Samovar and porter definition of culture

Cultural Stereotypes And Communication With Latino

Requirements:

This assignment asks you to design a project that increases our understanding of a cultural stereotypes and communication with specific cultural group( I chose Latino.) Overall evaluation of this project will be based on application of theory, integration of concepts, and clarity of writing.

This project aims to enhance your collaborative skills in a group setting as well as the capacity to conduct practical analysis based on real-world intercultural communication examples. Critical and deep thinking are necessary for the quality of this project.

- Written Paper (20 pts): You will find a certain cultural group together, explaining its history of coming into being, especially recognized stereotypes regarding this group (concepts regarding stereotypes could be find in Ch.11), pros and cons of brought by the stereotype, how people within the cultural group feel about it, how they interact with the outsiders, how they are different from as well as similar with the outsiders, along with your theoretical thoughts of the cultural group.

This essay should be 9-10 pages, incorporating theories, concepts, and skills you learned in the class.

- Group Presentations (15 pts): The project will be presented to the class in a 15-minute presentation.

For completing this project, you must aggregate your collective research, perceptions, and analysis of the selected cultural group into a presentation that includes cultural norms and conflicts. You will be required to prepare handouts or necessary materials for the class.

I will attach the textbook with this link, and This work must be based on the theories from the textbook and doing related researches.

Enhance your intercultural communication learning experience!

Intercultural Communication: A Reader, 14th Edition Samovar/Porter/McDaniel/Roy

©2015 | ISBN-13: 978-1-285-07739-0

Intercultural Communication:

A Reader, explores how communi-

cation values and styles can vary

across cultures and communities,

providing a thorough introduction to current theory while outlining practical

strategies for more effective, culturally aware communication.

This broad-based and highly engaging reader, compiled by the authors who

defined the course, includes a balanced selection of articles—some commis -

sioned solely for this text—that discuss the classic ideas that laid the ground -

work for this field, as well as the latest research and ideas.

Order your copy today! You can purchase this engaging reader and view additional

supplements for your course at www.cengagebrain.com

Also available from the esteemed author team…

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

NINTH EDITION

Communication Between CULTURES

Larry A. Samovar San Diego State University, Emeritus

Richard E. Porter California State University, Long Beach, Emeritus

Edwin R. McDaniel San Diego State University

Carolyn S. Roy San Diego State University

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to

remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by

ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.

Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

© 2017, 2013, 2010 Cengage Learning WCN: 02-22200-203

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706

For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.

Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015948486

ISBN: 978-1-285-44462-8

Cengage Learning 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com.

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Cengage Learning Solutions, visit www.cengage.com.

Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com.

Communication Between Cultures, Ninth Edition Larry A. Samovar; Richard E. Porter; Edwin R. McDaniel; Carolyn S. Roy

Product Director: Monica Eckman

Product Manager: Kelli Strieby

Content Developer: Karolina Kiwak

Product Assistant: Colin Solan

Marketing Manager: Sarah Seymour

IP Analyst: Ann Hoffman

IP Project Manager: Farah Fard

Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke

Art and Design Direction, Production Management, and Composition: Lumina Datamatics, Inc.

Cover Image: © Josef F. Stueter

Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2015

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Brief Contents

Preface xix

CHAPTER 1 Intercultural Communication: A Requirement for the Interdependent Global Society 1

CHAPTER 2 Communication and Culture: The Voice and the Echo 25

CHAPTER 3 The Deep Structure of Culture: Lessons from the Family 68

CHAPTER 4 Worldview: Cultural Explanations of Life and Death 103

CHAPTER 5 Cultural History: Precursor to the Present and Future 161

CHAPTER 6 Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior 198

CHAPTER 7 Culture and Identity: Situating the Individual 243

CHAPTER 8 Verbal Messages: Exchanging Ideas Through Language 265

CHAPTER 9 Nonverbal Communication: The Messages of Action, Space, Time, and Silence 295

CHAPTER 10 Intercultural Communication in Contexts: Applications in Business, Education, and Healthcare 339

CHAPTER 11 The Challenges of Intercultural Communication: Managing Differences 380

Notes 409

Index 446

iii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Contents

Preface xix

CHAPTER 1 Intercultural Communication: A Requirement for the Interdependent Global Society 1

