Why Do You Need This New Edition?
1. America: Past and Present (tenth edition) is now tied more closely than ever to the innovative website, MyHistoryLab , which helps you learn more in your history course ( www.myhistorylab.com ). MyHistoryLab icons connect the main narrative in each chapter of the book to a powerful array of MyHistoryLab resources, including primary source documents, analytical video segments, interactive maps, and more. A MyHistoryLab Media Assignments feature now appears at the end of each chapter, capping off the study resources for the chapter. MyHistoryLab also includes both eText and audiobook versions of America: Past and Present , so that you can read or listen to your textbook any time you have access to the Internet.
2. America: Past and Present (tenth edition) now uses the latest New MyHistoryLab , which offers the most advanced Study Plan ever. You get personalized study plans for each chapter with content arranged from less complex thinking—like remembering facts—to more complex critical thinking—like understanding connections in history and analyzing primary sources. Assessments and learning applications in the Study Plan link you directly to the America: Past and Present eText for reading and review.
3. America: Past and Present (tenth edition) includes several new study aids designed to help you improve your understanding of each chapter. Learning Objective Questions now appear at the head of each chapter to help you focus on the most important information. Each chapter closes with a complete Study Resources section, containing a Time Line, Chapter Review, Key Terms and Defi nitions, and Critical Thinking Questions.
4. America: Past and Present (tenth edition) contains stronger coverage of African American history. A new feature essay in Chapter 16 addresses the short-lived order of “40 Acres and a Mule” for every freedman. A major new section in Chapter 19 describes the spread of Jim Crow in both the South and North after Reconstruction.
5. America: Past and Present (tenth edition) includes a new feature essay in Chapter 18 on the rise of the department store in the late nineteenth century and how this affected women and changed the way many Americans shopped.
6. A new feature essay in Chapter 32 discusses why global warming has become such a controversial issue in the United States and how Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth has affected this dispute.
7. Chapter 32 has also been updated to provide a full account of the election of 2008 and the Obama administration through 2011.
www.myhistorylab.com
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AMERICA Past and Present
VOLUME 2
◾ ◾ ◾
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AMERICA Past and Present
VOLUME 2
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Saõ Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
T E N T H E D I T I O N
ROBERT A. DIVINE University of Texas
T. H. BREEN Northwestern University
R. HAL WILLIAMS Southern Methodist University
ARIELA J. GROSS University of Southern California
H. W. BRANDS University of Texas
◾ ◾ ◾
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Combined Volume: ISBN-10: 0-205-90520-X ISBN-13: 978-0-205-90520-1 Instructor Review Copy: ISBN-10: 0-205-90632-X ISBN-13: 978-0-205-90632-1 Volume 1: ISBN-10: 0-205-90519-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-90519-5 Volume 1 A la carte: ISBN-10: 0-205-91008-4 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-91008-3 Volume 2: ISBN-10: 0-205-90547-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-90547-8 Volume 2 A la carte: ISBN-10: 0-205-91009-2 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-91009-0
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text or on pages C1–C2.
Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Th is publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or fax your request to 201-236-3290.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data America, past and present / Robert A. Divine ... [et al.].—10th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-205-90520-1 (combined volume)—ISBN 978-0-205-90519-5 (volume 1)—ISBN 978-0-205-90547-8 (volume 2) 1. United States—History—Textbooks. I. Divine, Robert A. E178.1.A4894 2013 973—dc23 2012018891
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vii
Chapter 16 The Agony of Reconstruction
Chapter 17 The West: Exploiting an Empire
Chapter 18 The Industrial Society
Chapter 19 Toward an Urban Society, 1877–1900
Chapter 20 Political Realignments in the 1890s
Chapter 21 Toward Empire
Chapter 22 The Progressive Era
Chapter 23 From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism
Chapter 24 The Nation at War
Chapter 25 Transition to Modern America
Chapter 26 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
Chapter 27 America and the World, 1921–1945
Chapter 28 The Onset of the Cold War
Chapter 29 Affl uence and Anxiety
Chapter 30 The Turbulent Sixties
Chapter 31 The Rise of a New Conservatism, 1969–1988
Chapter 32 Into the Twenty-fi rst Century, 1989–2012
Brief Contents
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Maps, Figures, and Tables xxi Features xxiii About the Authors xxvi Supplements xxviii
Chapter 16
THE AGONY OF RECONSTRUCTION 366 Robert Smalls and Black Politicians During Reconstruction 366
The President vs. Congress 368 Wartime Reconstruction 368 Andrew Johnson at the Helm 369 Congress Takes the Initiative 371 Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted 372 The Impeachment Crisis 373
Reconstructing Southern Society 374 Reorganizing Land and Labor 374 Black Codes: A New Name for Slavery? 376 Republican Rule in the South 376 Claiming Public and Private Rights 377
Retreat from Reconstruction 379 Rise of the Money Question 379 Final Efforts of Reconstruction 379 A Reign of Terror Against Blacks 380 Spoilsmen vs. Reformers 381
Reunion and the New South 382 The Compromise of 1877 382 “Redeeming” a New South 383 The Rise of Jim Crow 386
Conclusion: Henry McNeal Turner and the “Unfi nished Revolution” 387
◾ FEATURE ESSAY “Forty Acres and a Mule” 384
Chapter 17
THE WEST: EXPLOITING AN EMPIRE 390 Lean Bear’s Changing West 390
Beyond the Frontier 391
Crushing the Native Americans 392 Life of the Plains Indians 393 “As Long as Waters Run”: Searching for an Indian Policy 394 Final Battles on the Plains 395 The End of Tribal Life 396
ix
Contents
Settlement of the West 400 Men and Women on the Overland Trail 400 Land for the Taking 401 Territorial Government 402 The Spanish-Speaking Southwest 403
The Bonanza West 403 The Mining Bonanza 403 Gold from the Roots Up: The Cattle Bonanza 405 Sodbusters on the Plains: The Farming Bonanza 407 New Farming Methods 408 Discontent on the Farm 409 The Final Fling 410
Conclusion: The Meaning of the West 410
◾ FEATURE ESSAY Blacks in Blue: The Buffalo Soldiers in the West 398
Chapter 18
THE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 414 A Machine Culture 414
Industrial Development 416
An Empire on Rails 416 “Emblem of Motion and Power” 416 Building the Empire 418 Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines 419 Rails Across the Continent 419 Problems of Growth 420
An Industrial Empire 421 Carnegie and Steel 421 Rockefeller and Oil 423 The Business of Invention 424
The Sellers 428
The Wage Earners 428 Working Men, Working Women, Working Children 428
Culture of Work 430 Labor Unions 431 Labor Unrest 432
Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefi ts and Costs 435
◾ FEATURE ESSAY Shopping in a New Society 426
Chapter 19
TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877–1900 438 The Overcrowded 438
The Lure of the City 439 Skyscrapers and Suburbs 440 Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding 441
x Contents
Contents xi
Strangers in a New Land 441 Immigrants and the City 444 The House That Tweed Built 446
Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900 447 Manners and Mores 448 Leisure and Entertainment 448 Changes in Family Life 449 Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness among Women 450 Educating the Masses 450 Higher Education 451
