The spermatic cord extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle.

Reproductive Systems

Chapter 14

Related Combining Forms

Structure Related Combining Forms
Male
Penis pen/i, phall/i
Testicles orch/o, orchid/o, test/i, test/o
Female
Ovaries oophor/o, ovari/o
Fallopian tubes salping/o
Uterus hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, urter/o
Vagina vagin/o, colp/o
Placenta placent/o
2

Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes

Genitalia

Organs of reproduction and their associated structures

External genitalia: reproductive organs located outside of the body

Internal genitalia: reproductive organs located within the body

3

Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes

Perineum

Male perineum

Extends from scrotum to the area around the anus

Female perineum

Extends from pubic symphysis to the area around the anus

Functions of Male Reproductive System

Primary function

Produce sperm and deliver them into female body for union with ovum to create new life

Structures of Male Reproductive System

External male genitalia

Penis and scrotum, which contains two testicles

Internal male genitalia

Include remaining structures of male reproductive system

Structures of Male Reproductive System

Structures of Male Reproductive System

Scrotum and Testicles

Scrotum

Sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports testicles

Suspended from pubic arch behind the penis and lies between the thighs

Scrotum and Testicles

Testicles

Two egg-shaped glands that produce sperm

Develop within abdomen of male fetus and normally descend into scrotum before or soon after birth

Seminiferous tubules: site of sperm formation

Epididymis: coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle; descends the length of the testicle, then moves upward to merge into vas deferens

Scrotum and Testicles

Testicles

Spermatic cord

Attached to each testicle

Extends upward from epididymis

Contains vas deferens plus arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels for each testicle

Semen Formation

Semen

Whitish fluid containing sperm (male gametes)

Ejaculated through urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement

Spermatogenesis

Process of sperm formation

(spermat/o: sperm; -genesis: formation)

Semen Formation

Ideal temperature for sperm formation is 93.2˚F

Sperm move from seminiferous tubules of testicles into epididymus where they become motile and are stored

Semen Formation

From epididymus, sperm travel to vas deferens where seminal vesicles and prostate gland add secretions to form semen

Penis

Male sex organ

Transports sperm into female vagina

Three columns of erectile tissue

High pressure leads to filling of erectile tissues with blood during sexual stimulation

Penis

Glans penis

Sensitive region at the tip of the penis

Foreskin

Retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane

Covers and protects glans penis

Also known as prepuce

Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, and Ejaculatory Duct

Vas deferens

Long, narrow continuation of each epididymus

Leads upward and join the urethra

Seminal vesicles

Located at the base of urinary bladder

Open into vas deferens

Secrete yellow substance to nourish sperm cells

Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, and Ejaculatory Duct

Ejaculatory duct

Begins at vas deferens

Passes through prostate gland

Empties into urethra

Reflex action pushes semen into urethra and out of the body via the penis

Prostate Gland

Lies under the bladder

Surrounds end of the urethra where vas deferens enters urethra

Secretes thick, alkaline fluid into semen aiding motility of sperm during ejaculation

Bulbourethral Glands

Located just below the prostate gland

Open into urethra

Secrete pre-ejaculatory fluid helping flush any residual urine or foreign matter in urethra

Fluid may contain sperm and may cause pregnancy even if ejaculation does not occur

Urethra

Passes through the penis to the outside of the body

Part of both reproductive and urinary systems in males

Medical Specialties Related to Male Reproductive System

Urologist

Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of genitourinary system of males and urinary system of females

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Penis

Balanitis

Inflammation of glans penis

May be due to poor hygiene if not circumcised

(balan: glans penis)

Phimosis

Narrowing of foreskin preventing retraction to expose glans penis

May be present at birth or become apparent during childhood

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Penis

Erectile dysfunction

Inability of male to achieve or maintain a penile erection

Peyronie's disease

Penis is bent or curved during erection leading to sexual dysfunction

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Penis

Priapism

Painful erection lasting 4 hours or more, not accompanied by sexual excitement and does not diminish after sexual stimulation ends

May be due to medications or disease

Premature ejaculation

Early climax, usually before or shortly after penetrating the female's vagina

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Testicles and related structures

Andropause

Decrease of testosterone

Usually begins when man is in his late 40's

(andr/o: male or masculine; -pause: stopping)

Cryptorchidism

Undescended testicle

Developmental defect

(crypt: hidden; orch: testicle)

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Testicles and related structures