The Interdependent Global Society 1

The Requirement for Intercultural Cooperation 3

Social Challenges 4 Ecological Concerns 8 Humanitarian and Legal Cooperation 11 Political Issues 12 Security Concerns 13

Technology 15

Developing Intercultural Awareness 17

Individual Uniqueness 18 Generalizing 19 Objectivity 20 Compromise in Intercultural Communication 21 Communication Is Not the Universal Solution 22

Preview of the Book 23

Summary 23 Activities 24 Concepts and Questions 24

CHAPTER 2 Communication and Culture: The Voice and the Echo 25

Human Communication 25

The Uses of Communication 26

Communication Helps Fulfill Interpersonal Needs 26 Communication Assists with Person Perception 27 Communication Establishes Cultural and Personal Identities 27 Communication Has Persuasive Qualities 27

v Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Defining Human Communication 28

The Ingredients of Human Communication 28

Components of Human Communication 30

Communication Is a Dynamic Process 30 Communication Is Symbolic 30 Communication Is Contextual 31

Number of Participants 32 Environmental Context 32 Occasion 33 Time 33

Communication Is Self-Reflective 33 Communication Is Irreversible 34 Communication Has a Consequence 34 Communication Is Complex 35 Misconceptions About Human Communication 36

Communication Can Solve All Problems 36 Some People Are Born Effective Communicators 36 The Message You Send Is the Message Received 37

Culture 37

Culture Defined 39 Characteristics of Culture 39

Culture Is Shared 40 Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation 41 Culture Is Based on Symbols 41 Culture Is Learned 43 Culture Is Dynamic 54

The Elements of Culture 56 Worldview 57 Religion 57 History 57 Values 58 Social Organizations 58 Language 59

Developing Intercultural Competence 61

The Basic Components of Intercultural Communication Competence 61 Motivation 61 Knowledge 62 Skills 64

Summary 66 Activities 67 Concepts and Questions 67

vi Contents

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

CHAPTER 3 The Deep Structure of Culture: Lessons from the Family 68

The Deep Structure of Culture 70

Deep Structure Institutions Transmit Culture’s Most Important Messages 71 Deep Structure Institutions and Their Messages Endure 71 Deep Structure Institutions and Their Messages Are Deeply Felt 72 Deep Structure Institutions Supply Much of a Person’s Identity 72

Family 73

Definition of Family 74 Forms of Family 75

Nuclear Families 76 Extended Families 76

Globalization and Families 77 Functions of the Family 78

Reproductive Function 78 Economic Function 79 Socialization Function 79 Language Acquisition Function 79 Identity Function 80

Cultural Variants in Family Interaction 80 Gender Roles 81 Individualism and Collectivism 88 Individualism and the Family 88 Collectivism and the Family 89

The Elderly 92 United States 92 Latino 93 Arab 93 Asian 93 East African 95 American Indian 95 African American 96

Social Skills 97 Communication Skills 98 Aggressive Behavior 98

Developing Communication Competence Through the Family 99 Summary 101 Activities 101 Concepts and Questions 102

Contents vii

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

CHAPTER 4 Worldview: Cultural Explanations of Life and Death 103

Worldview and Culture 103

Manifestations of Worldview 104

Constructs of Worldviews 105

Atheism as a Worldview 106 Rejection of God 106 Role of the Individual 106 A Set of Ethical Standards 107 The Finality of Death 107

Spirituality as a Worldview 107 Religion as a Worldview 108

Religion and Human Behavior 110

Religion in the Twenty-First Century 111 Globalization and Religion 111 Violence and Religion 111

Selecting Religious Traditions for Study 112

Common Elements of Religion 113

Speculation 114 Sacred Writings 114 Religious Rituals 115 Ethics 116

Christianity 117

Core Assumptions 118 Cultural Expressions of Christianity 118

Christianity and Community 118 Christianity and Individualism 119 Christianity and “Doing” 119 Christianity and the Future 120 Christianity and Courage 120 Christianity and Ethics 121 Christianity and Notions About Death 122

Judaism 123

Origins 124 Core Assumptions 124 Branches of Judaism 125

viii Contents

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Cultural Expressions of Judaism 126 Oppression and Persecution 126 Learning 127 Social Justice 127 Family and Community 127 Judaism and Ethics 128 Jewish Notions About Death 128

Islam 129

Origins 130 Core Assumptions 130

One God 130 The Koran 131 Submission 131 Predestination 131 Judgment 132 Five Pillars of Islam 132

