northern Mar iana I s lands (U.S . )

New Ca ledon ia (Fr. )

Timor

Tasmania

Java

Sumatra

Borneo

Réun ion (Fr. )

Ga lapagos I s lands

(Ecuador)

K i r i t imat i (K i r ibat i )

P i tca i rn I s lands (U.K . )

North I s land

South I s land

Heard I s land and McDona ld I s lands (Aus . )

French Southern and Antarct ic Lands (Fr. )

Socot ra (Yemen)

Diego Garc ia

Chagos Arch ipe lago (U.K . )

Queen E l i zabeth I s lands

Severnaya Zemlya

New S iber ian I s lands

A leut ia n I s la

nds

Sva lbard (Norway)

No va

ya Z

em lya

Franz Jose f Land

Cook I s lands French Po lynes ia (Fr. )

Fa lk land I s lands (U.K . )

E l l e smere I s land

Baff in I s land

V ic tor ia I s land

Banks I s land

A l e u t i a n I s l a n d s

Ku r i l I

s l a nd

s

0° 30°

60° 90°

30°

60 °

90 °

180°

150°W

120°

150 °E

12 0°

75°S

60°S

0°

30°

60°

90 °

30°

60 °

90°

180° 150°E

120°

150 °W

12 0°

75°N

60°N

Great Australian

Bight

Hudson Strait

Foxe Basin

Gulf Of

Ad en

Lake Balkhash

Aral Sea

Baltic Sea

Celtic Sea

En glis

h C han

nel

Lake Baikal

Sea of Japan

South China

Sea

East China

Sea

Philippine Sea

Timor Sea

Yellow Sea

Coral Sea

Arafura Sea

Java Sea

Celebes Sea

Gulf of Thailand

De nm

ar k S

tra it

M oz

a m

bi qu

e C

ha nn

el

R ed Sea

Amundsen Gulf

Persian G u lf

C aspian

S ea

Chukchi Sea

Gulf of Alaska

Hudson Bay

Beaufort Sea

Bering Sea

Gulf of Mexico

Caribbean Sea

Scotia Sea

Gulf of Guinea

Norwegian Sea

North Sea

Labrador Sea

Baffin Bay Barents Sea

Kara Sea

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Arabian Sea

Bay of Bengal

Sea of Okhotsk

Bering Sea

Tasman Sea

Laptev Sea

East Siberian Sea

South Pacific Ocean

North At l a n t i c O cean

North Paci f ic O c e an

Indian Oce a n

S outh Atl antic O cean

North Paci f ic O cean

South Paci f ic O ce a n

Arc t i c O c e anArct ic Ocean

S outhern Ocea n

Southern O c e an

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Southern Ocean

Southern Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

0

0

750

750

1,500 miles

1,500 kilometers

Scale at equator

0

0

1,500 miles

1,500 kilometers

POLITICAL MAP of the WORLD

THE POLES

W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program— trade books and college texts— were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today— with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year— W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.

Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 by Eric Foner

All rights reserved Printed in Canada

Editor: Steve Forman Associate Editor: Scott Sugarman Project Editor: Jennifer Barnhardt Editorial Assistants: Travis Carr, Kelly Rafey Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Production Manager: Sean Mintus Media Editor: Laura Wilk Media Project Editor: Rachel Mayer Media Associate Editor: Michelle Smith Media Assistant Editor: Chris Hillyer Marketing Manager, History: Sarah England Bartley Associate Design Director: Hope Miller Goodell Designer: Lisa Buckley Photo Editor: Stephanie Romeo Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel Permissions Specialist: Bethany Salminen Composition: Jouve Illustrations: Mapping Specialists, Ltd. Manufacturing: Transcontinental

Permission to use copyrighted material is included on page A-81.

The Library of Congress has cataloged an earlier edition as follows:

Names: Foner, Eric, 1943– author. Title: Give me liberty!: an American history / Eric Foner. Description: Fifth edition. | New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016018497 | ISBN 9780393283167 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: United States— History. | United States— Politics and government. | Democracy— United States— History. | Liberty— History. Classification: LCC E178 .F66 2016 | DDC 973—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018497

ISBN this edition: 978-0-393-61565-4

W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017 wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018497
http://wwnorton.com
★

For my mother, Liza Foner (1909–2005),

an accomplished artist who lived through most of

the twentieth century and into the twenty- first

★

★ C O N T E N T S ★

List of Maps, Tables, and Figures xii

About the Author xv

Preface xvi

Acknowledgments xxiii

15 ★ “ W H AT I S F R E E D O M ? ” : R E C O N ST R U CT I O N , 1 8 6 5 – 1 8 7 7 564 The Meaning of Freedom 566 ★ Voices of Freedom From

Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson

(1865), and From A Sharecropping Contract (1866) ... 576 ★ The Making of Radical Reconstruction 579 ★ Radical Reconstruction

in the South 590 ★ The Overthrow of Reconstruction 594

16 ★ A M E R I C A ’ S G I L D E D A G E , 1 8 7 0 – 1 8 9 0 603 The Second Industrial Revolution 605 ★ The Transformation of

the West 613 ★ Voices of Freedom From Speech of Chief Joseph

of the Nez Percé Indians, in Washington, D.C. (1879), and From Letter

by Saum Song Bo, American Missionary (October 1885) ... 622 ★ Politics in a Gilded Age 629 ★ Freedom in the Gilded Age 634

★ Labor and the Republic 639

17 ★ F R E E D O M ’ S B O U N D A R I E S , AT H O M E A N D A B R O A D , 1 8 9 0 – 1 9 0 0 649 The Populist Challenge 651 ★ The Segregated South 659 ★

Redrawing the Boundaries 669 ★ Voices of Freedom From

Booker T. Washington, Address at the Atlanta Cotton Exposition (1895),

and From W. E. B. Du Bois, “Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others”

(1903) ... 674 ★ Becoming a World Power 677

viii ★

18 ★ T H E P R O G R E S S I V E E R A , 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 1 6 691 An Urban Age and a Consumer Society 694 ★ Varieties of

Progressivism 703 ★ Voices of Freedom From Charlotte Perkins

Gilman, Women and Economics (1898), and From John Mitchell,

“The Workingman’s Conception of Industrial Liberty” (1910) ... 710 ★ The Politics of Progressivism 715 ★ The Progressive

Presidents 724

19 ★ S A F E F O R D E M O C R A CY : T H E U N I T E D STAT E S A N D W O R L D WA R I , 1 9 1 6 – 1 9 2 0 734 An Era of Intervention 737 ★ America and the Great War 742

★ The War at Home 746 ★ Who Is an American? 755 ★

Voices of Freedom From Woodrow Wilson, War Message to Congress

(1917), and From Eugene V. Debs, Speech to the Jury before Sentencing

under the Espionage Act (1918) ... 756 ★ 1919 767

20 ★ F R O M B U S I N E S S C U LT U R E TO G R E AT D E P R E S S I O N : T H E T W E N T I E S , 1 9 2 0 – 1 9 3 2 779 The Business of America 782 ★ Business and

Government 789 ★ Voices of Freedom From Lucian W. Parrish,

Speech in Congress on Immigration (1921), and From Majority Opinion,

Justice James C. McReynolds, in Meyer v. Nebraska (1923) ... 792 ★ The Birth of Civil Liberties 795 ★ The Culture Wars 799 ★

The Great Depression 810

21 ★ T H E N E W D E A L , 1 9 3 2 – 1 9 4 0 818 The First New Deal 821 ★ The Grassroots Revolt 830 ★ The

Second New Deal 835 ★ A Reckoning with Liberty 838 ★

Voices of Freedom From Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Fireside Chat”

(1934), and From John Steinbeck, The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to

the Grapes of Wrath (1938) ... 842 ★ The Limits of Change 845 ★ A New Conception of America 852

22 ★ F I G H T I N G F O R T H E F O U R F R E E D O M S : W O R L D WA R I I , 1 9 4 1 – 1 9 4 5 861 Fighting World War II 864 ★ The Home Front 873

Visions of Postwar Freedom 880 ★ The American

CONTENTS ★ ix

Dilemma 884 ★ Voices of Freedom From League of United Latin

American Citizens, “World War II and Mexican Americans” (1945), and

From Charles H. Wesley, “The Negro Has Always Wanted the Four

Freedoms,” in What the Negro Wants (1944) ... 888 ★ The End of the War 898

23 ★ T H E U N I T E D STAT E S A N D T H E C O L D WA R , 1 9 4 5 – 1 9 5 3 905 Origins of the Cold War 908 ★ The Cold War and the Idea

of Freedom 917 ★ The Truman Presidency 922 ★ The

Anticommunist Crusade 927 ★ Voices of Freedom From

Joseph R. McCarthy, Speech at Wheeling (1950), and From Margaret

Chase Smith, Speech in the Senate (1950) ... 936

24 ★ A N A F F L U E N T S O C I E T Y, 1 9 5 3 – 1 9 6 0 940 The Golden Age 942 ★ The Eisenhower Era 957 ★ The