Anorchism

Congenital absence of one or both testicles

Epididymitis

Inflammation of epididymis

Hydrocele

Fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles

(hydr/o: water; -cele: hernia/swelling)

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Testicles and related structures

Spermatocele

Milky-fluid filled cyst in epididymis

Testicular cancer

Cancer that begins in the testicles

Most common cancer in American males between ages of 15 and 34 years

Pathology of Male Reproductive System

Testicles and related structures

Testicular torsion

Pain in scrotum caused by twisting of vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle

Testitis

Inflammation of one or both testicles

Varicocele

Knot of varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

(varic/o: varicose veins)

Sperm Count

Normal range: 20–120 million or more sperm per milliliter of semen

Azoospermia

Absence of sperm in semen

(zoo: life)

Oligospermia

Sperm count below 20 million/mL

Sperm Count

Hematospermia

Presence of blood in seminal fluid

Can be caused by infection of seminal vesicles, prostatitis, urethritis, or urethral strictures

Diagnostic Procedures of Male Reproductive System

Sperm count

Testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine volume plus number, shape, size, and motility of sperm

Testicular self-examination

Self-examination beneficial in early detection of testicular cancer

Treatment Procedures of Male Reproductive System

General treatment procedures

Circumcision

Surgical removal of foreskin of penis

Orchidectomy (orchiectomy)

Surgical removal of one or both testicles

Treatment Procedures of Male Reproductive System

General treatment procedures

Orchiopexy

Repair of undescended testicle

Varicocelectomy

Removal of portion of enlarged vein to relieve variocele

Male Sterilization

Castration

Surgical removal or destruction of both testicles

Vasectomy

Male sterilization procedure by surgical removal of a small portion of vas deferens

Prevents sperm from entering the ejaculate

Does not change the volume of semen

Male Sterilization

Vasovasostomy

An attempt to restore fertility of a vasectomized male

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Infections caused by bacteria or virus

Commonly spread through sexual intercourse or genital contact

Chlamydia

Highly contagious

Requires early treatment with antibiotics

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Bacterial vaginosis

Occurs in women due to abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in vagina

Genital herpes

Highly contagious

Lesions on genitals or rectum

No cure

Antiviral drugs ease symptoms

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Genital warts

Highly contagious

Caused by human papillomaviruses

HPV vaccine is available

Gonorrhea

Highly contagious

May affect mouth, throat, and anus as well as reproductive organs of both males and females

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Human immunodeficiency virus

Transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids

Syphilis

Highly contagious

Transmitted from person to person through direct contact with chancre

May be difficult to distinguish from other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Trichomoniasis

Infection caused by a parasite

May affect males or females

Functions of Female Reproductive System

Creation and support of new life

Ovaries

Produce mature eggs to be fertilized by sperm

Uterus

Provides environment and support for developing child

Breasts

Produce milk to feed infant

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Structures of Female Reproductive System

External female genitalia

Located posterior to mons pubis

Structures collectively known as vulva

Labia majora and labia minora: protect external genitalia and urethral meatus

Clitoris: erectile tissue

Bartholin's glands: lubricate vaginal orifice

Vaginal orifice: exterior opening of vagina partially covered by the hymen

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Breasts

Made of fat, connective tissue, and mammary glands

Mammary glands: milk-producing glands that develop during puberty

Lactiferous ducts: carry milk from mammary glands to the nipple

(lact: milk; -iferous: carrying or producing)

Areola: dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Structures of Female Reproductive System

Internal female genitalia

Located within the pelvic cavity and protected by bony pelvis

Two ovaries

Small, almond-shaped organs located in lower abdomen, on either side of uterus

Follicle: fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum

Ova: female gametes (eggs)

Fallopian Tubes

Two fallopian tubes

Extend from upper end of uterus to the point near but not attached to an ovary

Carry sperm upward from uterus toward descending mature ovum to allow fertilization

Infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening into fallopian tube near the ovary

Fimbriae: finger-like extensions that catch the mature ovum when it leaves the ovary

Fallopian Tubes

Uterus

Pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and mucous membrane lining

Located between urinary bladder and rectum

Normal position is anteflexion

(ante-: forward; flex: bend)

Parts of Uterus

Fundus: rounded part above the entrance of fallopian tubes

Corpus: middle portion; body of the uterus

Cervix: lower, narrow portion that extends into the vagina

Three major tissue layers include perimetrium (outer layer), myometrium (muscular middle layer), and endometrium (inner layer rich in blood vessels)