Cultural Expressions of Islam 134 The Message and Response to Jihad 134 A Complete Way of Life 135 Sharia Law 135 Gender 136

Ethics and Islam 137 Islamic Notions About Death 137

Hinduism 138

Origins 138 Sacred Texts 139

The Vedas 139 The Upanishads 139 The Bhagavad Gita 139

Core Assumptions 140 Divine in Everything 140 Ultimate Reality 140 Brahman 140 Multiple Paths 141

Cultural Expressions of Hinduism 141 Complete Way of Life 141 Dharma 142 Karma 142 Four Stages of Life 142

Ethics and Hinduism 144 Notions About Death 144

Contents ix

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Buddhism 144

Origins 145 Core Assumptions 146

The Four Noble Truths 147 The Eightfold Path 148

Cultural Expressions of Buddhism 149 The Use of Silence 149 Impermanency 149 Karma 150

Buddhist Ethics 150 Buddhist Notions About Death 151

Confucianism 152

Confucius the Man 152 Core Assumptions 153 Analects 153 Cultural Expressions of Confucianism 154

Jen (Humanism) 154 Li (Rituals, Rites, Proprieties, Conventions) 154 Te (Power) 155 Wen (The Arts) 155

Confucianism and Communication 155 Confucianism and Ethics 156 Confucianism and Notions About Death 156

Developing Religious Tolerance 157

Summary 159 Activities 160 Concepts and Questions 160

CHAPTER 5 Cultural History: Precursor to the Present and Future 161

History’s Influence 161

U.S. History 164

Contemporary Social Issues 167

Russian History 168

Contemporary Social Issues 171

Chinese History 172

Communicating History 175 Contemporary Social Issues 176

x Contents

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Japanese History 177

Contemporary Social Issues 180

Indian History 181

Contemporary Social Issues 184

Mexican History 184

Contemporary Social Issues 188

Historical Overview of Islamic Civilization 189

Muslim Demographics 189 The Age of Ignorance 190 The Rise and Spread of Islam 190 The Legacy of Islamic History 193

Developing Historical Memory Competency for Intercultural Communication Interactions 195

Summary 196 Activities 197 Concepts and Questions 197

CHAPTER 6 Cultural Values: Road Maps for Behavior 198

Perception’s Influence 200

Beliefs, Values, and Behaviors 201

Beliefs 201 Values 202 Behaviors 203

Understanding Cultural Patterns 203

Choosing Cultural Patterns 205

Applying Cultural Patterns 205

Kohls’ “The Values Americans Live By” 205 Personal Control over Nature 206 Change 207 Time and Its Control 208 Equality/Egalitarianism 208 Individuality and Privacy 209 Self-Help 210 Competition and Free Enterprise 210 Future Orientation 211 Action/Work Orientation 211

Contents xi

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Informality 212 Directness, Openness, and Honesty 212 Practicality and Efficiency 213 Materialism 213

Other Cultural Pattern Typologies 214

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations 214 Human Nature Orientation 215 Person/Nature Orientation 216 Time Orientation 217 Activity Orientation 218

Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Orientations 220 High-Context 220 Low-Context 222

Hofstede’s Value Dimensions 222 Individualism/Collectivism 223 Uncertainty Avoidance 225 Power Distance 227 Masculinity/Femininity 228 Long- and Short-Term Orientation 230

Minkov’s Cultural Dimensions 231 Industry Versus Indulgence 231 Monumentalism Versus Flexumility 232 Exclusionism Versus Universalism 233

Tight and Loose Cultures 234

Face and Facework 236

Cultural Patterns and Communication 238

Developing Cultural Value Awareness 238

Summary 240 Activities 241 Concepts and Questions 242

CHAPTER 7 Culture and Identity: Situating the Individual 243

Identity: Defining the Concept 244

The Influence of Identity 246

Examining Social Identities 247

Racial Identity 248 Gender Identity 248 Ethnic Identity 250

xii Contents

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

National Identity 251 Regional Identity 252 Organizational Identity 253 Personal Identity 254 Cyberidentity and Fantasy Identity 255 Other Identities 255