Freedom Movement 968 ★ Voices of Freedom From Martin

Luther King Jr., Speech at Montgomery, Alabama (December 5, 1955),

and From The Southern Manifesto (1956) ... 970 ★ The Election of 1960 979

25 ★ T H E S I X T I E S , 1 9 6 0 – 1 9 6 8 983 The Civil Rights Revolution 985 ★ The Kennedy Years 989

★ Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency 992 ★ The Changing Black

Movement 999 ★ Vietnam and the New Left 1002 ★

Voices of Freedom From Barry Goldwater, Speech at Republican

National Convention (1964), and From Statement of Purpose, National

Organization for Women (1966) ... 1010 ★ The New Movements and the Rights Revolution 1014 ★ 1968 1024

26 ★ T H E T R I U M P H O F C O N S E R VAT I S M , 1 9 6 9 – 1 9 8 8 1030 President Nixon 1031 ★ Vietnam and Watergate 1039

★ The End of the Golden Age 1043 ★ The Rising Tide of

Conservatism 1052 ★ The Reagan Revolution 1058 ★ Voices

of Freedom From Barry Commoner, The Closing Circle (1971), and

From Richard E. Blakemore, Report on the Sagebrush Rebellion (1979)

... 1060

x ★ CONTENTS

27 ★ F R O M T R I U M P H TO T R A G E D Y, 1 9 8 9 – 2 0 0 1 1071 The Post– Cold War World 1073 ★ Globalization and Its

Discontents 1080 ★ Culture Wars 1086 ★ Voices of Freedom

From Bill Clinton, Speech on Signing of NAFTA (1993), and From Global

Exchange, Seattle, Declaration for Global Democracy (December 1999)

... 1088 ★ Impeachment and the Election of 2000 1102 ★ The Attacks of September 11 1105

28 ★ A N E W C E N T U R Y A N D N E W C R I S E S 1109 The War on Terror 1110 ★ An American Empire? 1113 ★

The Aftermath of September 11 at Home 1117 ★ The Winds

of Change 1120 ★ Voices of Freedom From Opinion of the

Court in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), and From Barack Obama, Eulogy

at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church (2015) ... 1130 ★ Obama in Office 1136 ★ The Obama Presidency 1141 ★

Freedom in the Twenty- First Century 1150

Suggested Reading A- 1

The Declaration of Independence (1776) A-23

The Constitution of the United States (1787) A-27

Glossary A-47

Credits A-81

Index A-83

CONTENTS ★ xi

M A P S

L I S T O F M A P S , TA B L E S , A N D F I G U R E S

★★

CHAPTER 15

The Barrow Plantation 570

Sharecropping in the South, 1880 575

Reconstruction in the South, 1867–1877 599

The Presidential Election of 1876 600

CHAPTER 16

The Railroad Network, 1880 607

U.S. Steel: A Vertically Integrated Corporation 610

The Industrial West 619

Indian Reservations, ca. 1890 626

Political Stalemate, 1876–1892 631

CHAPTER 17

Populist Strength, 1892 655

The Presidential Election of 1896 659

The Spanish- American War: The Pacific 682

The Spanish- American War: The Caribbean 682

American Empire, 1898 685

CHAPTER 18

Socialist Towns and Cities, 1900–1920 705

CHAPTER 19

The Panama Canal Zone 738

The United States in the Caribbean, 1898–1941 740

Colonial Possessions, 1900 741

World War I: The Western Front 745

Prohibition, 1915: Counties and States That Banned Liquor before the Eighteenth Amendment (Ratified 1919, Repealed 1933) 751

