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From Theory To Practice

Learning
Theory

Instructional Design Models

Develop and Implement Lessons

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What is Learning Theory?
(an informal definition)

An attempt to:

Define the nature of human learning

Describe the process of learning

Detail how to best achieve and assess learning

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What is “Educational Technology”?

“Instructional (or Educational) Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.”

- From The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT).

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Integrating Learning Theory and Educational Technology

The goal is to use theories of learning to:

Maximize learning in students

Achieve greater efficiencies in instruction

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What are the Three Major Theories of Learning?

Behaviorism

Cognitivism

Constructivism

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Behaviorism

Viewed learning as conditioned responses (stimulus/response)

Defined learning as “a stable change in behavior”

Led to development in “learning machines” that monitored behavior and delivered reinforcements

But could not explain such phenomena as insight, language acquisition, and mental imagery

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Behaviorism in the Classroom

Rote memorization of basic facts and information

Drill and practice with reinforcement and immediate feedback

Behavior modification and management (e.g., classroom management)

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Weakness -the learner may find themselves in a situation where the stimulus for the correct response does not occur, therefore the learner cannot respond. - A worker who has been conditioned to respond to a certain cue at work stops production when an anomaly occurs
Strength - the learner is focused on a clear goal and can respond automatically to the cues of that goal. -
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Cognitivism

Extended behavioral views to include the mind

No single clear originator. Contributors included Tolman, Piaget, Gagne, and Bruner

Information Processing View

Is concerned with mental representations, schema, and mental operations

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Cognitivism in the Classroom

Taxonomies of learning outcomes

A focus on teaching sequences of skills from lowest to highest levels

Instructional Design

Determination of entry skills

Clear objectives

Aligned objectives, activities, assessments

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Weakness - the learner learns a way to accomplish a task, but it may not be the best way, or suited to the learner or the situation.
Strength - the goal is to train learners to do a task the same way to enable consistency.
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... which led to Constructivism

A more recent position that rejects the mechanistic elements of previous learning theories

Contributors included:

Dewey (Education is growth, not an end in itself; education occurs though it’s connection to real life)

Piaget (Children construct reality through four phases of development)

Vygotsky (Learning as a social process)

Bruner (Discovery Learning)

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Constructivism (cont)

Learning viewed as constructing one’s own understanding of the world

Teacher viewed as facilitator, rather than source, of expert knowledge

Emphasizes importance of “authentic, contextualized” learning experiences

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Constructivism in the Classroom

Teachers facilitate learning and collaboration in real-world environments

Stresses problem solving, creativity, and discovery

Focuses on developing products and presentations as evidence of learning

Uses “authentic assessment”

Encourages collaborative learning

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Weakness - in a situation where conformity is essential divergent thinking and action may cause problems. Imagine the fun the IRS would have if every person decided to report their taxes in their own way
Strength - because the learner is able to interpret multiple realities, the learner is better able to deal with real life situations.
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Integrating Electronic Tools and Learning Theories

“Integrating educational technology is the process of determining which electronic tools and which methods for implementing them are appropriate for given classroom situation and problems.”

- Roblyer, 2002

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What is Instructional Design?

“… the systematic and reflective process of translating principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials, activities, information resources, and evaluation.”
- Smith & Ragan, 2005

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Instructional Design…

Instructional Designers use instructional models as a guide for creating instruction

Most ID models use instructional objectives as a main ingredient for designing instruction

In this course, we will use a simple ID model called “ADDIE” as a sample of how instructional designers create instruction

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ID for Standards-Based Education:
The ADDIE Model

Analysis

Design

Development

Implementation

Evaluation

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Analysis

Select the educational standards (instructional goals) for which you are developing instruction

Identify the relevant entry characteristics of the students

Generate performance objectives

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Design

Design an assessment that tests students on mastery of the performance objectives

Design instructional activities that allow students to practice the skills/knowledge related to the objectives

Select an instructional/teaching strategy

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Development

Develop instructional materials

Select instructional materials

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Implementation

Use the new instructional materials to teach the standards

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Evaluation

Determine if the instruction was effective in teaching the information related to the standard using post tests, user feedback, and observation

Adjust the instruction as necessary

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Using ADDIE in Project Planning

Analysis - start with a Sunshine State Standard

Design - ensure objectives, activities, and assessments are aligned

Evaluation - provide feedback as students work on activities

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References

Association for Educational Communications and Technology (2006). What is the Knowledge Base?
Retrieved October 27, 2006 from http://www.aect-members.org/standards/knowledgebase.html

Kearsley, Greg (2003). The Theories. Retrieved October 27, 2006 from http://tip.psychology.org/theories.html

Roblyer, M. D. (2002). Integrating Educational Technology Into Teaching (3rd ed.): Prentice Hall

Smith, P., & Ragan, T. (2005). Instructional Design (3rd ed.): John Wiley & Sons