Vagina

Muscular tube extending from cervix to the outside of the body

Lined with mucosa

Menstruation

Normal periodic discharge of endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from uterus

Menarche

Beginning of menstruation

Average age in the United States is 12 years

(men: menstruation; -arche: beginning)

Menstruation

Menopause

Normal termination of menstruation during middle age

Considered confirmed if the woman has not had a menstrual period for 1 year

Perimenopause

Transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all

Terms Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth

Ovulation

Release of mature egg from follicle

Occurs on approximately 13th or 14th day of menstrual cycle

Corpus luteum secretes progesterone during second half of menstrual cycle to maintain growth of uterine lining in preparation for the fertilized egg

If no fertilization takes place, endometrium sloughs off

Fertilization

Conception occurs when sperm penetrates and fertilizes ovum

Union forms a single cell known as zygote

Implantation

Embedding of zygote into uterine lining

Fertilization

Embryo

From implantation to the 8th week of pregnancy

Fetus

From 9th week of pregnancy to the time of birth

(fet: unborn child)

Multiple Births

Fraternal twins

Fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells resulting in two separate embryos

Identical twins

Fertilization of single ova by single sperm that divides to form two embryos

Each twin has the exact same genetic information from the parents

Multiple Births

Chorion and Placenta

Chorion

Outer membrane that encloses embryo

Contributes to the formation of placenta

Placenta

Temporary organ within uterus allowing exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between mother and fetus without allowing mixing of maternal blood and fetal blood

Amniotic Sac

Innermost membrane that surrounds embryo in the uterus

Amnionic fluid protects fetus and allows for the floating movements

Umbilical Cord

Carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from placenta to the developing baby

Transports waste from fetus for disposal through mother's excretory system

Cord is cut soon after the delivery of baby, but before the delivery of placenta

Gestation

Period of development of baby in uterus

Average is approximately 280 days (40 weeks) divided into three trimesters

Due date

Calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period

Quickening

First fetal movement felt by mother

Gestation

Braxton Hicks contractions

Intermittent painless contractions occurring frequently as pregnancy progresses

Viable

When fetus is capable of living outside the uterus

Antepartum

Final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor

Mother

Nulligravida

Woman who has never been pregnant

(nulli-: none; -gravida: pregnant)

Nullipara

Woman who has never borne a viable child

(-para: bring forth)

Primigravida

Woman during her first pregnancy

(primi-: first)

Mother

Primipara

Woman who is giving birth to a viable child first time

Multiparous

Woman who has given birth two or more times

(-parous: having borne one or more children)

Childbirth

Labor and delivery (parturition)

Three stages

Dilation

Delivery of the baby

Expulsion of the afterbirth

Childbirth

Childbirth

First stage

Longest stage

Includes gradual dilation and effacement of cervix and rupture of amniotic sac

Effacement: shortening, softening, and thinning of cervix

Fetal monitoring records fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions during labor

Childbirth

Second stage

Begins when cervix is dilated 10 cm and is completed at the delivery of baby

Third stage

Expulsion of placenta (afterbirth)

Postpartum

Postpartum means after childbirth

Mother

Puerperium

Time from delivery of placenta to approximately first 6 weeks

Lochia

Postpartum vaginal discharge that continues 4–6 weeks after childbirth

(loch: childbirth)

Mother

Uterine involution

Return of uterus to normal size/condition

Colostrum

Specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential nutrients/antibodies to the newborn

Produced during late pregnancy and first few days after giving birth

Mother

Lactation

Process of forming and secreting milk from breasts

Milk develops few days after giving birth and replaces colostrum

Postpartum depression

Feelings of sadness and loss of pleasure in normal activities occurring shortly after giving birth

Baby

Neonate

Newborn infant during first 4 weeks after birth

Vernix

Greasy substance that protects fetus in utero

May be present at birth

Meconium

Greenish material collecting in the intestine of fetus forming the first stool of the newborn

Apgar Scores

Scale of 1–10 evaluates newborn's physical status at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth

Best score: 8–10

Graded on 5 criteria on scale 0, 1, or 2

Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, response to stimulation, skin color

Medical Specialties Related to Female Reproductive System

Gynecologist

Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of female reproductive system

(gynec: female)

Obstetrician

Specializes in medical care during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediate postpartum

Medical Specialties Related to Female Reproductive System

Neonatologist

Specializes in diagnosing/treating disorders of newborn

(neo-: new; nat: born)