The Spread of Jim Crow 454
The Stirrings of Reform 455 Progress and Poverty 455 New Currents in Social Thought 456 The Settlement Houses 457 Crisis in Social Welfare 458
Conclusion: The Pluralistic Society 459
◾ FEATURE ESSAY Ellis Island: Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears 442
◾ LAW AND SOCIETY Plessy v. Ferguson : The Shaping of Jim Crow 460
Chapter 20
POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s 466 Hardship and Heartache 466
Politics of Stalemate 468 The Party Deadlock 468 Experiments in the States 468 Reestablishing Presidential Power 469
Republicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar Congress 470 Tariffs, Trusts, and Silver 470 The 1890 Elections 472
The Rise of the Populist Movement 472 The Farm Problem 472 The Fast-Growing Farmers’ Alliance 473 The People’s Party 474
The Crisis of the Depression 476 The Panic of 1893 476 Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike 476 The Miners of the Midwest 477 A Beleaguered President 478 Breaking the Party Deadlock 478
Changing Attitudes 479 “Everybody Works But Father” 479 Changing Themes in Literature 480
The Presidential Election of 1896 481 The Mystique of Silver 481
The Republicans and Gold 481 The Democrats and Silver 484 Campaign and Election 484
The McKinley Administration 485
Conclusion: A Decade’s Dramatic Changes 486
◾ FEATURE ESSAY The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 482
Chapter 21
TOWARD EMPIRE 490 Roosevelt and the Rough Riders 490
America Looks Outward 492 Catching the Spirit of Empire 492 Reasons for Expansion 492 Foreign Policy Approaches, 1867–1900 493 The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa 495 The New Navy 496
War with Spain 497 A War for Principle 498 “A Splendid Little War” 500 “Smoked Yankees” 501 The Course of the War 502
Acquisition of Empire 503 The Treaty of Paris Debate 504 Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines 505 Governing the Empire 506 The Open Door 507
Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spain 510
◾ FEATURE ESSAY The 400 Million Customers of China 508
Chapter 22
THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 514 Muckrakers Call for Reform 514
The Changing Face of Industrialism 515 The Innovative Model T 516 The Burgeoning Trusts 517 Managing the Machines 518
Society’s Masses 519 Better Times on the Farm 519 Women and Children at Work 520 The Niagara Movement and the NAACP 521 “I Hear the Whistle”: Immigrants in the Labor Force 522
xii Contents
Contents xiii
Confl ict in the Workplace 524 Organizing Labor 525 Working with Workers 527 Amoskeag 530
A New Urban Culture 530 Production and Consumption 530 Living and Dying in an Urban Nation 530 Popular Pastimes 531 Experimentation in the Arts 532
Conclusion: A Ferment of Discovery and Reform 533
◾ FEATURE ESSAY The Triangle Fire 528
Chapter 23
FROM ROOSEVELT TO WILSON IN THE AGE OF PROGRESSIVISM 536 The Republicans Split 536
The Spirit of Progressivism 537 The Rise of the Professions 539 The Social-Justice Movement 539 The Purity Crusade 540 Woman Suffrage, Women’s Rights 540 A Ferment of Ideas: Challenging the Status Quo 542
Reform in the Cities and States 544 Interest Groups and the Decline of Popular Politics 544 Reform in the Cities 544 Action in the States 545
The Republican Roosevelt 546 Busting the Trusts 547 “Square Deal” in the Coalfi elds 547
Roosevelt Progressivism at its Height 548 Regulating the Railroads 548 Cleaning up Food and Drugs 548 Conserving the Land 549
The Ordeal of William Howard Taft 550 Party Insurgency 550 The Ballinger-Pinchot Affair 551 Taft Alienates the Progressives 551 Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912 552
Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom 553 The New Freedom in Action 554 Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism 554
Conclusion: The Fruits of Progressivism 558
◾ FEATURE ESSAY Madam C. J. Walker: African American Business Pioneer 556
Chapter 24
THE NATION AT WAR 562 The Sinking of the Lusitania 562
A New World Power 564 “I Took the Canal Zone” 564 The Roosevelt Corollary 565 Ventures in the Far East 566 Taft and Dollar Diplomacy 566
Foreign Policy Under Wilson 566 Conducting Moral Diplomacy 567 Troubles Across the Border 568
Toward War 568 The Neutrality Policy 569 Freedom of the Seas 569 The U-Boat Threat 570 “He Kept Us Out of War” 570 The Final Months of Peace 571