Identity Acquisition and Development 256

Multistage Identity Development Models 257

Establishing and Enacting Cultural Identity 259

Globalization and Cultural Identity 261

Competency and Identity in Intercultural Interactions 262

Summary 263 Activities 263 Concepts and Questions 264

CHAPTER 8 Verbal Messages: Exchanging Ideas Through Language 265

Functions of Language 266

Social Interaction 266 Social Cohesion 267 Expressions of Identity 268

What Is Language? 269

Characteristics of Language 269 Words Are Only Symbols 269 Words Are Arbitrary 269 Words Evoke Denotative or Connotative Meanings 270

Language and Culture 270

Language and Thought 270 Language Variations 273

Accents 273 Dialect 274 Argot 274 Slang 275 United States 275 Britain 276 Texting 276 Idioms 276

Using Language 277 English 277

Contents xiii

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Spanish 278 Brazilian Portuguese 279 Northeast Asian 279 Arabic 281 German 282

Interpreting 283

Cultural Considerations in Interpreting 285 Working with Interpreters 286

Preparing for the Session 287 During the Session 287

Interpreting and Technology 288 Developing Language Competence in the Intercultural Setting 288 Learn a Second Language 289 Be Mindful 289 Be Aware of Conversational Taboos 290 Be Attentive to Your Speech Rate 291 Be Conscious of Differences in Vocabulary 291 Attend to Nonverbal Behavior 291 Use “Checking” Devices 292 Be Aware of Cultural Variations in the Use of Language 292 Summary 292 Activities 293 Concepts and Questions 294

CHAPTER 9 Nonverbal Communication: The Messages of Action, Space, Time, and Silence 295

Defining Nonverbal Communication 297

Intentional and Unintentional Messages 297

Verbal and Nonverbal Messages 298

The Functions of Nonverbal Communication 298

Conveying Internal States 298 Creating Identity 298 Regulating Interaction 299 Substituting for Words 300

Studying Nonverbal Communication 300

Nonverbal Communication Is a Multichannel Activity 300 Nonverbal Communication Is Often Ambiguous 301 Numerous Variables Influence Nonverbal Communication 301

Nonverbal Communication and Culture 301

xiv Contents

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Classifications of Nonverbal Communication 302

Messages of the Body 302 Appearance 302

Judgment of Beauty 303 Skin Color 304 Attire 305

Body Movement 307 Posture 309 Gestures 310 Facial Expressions 312 Eye Contact and Gaze 314 Touch 317 Scents 319 Paralanguage 321

Space and Distance 323 Personal Space 323 Seating 325 Furniture Arrangement 326

Time 327 Informal Time 328 Monochronic (M-Time) and Polychronic (P-Time) 330

Silence 331

Developing Nonverbal Communication Competency 334

Your Interpretations Should Be Tentative 335 Be Conscious of the Context 335 Utilize Feedback 335 Know Your Culture 336 Monitor Your Nonverbal Actions 336 Summary 337 Activities 338 Concepts and Questions 338

CHAPTER 10 Intercultural Communication in Contexts: Applications in Business, Education, and Healthcare 339

Culture and Context 339

Assumptions Grounding Communication Contexts 340

Communication Is Rule Governed 340 Context Dictates Communication Rules 341 Communication Rules Vary Across Cultures 341

International Communication in Contexts 342

Contents xv

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Intercultural Communication in Globalized Business 342 Business Protocol 344 Leadership and Management 346 Decision Making 349 Conflict Management 350 Negotiations 351

The Role of Language in Globalized Organizations 354 Benefits of Globalized Organizations 354

Education in the Globalized Society 355

Culture as a Teacher 358 Learning from Culture 358 Cultural Attitudes Toward Education 360 Language and Education 361 The Multicultural Classroom 362

Cultural Considerations in the Multicultural Classroom 362 Multicultural Classroom Communication Strategies 364

Healthcare in a Multicultural Context 365

Globalization and Healthcare 366 Intercultural Communication in Healthcare 366 Healthcare Belief Systems Across Cultures 367

Supernatural/Magico/Religious Perspective 367 Holistic Perspective 368 Scientific/Biomedical Perspective 369

Illness Prevention Across Cultures 370 Language Diversity in Healthcare 371 Death and Dying Across Cultures 373

Developing Intercultural Communication Competence in Contexts 374

Summary 376 Activities 378 Concepts and Questions 378

CHAPTER 11 The Challenges of Intercultural Communication: Managing Differences 380