Infertility specialist

Diagnoses/treats problems associated with the conception and maintaining pregnancy

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ovulation

Anovulation

Absence of ovulation when normally expected

Menstruation may continue

Oophoritis

Inflammation of ovary

(oophor: ovary)

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ovulation

Ovarian cancer

Originates within the cells of ovaries

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Inflammation of female reproductive organs occurring frequently as the complication of STD

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Ovarian cysts resulting from incompletely developed follicles

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ovulation

Pyosalpinx

Accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube

(-salpinx: fallopian tube)

Salpingtitis

Inflammation of fallopian tube

(salping: fallopian tube)

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Uterus

Endometriosis

Patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and attach to other the structures in pelvic cavity

(metri: uterus)

Endometrial cancer

Cancerous growth that begins in uterine lining

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Uterus

Uterine fibroid

Benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue

Occurs in the wall of uterus

Uterine prolapse

Uterus slides from the normal position and sags into the vagina

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Cervix

Cervical cancer

Slow-growing squamous cell cancer

Cervical dysplasia

Presence of precancerous changes in cells that make up inner lining of cervix

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Cervix

Cervicitis

Inflammation of cervix

(cervic: cervix)

Endocervicitis

Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the cervix

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Vagina

Colporrhexis

Tearing or laceration of vaginal wall

(colp/o: vagina)

Dyspareunia

Painful sexual intercourse

(-pareunia: sexual intercourse)

Leukorrhea

Whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Vagina

Vaginal atrophy

Decrease in elasticity and lubrication related to the hormonal changes

Vaginal candidiasis

Yeast-like infection of vagina

Vaginismus

Involuntary spasm of pelvic floor muscles

(-ismus: spasm/contraction)

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

External genitalia

Pruritus vulvae

Severe itching of external female genitalia

Vulvodynia

Painful syndrome of unknown cause

(vulv/o: vulva; -dynia: pain)

Vulvitis

Inflammation of vulva

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Breast diseases

Fibroadenoma

Firm mass rising from the excess growth of glandular and connective tissues in breasts

Fibrocystic breast disease

Single or multiple benign cysts in breasts

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Breast diseases

Galactorrhea

Production of breast milk in woman who is not breastfeeding

(galact/o: milk)

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Breast diseases

Mastalgia

Pain in breast

Mastitis

Infection in the breast frequently seen during breastfeeding

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Menstrual disorders

Amenorrhea

Abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more

Dysmenorrhea

Painful uterine cramps during menstrual period

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Abnormal bleeding due to hormonal level changes

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Menstrual disorders

Hypermenorrhea

Excessive menstrual flow for more than 7 days

Hypomenorrhea

Unusually small amount of menstrual flow

Menometrorrhagia

Excessive uterine bleeding during menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

(metr/o: uterus)

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Menstrual disorders

Metrorrhagia

Uterine bleeding between menstrual periods

Oligomenorrhea

Infrequent or very light menstrual periods after previously normal periods

Polymenorrhea

Menstrual cycles occurring more frequently than normal

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Menstrual disorders

Premature menopause

Ovaries cease functioning before the age of 40 years

Due to disease, hormonal disorder, or surgical removal of ovaries

Premenstrual syndrome

Symptoms, such as bloating, and headaches, occurring during the two weeks before menstruation

Pathology of Female Reproductive System

Menstrual disorders

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Emotional and physical problems closely linked to the menstrual cycle

Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth

Pregnancy

Abortion

Interruption or termination of pregnancy before fetus is viable

Ectopic pregnancy

Implantation of egg outside the uterus

Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth

Pregnancy

Infertility

Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse

Preeclampsia

Complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria

Eclampsia

More serious form of preeclampsia leading to convulsions and/or coma

Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth

Pregnancy

Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count syndrome (HELLP)

Life-threatening pregnancy complication

Characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count

Can occur during the third trimester of pregnancy or after delivery

Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth

Rh factor

Defines presence or absence of Rh antigen on red blood cells

Can cause difficulties when Rh negative mother is pregnant with Rh positive baby

Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth

Childbirth

Abruptio placentae

Placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus

Breech presentation

Buttocks or feet are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head

Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth

Childbirth

Placenta previa

Implantation of placenta in lower portion of the uterus

Premature infant

Fetus born before the 37th week of gestation

Stillbirth

Birth of fetus that has died before or during the delivery

Diagnostic Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Colposcopy

Visual examination of tissues of cervix and vagina

Endovaginal ultrasound

Determines the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding

Diagnostic Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Hysterosalpingography