Over There 572 Mobilization 572 War in the Trenches 576
Over Here 577 The Conquest of Convictions 577 A Bureaucratic War 578 Labor in the War 579
The Treaty of Versailles 582 A Peace at Paris 582 Rejection in the Senate 584
Conclusion: Postwar Disillusionment 585
◾ FEATURE ESSAY Measuring the Mind 574
Chapter 25
TRANSITION TO MODERN AMERICA 588 Wheels for the Millions 588
The Second Industrial Revolution 589 The Automobile Industry 590 Patterns of Economic Growth 590 Economic Weaknesses 591
City Life in the Jazz Age 592 Women and the Family 593 The Roaring Twenties 593 The Flowering of the Arts 595
The Rural Counterattack 598 The Fear of Radicalism 599
xiv Contents
Prohibition 600 The Ku Klux Klan 600 Immigration Restriction 602 The Fundamentalist Challenge 603
Politics of the 1920s 603 Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover 603 Republican Policies 605 The Divided Democrats 605 The Election of 1928 606
Conclusion: The Old and the New 607
◾ FEATURE ESSAY Marcus Garvey: Racial Redemption and Black Nationalism 596
◾ LAW AND SOCIETY The Scopes “Monkey” Trial: Contesting Cultural Differences 608
Chapter 26
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE NEW DEAL 614 The Struggle Against Despair 614
The Great Depression 614 The Great Crash 615 Effect of the Depression 616
Fighting the Depression 619 Hoover and Voluntarism 619 The Emergence of Roosevelt 620 The Hundred Days 621 Roosevelt and Recovery 622 Roosevelt and Relief 623
Roosevelt and Reform 624 Challenges to FDR 624 Social Security 624 Labor Legislation 627
Impact of the New Deal 627 Rise of Organized Labor 627 The New Deal Record on Help to Minorities 628 Women at Work 629
End of the New Deal 630 The Election of 1936 630 The Supreme Court Fight 630 The New Deal in Decline 631
Conclusion: The New Deal and American Life 631
◾ FEATURE ESSAY Eleanor Roosevelt and the Quest for Social Justice 632
Contents xv
Chapter 27
AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921–1945 638 A Pact Without Power 638
Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry 639 Retreat in Europe 640 Cooperation in Latin America 640 Rivalry in Asia 641
Isolationism 641 The Lure of Pacifi sm and Neutrality 642 War in Europe 642
The Road to War 644 From Neutrality to Undeclared War 644 Showdown in the Pacifi c 645
Turning the Tide Against the Axis 647 Wartime Partnerships 647 Halting the German Blitz 648 Checking Japan in the Pacifi c 648
The Home Front 649 The Arsenal of Democracy 649 A Nation on the Move 650 Win-the-War Politics 653
Victory 654 War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy 655 Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacifi c 656
Conclusion: The Transforming Power of War 660
◾ FEATURE ESSAY The Face of the Holocaust 658
Chapter 28
THE ONSET OF THE COLD WAR 664 The Potsdam Summit 664
The Cold War Begins 666 The Division of Europe 666 Withholding Economic Aid 666 The Atomic Dilemma 668
Containment 668 The Truman Doctrine 669 The Marshall Plan 670 The Western Military Alliance 670 The Berlin Blockade 670
The Cold War Expands 671 The Military Dimension 671 The Cold War in Asia 672 The Korean War 673
xvi Contents
The Cold War at Home 674 Truman’s Troubles 674 Truman Vindicated 675 The Loyalty Issue 676 McCarthyism in Action 677 The Republicans in Power 678
Eisenhower Wages the Cold War 680 Entanglement in Indochina 680 Containing China 681 Covert Actions 684 Waging Peace 684
Conclusion: The Continuing Cold War 685
◾ FEATURE ESSAY America Enters the Middle East 682
Chapter 29
AFFLUENCE AND ANXIETY 688 Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs 688
The Postwar Boom 690 Postwar Prosperity 690 Life in the Suburbs 691
The Good Life? 692 Areas of Greatest Growth 692 Critics of the Consumer Society 692
Farewell to Reform 696 Truman and the Fair Deal 696 Eisenhower’s Modern Republicanism 697
The Struggle over Civil Rights 698 Civil Rights as a Political Issue 699 Desegregating the Schools 700 The Beginnings of Black Activism 701
Conclusion: Restoring National Confi dence 703
◾ FEATURE ESSAY The Reaction to Sputnik 694
Chapter 30
THE TURBULENT SIXTIES 706 Kennedy versus Nixon: The First Televised Presidential Candidate Debate 706
Kennedy Intensifi es the Cold War 708 Flexible Response 709 Crisis over Berlin 709 Containment in Southeast Asia 709 Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco 710 Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis 711