Intercultural Communication in a Dynamic World 380

Entering Another Culture 381

Culture Shock and Its Impact 381 The Process of Acculturation 383 Managing Culture Shock and Enhancing Acculturation 384

xvi Contents

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Learn About the Host Culture 385 Learn About the Language of the Host Culture 385 Guard Against Ethnocentrism 385 Stay Connected to Your Own Culture 386

Obstacles to Effective Intercultural Communication 387 Tendencies to Seek Similarities 387 Managing Uncertainty 388 Withdrawal 388 Stereotyping 389

Stereotyping Defined 389 Acquiring Stereotypes 390 Stereotypes and Intercultural Communication 390 Avoiding Stereotypes 391

Prejudice 391 Functions of Prejudice 392 Causes of Prejudice 393 Expressions of Prejudice 394 Avoiding Prejudice 395

Racism 396 Racism Defined 396 Categories of Racism 397 Countering Racism 397

Power 398 Power Defined 398 Power in Intercultural Communication 399

Ethical Considerations 400

Ethics in Communication 400 Relativism 401 Universalism 402

Guidelines for Intercultural Ethics 403 Be Aware That Communication Produces a Response 403 Respect Others 403 Seek Commonalities 403 Recognize and Respect Cultural Differences 405 Be Self-Responsible 405

A Final Appeal 406

Summary 406 Activities 407 Concepts and Questions 407

Notes 409

Index 446

Contents xvii

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Preface

Every tale can be told in a different way.

GREEK PROVERB

Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet.

JOHN F. KENNEDY

Real cultural diversity results from the interchange of ideas, products, and influences, not from the insular development of a single national style.

TYLER COWEN

T he opportunity to write a ninth edition of Communication Between Culturesoffered us both rewards and challenges. The realization that earlier texts had been well received by our peers and students to the extent that another edition was warranted imbued us with a sense of gratitude. We interpreted this degree of success to mean that during the past forty-four years our message regarding the importance of intercultural communication appears to have resonated with a sympa- thetic audience. We welcomed the prospect of being able to refine and improve upon what we had done in eight previous editions. We did, however, realize the requirement to exercise prudence when advancing new perspectives while concur- rently retaining the focus that had contributed to the acceptance of earlier editions. Hence, this current volume seeks to respect the past while allowing us to forecast the future prospects of intercultural communication. In short, we have retained the core concepts of the discipline, added contemporary perceptions and research, and also ventured into new territory.

This book still recognizes the synergy between communication and culture and how that interface influences human interactions. More specifically, it is about what happens when people of different cultures engage in communication with the objective of sharing ideas, information, and perspectives. Knowing that the concepts of communication and culture inextricably intertwine, we have endeav- ored to incorporate the basic principles of both topics throughout the text. Informed by the understanding that intercultural interactions are a daily occurrence for an ever-increasing number of people, we designed this book for those indivi- duals whose professional or private lives bring them into contact with members of other cultures or co-cultures.

xix Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

RATIONALE Global interest in the study of intercultural communication has never been more prevalent and necessary. The concern and significance arise from a fundamental premise regarding how the world changed in the past century. The change can be seen in the fact that you live in a dynamic, rapidly evolving era. This global dyna- mism is characterized by dramatic alterations in technology, increased world travel, many new economic and political institutions, shifts in immigration patterns, growing demographic diversity, and greater population density. These changes have created a world that requires regular interaction with people of different cultural origins—be they next door, across town, or thousands of miles away. Whether or not you embrace these “conversations,” they will continue to increase in frequency and intensity. Huston Smith succinctly summarized these circumstances when, in The World’s Religions, he wrote, “When historians look back on [the twentieth] century they may remember it most, not for space travel or the release of nuclear energy, but as the time when the peoples of the world first came to take one another seriously.” His reflections on the past century remain correspondingly valid for our current globalized society.

APPROACH Our approach is anchored in the belief that all forms of human communication involve some manner of action. Stated in different terms, your communicative beha- viors affect you as well as the people with whom you interact. Whether you are gen- erating or receiving words or nonverbal symbols, you are creating and producing messages that influence someone else. Any study of communication must include information about the choices that are made in selecting your messages as well as a discussion of the consequences of those choices. Hence, this book advances the con- viction that engaging in intercultural communication is pragmatic (you do some- thing), philosophical (you make choices), and ethical (your chosen actions have consequences).