Europe in 1914 773

Europe in 1919 774

CHAPTER 21

Columbia River Basin Project, 1949 819

The Tennessee Valley Authority 827

The Dust Bowl, 1935–1940 828

CHAPTER 22

World War II in the Pacific, 1941–1945 870

World War II in Europe, 1942–1945 872

Wartime Army and Navy Bases and Airfields 875

Japanese- American Internment, 1942–1945 891

xii ★

MAPS ★ xiii

CHAPTER 23

Cold War Europe, 1956 913

The Korean War, 1950–1953 915

CHAPTER 24

The Interstate Highway System 948

The Presidential Election of 1960 980

CHAPTER 25

The Vietnam War, 1964–1975 1007

CHAPTER 26

Center of Population, 1790–2010 1034

The Presidential Election of 1980 1058

The United States in the Caribbean and Central America, 1954–2004 1067

CHAPTER 27

Eastern Europe after the Cold War 1075

Immigrant Populations in Cities and States, 1900 and 2010 1090

Origin of Largest Immigrant Populations by State, 1910 and 2013 1093

The Presidential Election of 2000 1104

CHAPTER 28

U.S. Presence in the Middle East, 1967–2015 1115

Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip 1117

Percentage of Population Below the Poverty Line, 2014 1141

The Presidential Election of 2012 1150

xiv ★ TABLES AND FIGURES

TA B L E S A N D F I G U R E S CHAPTER 16

Table 16.1 Indicators of Economic Change, 1870–1920 606

CHAPTER 17

Table 17.1 States with over 200 Lynchings, 1889–1918 668

CHAPTER 18

Table 18.1 Immigrants and Their Children as Percentage of Population, Ten Major Cities, 1920 698

Table 18.2 Percentage of Women Workers in Various Occupations, 1900–1920 700

CHAPTER 19

Table 19.1 The Great Migration 765

CHAPTER 20

Table 20.1 Selected Annual Immigration Quotas under the 1924 Immigration Act 804

CHAPTER 21

Figure 21.1 Unemployment, 1925–1945 845

CHAPTER 25

Figure 25.1 Percentage of Population below Poverty Level, by Race, 1959–1969 998

CHAPTER 26

Table 26.1 The Misery Index, 1970–1980 1045

Figure 26.1 Real Average Weekly Wages, 1955–1990 1046

CHAPTER 27

Table 27.1 Immigration to the United States, 1961–2010 1091

Figure 27.1 Unemployment Rate by Sex and Race, 1954–2000 1095

Figure 27.2 Women in the Paid Workforce, 1940–2010 1101

CHAPTER 28

Figure 28.1 Portrait of a Recession 1132

ERIC FONER is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia Univer- sity, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. In his teaching and scholarship, he focuses on the Civil War and Reconstruction, slavery, and nineteenth- century America. Professor Foner’s publications include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War; Tom Paine and Revolu- tionary America; Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy; Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877; The Story of American Freedom; and Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. His history of Recon- struction won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman Prize. He has served as president of the Organization of Amer- ican Historians and the American Historical Association. In 2006 he received the Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching from Columbia University. His most recent books are The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slav- ery, winner of the Bancroft and Lincoln Prizes and the Pulitzer Prize for His- tory, and Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad, winner of the New York Historical Society Book Prize.

A B O U T T H E A U T H O R★ ★

★ xv

Give Me Liberty! An American History is a survey of American history from the earliest days of European exploration and conquest of the New World to the first decades of the twenty- first century. It offers students a clear, concise narra- tive whose central theme is the changing contours of American freedom.

I am extremely gratified by the response to the first four editions of Give Me Liberty!, which have been used in survey courses at many hundreds of two- and four- year colleges and universities throughout the country. The comments I have received from instructors and students encourage me to think that Give Me Liberty! has worked well in their classrooms. Their comments have also included many valuable suggestions for revisions, which I greatly appreci- ate. These have ranged from corrections of typographical and factual errors to thoughts about subjects that needed more extensive treatment. In mak- ing revisions for this Fifth Edition, I have tried to take these suggestions into account. I have also incorporated the findings and insights of new scholarship that has appeared since the original edition was written.

The most significant changes in this Fifth Edition reflect my desire to integrate the history of the American West and especially the regions known as borderlands more fully into the narrative. In recent years these aspects of American history have been thriving areas of research and scholarship. Of course earlier editions of Give Me Liberty! have discussed these subjects, but in this edition their treatment has been deepened and expanded. I have also added notable works in these areas to many chapter bibliographies and lists of websites.

The definition of the West has changed enormously in the course of Amer- ican history. In the colonial period, the area beyond the Appalachians— present- day Kentucky, Tennessee, and western Pennsylvania and New York— constituted the West. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the term referred to Ohio, Michigan, Alabama, and Mississippi. After the Civil War, the West came to mean the area beyond the Mississippi River. Today, it is sometimes used to refer mainly to the Pacific coast. But whatever its geo- graphic locale, the West has been as much an idea as a place— an area beyond the frontier of settlement that promised newcomers new kinds of freedom, sometimes at the expense of the freedom of others, such as native inhabitants and migrant laborers. In this edition we follow Americans as they constructed their Wests, and debated the kinds of freedom they would enjoy there.