Contents xvii
The New Frontier at Home 713 The Congressional Obstacle 713 Economic Advance 713 Moving Slowly on Civil Rights 714 “I Have a Dream” 716 The Supreme Court and Reform 717
“Let Us Continue” 717 Johnson in Action 718 The Election of 1964 718 The Triumph of Reform 720
Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War 721 The Vietnam Dilemma 724 Escalation 725 Stalemate 726
Years of Turmoil 726 The Student Revolt 726 Protesting the Vietnam War 727 The Cultural Revolution 728 “Black Power” 728 Ethnic Nationalism 729 Women’s Liberation 730
The Return of Richard Nixon 731 Vietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson 731 The Democrats Divide 731 The Republican Resurgence 732
Conclusion: The End of an Era 733
◾ FEATURE ESSAY Unintended Consequences: The Second Great Migration 722
Chapter 31
THE RISE OF A NEW CONSERVATISM, 1969–1988 736 Reagan and America’s Shift to the Right 736
The Tempting of Richard Nixon 738 Pragmatic Liberalism 738 Détente 739 Ending the Vietnam War 739 The Watergate Scandal 741
The Economy of Stagfl ation 742 War and Oil 742 The Great Infl ation 743 The Shifting American Economy 744 A New Environmentalism 744
xviii Contents
Private Lives, Public Issues 745 The Changing American Family 745 Gains and Setbacks for Women 745 The Gay Liberation Movement 746 The AIDS Epidemic 748
Politics and Diplomacy After Watergate 749 The Ford Administration 749 Carter and American Malaise 749 Troubles Abroad 751 The Collapse of Détente 751
The Reagan Revolution 752 The Election of 1980 752 Cutting Taxes and Spending 753 Unleashing the Private Sector 754
Reagan and the World 755 Challenging the “Evil Empire” 755 Confrontation in Central America 755 More Trouble in the Middle East 758 Trading Arms for Hostages 758 Reagan the Peacemaker 764
Conclusion: Challenging the New Deal 764
◾ FEATURE ESSAY The Christian Right 756
◾ LAW AND SOCIETY Roe v. Wade: The Struggle over Women’s Reproductive Rights 760
Chapter 32
INTO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 1989–2012 768 “This Will Not Stand”: Foreign Policy in the Post–Cold War Era 768
The First President Bush 770 Republicans at Home 770 Ending the Cold War 771 The Gulf War 772
The Changing Faces of America 774 A People on the Move 774 The Revival of Immigration 774 Emerging Hispanics 775 Advance and Retreat for African Americans 776 Americans from Asia and the Middle East 776 Assimilation or Diversity? 777
Contents xix
The New Democrats 778 The Election of 1992 779 Clinton and Congress 779 Scandal in the White House 780
Clinton and the World 781 Old Rivals in New Light 782 To Intervene or Not 782 The Balkan Wars 782
Republicans Triumphant 783 The Disputed Election of 2000 783 George W. Bush at Home 784 The War on Terror 785 Widening the Battlefi eld 788 Bush Reelected 790
Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials 791 The Great Recession 791 New Challenges and Old 792 Doubting the Future 793
Conclusion: The End of the American Future—or Not? 794
◾ FEATURE ESSAY An Inconvenient Truth? The Controversy Surrounding Global Warming 786
xx Contents
Maps, Figures, and Tables
MAPS PAGE
373 Reconstruction 383 Election of 1876 392 Physiographic Map of the United States 394 Native Americans in the West: Major Battles and
Reservations 405 Mining Regions of the West 406 Cattle Trails 409 Agricultural Land Use in the 1880s 418 Federal Land Grants to Railroads as of 1871 420 Railroads, 1870 and 1890 433 Labor Strikes, 1870–1900 445 Foreign-Born Population, 1890 470 Election of 1888 475 Election of 1892 485 Election of 1896 496 Hawaiian Islands 503 American Empire, 1900 506 World Colonial Empires, 1900 520 Irrigation and Conservation in the West to 1917 541 “Changing Lives of American Women, 1880–1930” 549 National Parks and Forests 553 Election of 1912 565 The Panama Canal Zone 567 Activities of the United States in the Caribbean,
1898–1930 573 European Alliances and Battlefronts, 1914–1917 576 The Western Front: U.S. Participation, 1918 580 African American Migration Northward, 1910–1920 584 Europe after the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 606 Election of 1928 620 Election of 1932 622 The Tennessee Valley Authority 623 The Dust Bowl 650 World War II in the Pacifi c 652 Japanese American Internment Camps 656 World War II in Europe and North Africa 667 Europe after World War II 669 Marshall Plan Aid to Europe, 1948–1952