PHILOSOPHY A dual philosophy has guided the preparation of this ninth edition. First, we hold that it is advantageous, if not a requirement, for the more than 7 billion of us sharing this planet’s limited resources to improve our intercultural communication skills. Globalization and demographic alterations within many countries have created a world so small and interdependent that we must rely on each other—whether we want to or not. As simplistic as it may seem, what occurs in one place can now have a major impact on people in countless other parts of the world. However, many of the obstacles to understanding other people can be mitigated through moti- vation, knowledge, and an appreciation of cultural differences. Our objective is to provide you with all three.

We realize that writing about culture and communication involves a series of per- sonal decisions and an explicit approach. As scholars and authors, we have made

xx Preface

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

those decisions and developed a point of view regarding intercultural interaction. We contend that the first commandment of any civilized society is the dictum that allows people to be different as long as their differences do not create hardships for others. At times, you will find that we have openly stated our personal positions, and for those convic- tions, we make no apologies. Concurrently, we have made a concerted effort to check our collective and individual ethnocentrism. For those instances where it uninten- tionally surfaces, we apologize.

NEW FEATURES The ninth edition contains an abundance of new material. As has been the case with each edition, we have remained mindful of the constructive comments made by users and reviewers of previous editions. We combined those suggestions with our own vision of the discipline. Specifically, we were concerned with where the study of intercultural communication has been and our evaluation of its future direction. Combining these two orientations generated some of the following new features:

• The most apparent new feature of this edition is the additional chapter, Chapter 11, which directly relates to the philosophy we articulated earlier in the Preface. To repeat—communication is an act people engage in that influences other people. To assist you in making those acts more rewarding and successful, the new chapter aims to enable you to become a more effective participant in the count- less intercultural encounters in which you will participate. This new chapter has three main goals. First, the chapter examines the challenges of entering another culture by offering a discussion of selected obstacles that can impede effective intercultural communication. Second, suggestions are advanced that can assist you in overcoming those difficulties. Finally, the chapter concludes with an overview of ethical considerations relevant to intercultural behaviors.

• Another visible addition to the text appears at the conclusion of each chapter. Because we consider it essential in this era of intercultural connectedness that you acquire the skills necessary to become a competent communicator and because such competence and skill development is attainable, we now conclude each chap- ter with a section on developing competency.

• To underscore the importance of intercultural communication in the present, Chapter 1 has been completely revised. We emphasize the need to understand and adjust to the many challenges that require collective management by the international community. Social challenges, ecological concerns, humanitarian demands, political questions, and security issues are just a few of the topics highlighted in the first chapter. To facilitate dealing with these matters, we have added a new section to the opening chapter that discusses the need for compro- mise in intercultural communication.

• As the role of contemporary information technology has grown throughout the world, so has our treatment of this important topic. In nearly every chapter we indicate the increasing interconnectivity of people worldwide using technology as a communication apparatus. Our analysis looks at issues such as how technology enables the reconstitution of cultures. We also examine how this new technology contributes to the polarization of some segments of society at the same time it fosters social and cultural changes.

Preface xxi

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

• While continuing to address globalization, we have not neglected U.S. domestic intercultural issues. The latest data from the U.S. Census Bureau illustrate the dra- matic changes in U.S. demographics, and projections of population changes dem- onstrate the increasing criticality of intercultural communication.

• Since it is our belief that communication and culture are inseparable, we have increased our presentation of human communication. Part of the expansion includes a detailed explanation of the importance of a communicator being moti- vated, knowledgeable, and skilled.

• It has long been our conviction that the chief impediments to intercultural understanding are not found in shallow and superficial differences related to food, transportation systems, architecture, and the like. Instead, misunderstand- ings and conflicts are the product of variances associated with a culture’s deep structure institutions. These institutions, such as family, community, and reli- gion, encompass the most significant definitions and meanings regarding life. These messages are transmitted from generation to generation, carry a culture’s most important values, endure, and supply a sense of identity to its members. Since family is among the most important of these deep structure elements and because the contemporary world order has altered the face of the family, we have increased the scope of our analysis concerning this key institution. We demon- strate how globalization and social changes are having an impact on traditional family structures. Specifically, we address how globalization is affecting gender roles, individual identity, group orientation, perceptions of aging and the elderly, and personal social skills.