P R E F A C E ★★

xvi ★

Borderlands is a more complex idea that has influenced much recent histor- ical scholarship. Borders are lines dividing one country, region, or state from another. Crossing them often means becoming subject to different laws and customs, and enjoying different degrees of freedom. Borderlands are regions that exist on both sides of borders. They are fluid areas where people of differ- ent cultural and social backgrounds converge. At various points in American history, shifting borders have opened new opportunities and closed off others in the borderlands. Families living for decades or centuries in a region have suddenly found themselves divided by a newly created border but still living in a borderland that transcends the new division. This happened to Mexicans in modern- day California, Arizona, and New Mexico, for example, in 1848, when the treaty ending the Mexican- American War transferred the land that would become those states from Mexico to the United States.

Borderlands exist within the United States as well as at the boundaries with other countries. For example, in the period before the Civil War, the region straddling the Ohio River contained cultural commonalities that in some ways overrode the division there between free and slave states. The borderlands idea also challenges simple accounts of national development in which empires and colonies pave the way for territorial expansion and a future transcontinental nation. It enables us, for example, to move beyond the catego- ries of conquest and subjugation in understanding how Native Americans and Europeans interacted over the early centuries of contact. This approach also provides a way of understanding how the people of Mexico and the United States interact today in the borderland region of the American Southwest, where many families have members on both sides of the boundary between the two countries.

Small changes relating to these themes may be found throughout the book. The major additions seeking to illuminate the history of the West and of borderlands are as follows:

Chapter 1 now introduces the idea of borderlands with a discussion of the areas where European empires and Indian groups interacted and where authority was fluid and fragile. Chapter 4 contains expanded treatment of the part of the Spanish empire now comprising the borderlands United States (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, and Florida) and how Spain endea- vored, with limited success, to consolidate its authority in these regions. In Chapter 6, a new subsection, “The American Revolution as a Borderlands Con- flict,” examines the impact on both Americans and Canadians of the creation, because of American independence, of a new national boundary separating what once had been two parts of the British empire. Chapter 8 continues this theme with a discussion of the borderlands aspects of the War of 1812. Chap- ter 9 discusses how a common culture came into being along the Ohio River

PREFACE ★ xvii

xviii ★ PREFACE

in the early nineteenth century despite the existence of slavery on one side and free labor on the other. Chapter 13 expands the treatment of Texan inde- pendence from Mexico by discussing its impact on both Anglo and Mexican residents of this borderland region. Chapter 14 contains a new examination of the Civil War in the American West.

In Chapter 16, I have expanded the section on the industrial west with new discussions of logging and mining, and added a new subsection on the dis- semination of a mythical image of the Wild West in the late nineteenth cen- tury. Chapter 17 contains an expanded discussion of Chinese immigrants in the West and the battle over exclusion and citizenship, a debate that centered on what kind of population should be allowed to inhabit the West and enjoy the opportunities the region offered. Chapter 18 examines Progressivism, countering conventional narratives that emphasize the origins of Progressive political reforms in eastern cities by relating how many, from woman suffrage to the initiative, referendum, and recall, emerged in Oregon, California, and other western states. Chapter 20 expands the treatment of western agriculture in the 1920s by highlighting the acceleration of agricultural mechanization in the region and the agricultural depression that preceded the general eco- nomic collapse of 1929 and after. In Chapter 22 we see the new employment opportunities for Mexican- American women in the war production factories that opened in the West. In Chapter 26, there is a new subsection on con- servatism in the West and the Sagebrush Rebellion of the 1970s and 1980s. Chapter 27 returns to the borderlands theme by discussing the consequences of the creation, in the 1990s, of a free trade zone connecting the two sides of the Mexican- American border. And Chapters 27 and 28 now include expanded discussions of the southwestern borderland as a site of an acrimonious battle over immigration— legal and undocumented— involving the federal and state governments, private vigilantes, and continuing waves of people trying to cross into the United States. The contested borderland now extends many miles into the United States north of the boundary between the two nations, and southward well into Mexico and even Central America.

I have also added a number of new selections to Voices of Freedom, the paired excerpts from primary documents in each chapter. Some of the new documents reflect the stronger emphasis on the West and borderlands; oth- ers seek to sharpen the juxtaposition of divergent concepts of freedom at par- ticular moments in American history. And this edition contains many new images— paintings, broadsides, photographs, and others— related to these themes, brought to life in a vibrant, full- color design.