PAGE
673 The Korean War, 1950–1953 675 Election of 1948 698 The Interstate Highway System 708 Election of 1960 721 African American Voter Registration before and after
Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 724 Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War 732 Election of 1968 741 Election of 1972 746 Voting on the Equal Rights Amendment 752 Election of 1980 758 Trouble Spots in Central America and the Caribbean 759 Trouble Spots in the Middle East 772 The End of the Cold War 779 Election of 1992 780 Election of 1996 783 The Breakup of Yugoslavia/Civil War in Bosnia 784 Election of 2000 791 Election of 2004 792 Election of 2008
FIGURES PAGE
419 Railroad Construction, 1830–1920 421 International Steel Production, 1880–1914 424 Patents Issued by Decade, 1850–1899 444 Immigration to the United States, 1870–1900 447 Urban and Rural Population, 1870–1900 (in millions) 473 Selected Commodity Prices 517 Business Consolidations (Mergers), 1895–1905 523 Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920
(by Area of Origin) 524 Mexican Immigration to the United States, 1900–1920 527 Labor Union Membership, 1897–1920 544 Voter Participation in Presidential Elections, 1876–1920 573 U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign,
1916–1918 616 U.S. Unemployment, 1929–1942 620 Bank Failures, 1929–1933 722 The Second Great Migration: A Theoretical Example 725 U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 of Each Year)
743 The Oil Shocks: Price Increases of Crude Oil and Gasoline, 1973–1985
xxi
TABLES PAGE
372 Reconstruction Amendments, 1865–1870 379 The Election of 1868 382 The Election of 1872 455 Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Black Civil Rights,
1875–1900 469 The Election of 1880 470 The Election of 1884 486 The Election of 1900 548 The Election of 1904 550 The Election of 1908 583 Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 1918: Success
and Failure in Implementation
PAGE
585 The Election of 1920 606 The Election of 1924 621 Presidential Voting in Chicago by Ethnic
Groups, 1924–1932 (Percentage Democratic) 630 The Election of 1936 634 Major New Deal Legislation and Agencies 645 The Election of 1940 654 The Election of 1944 678 The Election of 1952 697 The Election of 1956 720 The Election of 1964 751 The Election of 1976 759 The Election of 1984 770 The Election of 1988 794 The Election of 2008
xxii Maps, Figures, and Tables
xxiii
FEATURE ESSAYS PAGE
384 “Forty Acres and a Mule” 398 Blacks in Blue: The Buffalo Soldiers in the West 426 Shopping in a New Society 442 Ellis Island: Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears 482 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 508 The 400 Million Customers of China 528 The Triangle Fire 556 Madam C. J. Walker: African American Business
Pioneer 574 Measuring the Mind 596 Marcus Garvey: Racial Redemption and Black
Nationalism 632 Eleanor Roosevelt and the Quest for Social Justice
PAGE
658 The Face of the Holocaust 682 America Enters the Middle East 694 The Reaction to Sputnik 722 Unintended Consequences: The Second
Great Migration 756 The Christian Right 786 An Inconvenient Truth? The Controversy Surrounding
Global Warming
LAW AND SOCIETY ESSAYS PAGE
460 Plessy v. Ferguson: The Shaping of Jim Crow 608 The Scopes “Monkey” Trial: Contesting
Cultural Differences 760 Roe v. Wade: The Struggle over Women’s
Reproductive Rights
Features
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xxv
America: Past and Present (tenth edition) is now tied more closely than ever to the innovative website, MyHistoryLab , which helps stu- dents learn more in their history course ( www.myhistorylab.com ). MyHistoryLab icons connect the main narrative in each chapter of the book to a powerful array of MyHistoryLab resources, including primary source documents, analytical video segments, interactive maps, and more. A MyHistoryLab Media Assignments feature now appears at the end of each chapter, capping off the study resources for the chapter. MyHistoryLab also includes both eText and audio- book versions of America: Past and Present , so that students can read or listen to their textbook any time they have access to the Internet.