• Worldview and religion remain relevant issues in contemporary society. Continu- ing media focus and growing misconceptions mandated that we offer a more in- depth examination of religious extremism and conflict. The increasing numbers of people moving away from traditional religion prompted our expanded discussion of atheism and spirituality. We also now include a section related to religious tolerance.

• We continue to believe that history provides a picture of where a culture has been and a blueprint for its future. For this reason, our history chapter has undergone significant changes. The “Country Statistics” tables have been updated, as has “Contemporary Social Issues.” We discuss current social conditions and how they may affect both the present and the future. Because of current events, the Islamic history section has been extensively revised. We have also added a new segment to this chapter that explains the connection between historical memory and intercul- tural competence.

• Two new taxonomies (Minkov’s cultural dimensions and Gelfand’s “tight” and “loose” cultures) were added to the cultural values chapter. We have also expanded our treatment of the principal values associated with the U.S. dominant culture.

• The language chapter has been completely revised with an emphasis on how lan- guage functions and operates in intercultural settings. The discussion of variations within language groups has been updated and amplified. Dissimilarities related to accents, dialects, argot, slang, and texting are presented. The treatment on inter- preting has been expanded and now includes material on how new technologies are influencing interpretation and translation. Eight selected cultures are examined as a way of demonstrating how each of them has several unique language

xxii Preface

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

characteristics that they employ during interaction. Due to the need to employ an interpreter during many communication events, we have added a detailed section on cultural considerations in these circumstances. A unit on developing compe- tence in using language is also new to this chapter. We explain how understanding in the intercultural setting could be improved by learning a second language, being aware of one’s surroundings, knowing about conversational taboos, monitoring speech rates, becoming aware of vocabulary differences, and knowing about varia- tions in conversational styles.

• Chapter 10 concentrates on the setting and context of the intercultural encounter and has been completely restructured. Comprehensive changes in the business, education, and healthcare settings necessitated a revised approach to these three environments.

• Finally, because our reviewers asked for more visual images as a way of teaching some of the strategic concepts of intercultural communication, we significantly increased the number of “cultural photographs” in this new edition.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No book is the sole purview of the authors. Many people contributed to this new edition, and we acknowledge them. We are especially pleased with our publisher for the past forty years. While we have experienced and survived numerous changes in ownership, editors, and management and even corporate name changes, the commitment of Wadsworth Cengage to producing a high-quality textbook has remained intact.

We begin our specific expressions of appreciation with a sincere “thank you” to Karolina Kiwak, our associate content developer. From inception to completion, she offered us direction and support. Whether our problems, questions, or grumblings were major or minor, Karolina constantly responded with efficiency and infinite patience. Also, we wish to recognize the hard work and contributions of Jyotsna Ojha, content project manager, Sarah Seymour, program marketing manager, and Farah Fard, intellectual property project manager. We also extend our sincere thanks to the reviewers of the previous text. Their suggestions contributed significantly to the many improvements found in this edition.

Finally, we express our appreciation to the tens of thousands of students and the many instructors who have used past editions. For forty years they have permitted us to “talk to them” about intercultural communication. By finding something useful in our exchange, they encouraged us to produce yet another edition of Communication Between Cultures.

Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, Edwin R. McDaniel, Carolyn S. Roy

Preface xxiii

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

CHAPTER 1

Intercultural Communication: A Requirement for the

Interdependent Global Society

Every tale can be told in a different way.

GREEK PROVERB

If there is one lesson from the past 100 years it is that we are doomed to co-operate.

Yet we remain tribal.

MARTIN WOLF

In a world where security challenges do not adhere to political boundaries and our

economies are linked as never before, no nation can go it alone and hope to

prosper.

CHUCK HAGEL

THE INTERDEPENDENT GLOBAL SOCIETY When Euripides wrote, “All is change; all yields its place and goes” in 422 BCE, he probably did not realize that he would be helping to introduce a book on intercultural communication. Yet, the study of intercultural communication is about change. It is about changes in the world and how the people in that world must adapt to them. More specifically, this book deals with the world changes that have brought us into direct and indirect contact with people who, because of their culture, often behave in ways that we do not understand. With or without our consent, the last three decades [1960–1990] have thrust on us groups of people who often appear alien. These people, who appear “different,” may live thousands of miles away or right next door. What is special about them is that, in many ways, they are not like us.1