Introduction to sociology seagull 10th edition pdf

IntroductIon to

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Anthony Giddens LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS

Mitchell Duneier PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

Richard P. Appelbaum UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA,

SANTA BARBARA

Deborah Carr BOSTON UNIVERSITY

B W. W. norton & company, Inc.

New York • London

IntroductIon to

Sociology 11 E

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W. W. norton & company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year— W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.

Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2014, 2012, 2009 by Anthony Giddens, Mitchell Duneier, Richard P. Appelbaum, and Deborah Carr Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2003 by Anthony Giddens, Mitchell Duneier, and Richard P. Appelbaum Copyright © 2000 by Anthony Giddens and Mitchell Duneier Copyright © 1996, 1991 by Anthony Giddens

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Editor: Sasha Levitt Project Editor: Katie Callahan Editorial Assistants: Miranda Schonbrun and Erika Nakagawa Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Production Manager: Stephen Sajdak Media Editor: Eileen Connell Associate Media Editor: Mary Williams Media Project Editor: Danielle Belfiore Assistant Media Editor: Grace Tuttle Ebook Production Manager: Mateus Manço Teixeira Ebook Production Coordinator: Lizz Thabet Marketing Manager, Sociology: Julia Hall Design Director: Hope Miller Goodell Photo Editor: Catherine Abelman Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel Composition: Jouve North America Manufacturing: TC-Transcontinental Printing

The Library of Congress cataloged another edition as follows:

Names: Giddens, Anthony, author.  Title: Introduction to sociology / Anthony Giddens [and three others]. Description: Eleventh edition. | New York : W.W. Norton & Company, [2018] |  Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017052564 | ISBN 9780393623956 (pbk.) Subjects: LCSH: Sociology. Classification: LCC HM585.G53 2018 | DDC 301—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017052564

 iSBN 978-0-393-63944-5

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Contents v

contents

PREFACE xiii

Part I: tHE StUDY OF SOCIOLOGY 1

WHat IS SOCIOLOGY? 3

BaSIC CONCEPtS 6

Social Construction 7 • Social Order 8 • Agency and Structure 9 • Social Change 10

tHE DEVELOPMENt OF SOCIOLOGICaL tHINKING 11

Theories and Theoretical Approaches 11 • Neglected Founders 15 • Understanding the Modern World: The Sociological Debate 17

MODErN tHEOrEtICaL aPPrOaCHES 18

Symbolic Interactionism 18 • Functionalism 19 • Conflict Theories 21 • Rational Choice Theory 22 • Postmodern Theory 23 • Theoretical Thinking in Sociology 24

HOW CaN SOCIOLOGY HELP US? 26

aSKING aND aNSWErING SOCIOLOGICaL QUEStIONS 31

BaSIC CONCEPtS 33

The Research Process 34

aSKING aND aNSWErING SOCIOLOGICaL QUEStIONS: HIStOrICaL CONtEXt 37

aSKING aND aNSWErING SOCIOLOGICaL QUEStIONS tODaY: rESEarCH MEtHODS 38

Ethnography 38 • Surveys 40 • Experiments 44 • Comparative Historical Research 45

UNaNSWErED QUEStIONS 48

Can Sociology Identify Causes and Effects? 48 • How Can Social Research Avoid Exploitation? 49 • Can We Really Study Human Social Life in a Scientific Way? 49

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vi Contents

Part II: tHE INDIVIDUaL aND SOCIEtY 53

CULtUrE aND SOCIEtY 55

BaSIC CONCEPtS 58

Cultural Universals 59 • Nonmaterial Culture 60 • Material Culture 63

tHE SOCIOLOGICaL StUDY OF CULtUrE 64

Culture and Change: A “Cultural Turn” in Sociology? 64 • Early Human Culture: Greater Adaptation to Physical Environment 65 • Industrial Societies 69

rESEarCH tODaY: UNDErStaNDING tHE MODErN WOrLD 71

The Global South 72 • Contemporary Industrial Societies: Cultural Conformity or Diversity? 74

UNaNSWErED QUEStIONS 80

Does Nature or Nurture More Powerfully Influence Human Behavior? 80 • Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture? 82 • Does Globalization Weaken or Strengthen Local Cultures? 84 • How Easily Do Cultures Change? 85

SOCIaLIZatION aND tHE LIFE COUrSE 91

BaSIC CONCEPtS 94

Agents of Socialization 94 • Social Roles 99 • Identity 100 • Socialization through the Life Course 101

tHEOrIES OF SOCIaLIZatION 105

G. H. Mead and the Development of Self 106 • Charles Horton Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 106 • Jean Piaget and the Stages of Cognitive Development 107 • Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Gender Identity 109 • Nancy Chodorow’s Theory of Gender Identity 109 • Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development 110