America: Past and Present (tenth edition) now uses the latest New MyHistoryLab , which off ers the most advanced Study Plan ever. Students get personalized study plans for each chapter, with content arranged from less complex thinking—like remembering facts—to more complex critical thinking—like understanding connections in history and analyzing primary sources. Assessments and learning applications in the Study Plan link directly to the America: Past and Present eText for reading and review.
America: Past and Present (tenth edition) includes several new study aids designed to help improve student understanding
of each chapter. Learning Objective Questions now appear at the head of each chapter to help focus attention on the most important information. Each chapter closes with a complete Study Resources section, containing a Time Line, Chapter Review, Key Terms and Defi nitions, and Critical Th inking Questions.
America: Past and Present (tenth edition) contains stronger coverage of African American history. A new feature essay in Chapter 16 addresses the short-lived order of “40 Acres and a Mule” for every freedman. A major new section in Chapter 19 describes the spread of Jim Crow in both the South and North aft er Reconstruction.
America: Past and Present (tenth edition) includes a new fea- ture essay in Chapter 18 on the rise of the department store in the late nineteenth century and how this aff ected women and changed the way many Americans shopped.
A new feature essay in Chapter 32 discusses why global warming has become such a controversial issue in the United States and how Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth has aff ected this dispute.
Chapter 32 has also been updated to provide a full account of the election of 2008 and the Obama administration through 2011.
New to the Tenth Edition Volume 2
www.myhistorylab.com
ROBERT A. DIVINE
Robert A. Divine, George W. Littlefi eld Professor Emeritus in American History at the University of Texas at Austin, received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1954. A specialist in American diplo- matic history, he taught from 1954 to 1996 at the University of Texas, where he was honored by both the student associ- ation and the graduate school for teach-
ing excellence. His extensive published work includes Th e Illusion of Neutrality (1962); Second Chance : Th e Triumph of Internationalism in America During World War II (1967); and Blowing on the Wind (1978). His most recent work is Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace (2000), a comparative analysis of twentieth-century American wars. He is also the author of Eisenhower and the Cold War (1981) and editor of three volumes of essays on the presidency of Lyndon Johnson. His book, Th e Sputnik Challenge (1993), won the Eugene E. Emme Astronautical Literature Award for 1993. He has been a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and has given the Albert Shaw Lectures in Diplomatic History at Johns Hopkins University.
T. H. BREEN
T. H. Breen, William Smith Mason Professor of American History at Northwestern University, received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1968. He has taught at Northwestern since 1970. Breen’s major books include The Character of the Good Ruler: A Study of Puritan Political Ideas in New England (1974); Puritans and Adventurers:
Change and Persistence in Early America (1980); Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution (1985); and, with Stephen Innes of the University of Virginia, “Myne Owne Ground”: Race and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore (1980). His Imagining the Past (1989) won the 1990 Historic Preservation Book Award. Marketplace of Revolution received the Colonial Wars Book Award for the “best” book on the American Revolution in 2004. In addition to receiving sev- eral awards for outstanding teaching at Northwestern, Breen has been the recipient of research grants from the American Council of Learned Societies, the Guggenheim Foundation, the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), the National Humanities Center, and the Huntington Library. He has served as the Fowler
Hamilton Fellow at Christ Church, Oxford University (1987– 1988); the Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions, Cambridge University (1990–1991); the Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University (2000–2001); and was a recipient of the Humboldt Prize (Germany). His most recent book is American Insurgents: Th e Revolution of the People Before Independence (2010).
R. HAL WILLIAMS
R. Hal Williams is a professor of history at Southern Methodist University. He received his A.B. from Princeton University in 1963 and his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1968. His books include The Democratic Party and California Politics, 1880–1896 (1973), Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s (1978), and Th e Manhattan Project:
A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age (1990). A specialist in American political history, he taught at Yale University from 1968 to 1975 and came to SMU in 1975 as chair of the Department of History. From 1980 to 1988, he served as dean of Dedman College, the School of Humanities and Sciences, at SMU, where he is currently dean of Research and Graduate Studies. In 1980, he was a visiting professor at University College, Oxford University. Williams has received grants from the American Philosophical Society and the National Endowment for the Humanities, and he has served on the Texas Committee for the Humanities. He has recently completed Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896 , which published in 2010. Hal Williams thanks Linda and Lise Williams for support at crucial moments; Susan Harper; Billie Stovall, the core of SMU’s Interlibrary Loan sys- tem; and above all, Peggy Varghese who helped in every way.
ARIELA J. GROSS
Ariela J. Gross is the John B. and Alice R. Sharp Professor of Law and History at the University of Southern California. She is the author of Double Character: Slavery and Mastery in the Antebellum Southern Courtroom (2000) and What Blood Won’t Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America (2008), winner of the
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About the Authors
2009 Willard Hurst Prize for sociolegal history from the Law and Society Association. She has also published numerous law review articles and book chapters, including most recently, “When Is the Time of Slavery? Th e History of Slavery in Contemporary Legal and Political Argument,” in the California Law Review . She received her B.A. from Harvard University, her J.D. from Stanford Law School, and her Ph.D. from Stanford University, and she is the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Humanities Long-Term Fellowship at the Huntington Library, and a Frederick J. Burkhardt Fellowship from the American Council for Learned Societies. She has been a visiting professor at Tel Aviv University and the École des Hautes études en Sciences Sociales.
H. W. BRANDS
H. W. Brands is the Dickson Allen Anderson Centennial Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of numerous works of history and international affairs, including The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (1993), Into the Labyrinth: Th e United States and the Middle East (1994), The
Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s (1995), TR: The Last Romantic (a biography of Theodore Roosevelt) (1997), What America Owes the World: Th e Struggle for the Soul of Foreign Policy (1998), Th e First American: Th e Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (2000), Th e Strange Death of American Liberalism (2001), Th e Age of Gold: Th e California Gold Rush and the New American Dream (2002), Woodrow Wilson (2003), Andrew Jackson (2005), Traitor to His Class: Th e Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2008), and American Colossus: Th e Triumph of Capitalism, 1865–1900 (2010). His writing has received popular and critical acclaim; several of his books have been bestsellers, and Th e First American and Traitor to His Class were fi nalists for the Pulitzer Prize. He lectures frequently across North America and in Europe. His essays and reviews have appeared in the New York Times , the Wall Street Journal , the Washington Post , the Los Angeles Times , Atlantic Monthly , and elsewhere. He is a regular guest on radio and television, and has participated in several historical doc- umentary fi lms.
Author Responsibility
Although this book is a joint eff ort, each author took primary responsibility for writing one section. T. H. Breen contributed the fi rst eight chapters, going from the earliest Native American period to the second decade of the nineteenth century. Ariela J. Gross worked on Chapters 9 through 16 , carrying the narrative through the Reconstruction era. R. Hal Williams was responsible for Chapters 17 through 24 , focusing on the industrial transformation, urbanization, and the events culminating in World War I. Th e fi nal eight chapters, bringing the story through the Great Depression, World War II, the Cold War and its aft ermath, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and culminating in the historic election of Barack Obama, were the work of H. W. Brands. Each contributor reviewed and revised the work of his or her colleagues and helped shape the material into its fi nal form.
About the Authors xxvii
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