Radiographic examination of uterus/fallopian tubes

Diagnostic Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Hysteroscopy

Visual examination of uterus/fallopian tubes

Pap smear

Exfoliative biopsy of cervix to detect the early indicators of cervical cancer

Diagnostic Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth

Pregnancy test

Detects high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin in blood or urine specimen

First trimester screening

Ultrasound and finger-stick blood test performed at 11–13 weeks of pregnancy

Assists with the detection of the increased risk of Down syndrome

Diagnostic Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth

Chorionic villus sampling

Examination of cells from chorionic villi to detect genetic abnormalities

Performed between 8th and 10th week of pregnancy

Amniocentesis

Collection of specimen of amniotic fluid, usually after 14th week of pregnancy to detect congenital disorders

Diagnostic Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth

Pelvimetry

Radiographic study to measure the dimensions of pelvis to evaluate capacity to allow passage of fetus through birth canal

Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Medications

Contraceptive

Lessens likelihood of pregnancy

Diaphragm

Barrier contraceptive preventing sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg

Intrauterine device

Plastic contraceptive inserted through cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy

Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Medications

Condom

Prevents pregnancy when used correctly

May prevent transmission of STDs

Hormone replacement therapy

Use of estrogen and progesterone to replace those that are no longer produced during and after menopause

Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Ovaries and fallopian tubes

Oophorectomy

Surgical removal of one or both ovaries

Salpingectomy

Surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes

Salpingo-oophorectomy

Surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary

Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Ovaries and fallopian tubes

Tubal ligation

Surgical sterilization

Fallopian tubes are sealed or cut preventing sperm from reaching a mature ovum

Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Uterus, cervix, and vagina

Colpopexy

Surgical fixation of prolapsed vagina

Conization

Surgical removal of cone-shaped specimen of tissue from the cervix

Colporrhaphy

Surgical suturing of a tear in vagina

Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Uterus, cervix, and vagina

Dilation and curettage

Dilation of cervix

Scraping away of endometrium

Myomectomy

Surgical removal of uterine fibroids

(myom: muscle tumor)

Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System

Uterus, cervix, and vagina

Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of uterus

Total hysterectomy: removal of uterus and cervix

Radical hysterectomy: removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and nearby lymph nodes

Mammoplasty

Breast augmentation

Increases breast size

Breast reduction

Decreases and reshapes excessively large, heavy breasts

Mastopexy

Affixes sagging breasts in a more elevated position

Treatment Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth

Cesarean section

Delivery of child through incision in maternal abdomen and uterine walls

Episiotomy

Surgical incision into perineum to enlarge vaginal orifice to prevent tearing as baby is delivered through the birth canal

Treatment Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth

Episorrhaphy

Surgical suturing to repair episiotomy

Incubator

Maintains environment of controlled temperature, humidity, and oxygen concentration for premature or ill newborn

Assisted Reproduction

Artificial insemination

Sperm from woman's partner or a donor are introduced deliberately into the vagina or uterus during the ovulatory phase of her menstrual cycle

In vitro fertilization

Mature ovum is removed from mother to be fertilized outside the body and the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus with hope it will implant and continue as normal pregnancy

Answers to Learning Exercises

Chapter 14 Answers

Matching Word Parts 1

14.1 cervic/o

14.2 gynec/o

14.3 men/o

14.4 -gravida

14.5 colp/o

Matching Word Parts 2

14.6 ov/o

14.7 ovari/o

14.8 test/i

14.9 hyster/o

14.10 vagin/o

Chapter 14 Answers

Matching Word Parts 3

14.11 mast/o

14.12 nulli-

14.13 -pexy

14.14 -para

14.15 salping/o

Chapter 14 Answers

Definitions

14.16 endometrium

14.17 zygote

14.18 Bartholin’s glands

14.19 fimbriae

14.20 perimenopause

14.21 vaginal candidiasis

14.22 seminiferous tubules

14.23 menarche

14.24 perineum

14.25 ovulation

Matching Structures

14.26 lactiferous ducts

14.27 scrotum

14.28 vulva

14.29 foreskin

14.30 clitoris

Chapter 14 Answers

Which Word?

14.31 primigravida

14.32 colostrum

14.33 cervicitis

14.34 embryo

14.35 nullipara

Spelling Counts

14.36 prostate

14.37 menstruation

14.38 placenta

14.39 hematospermia

14.40 circumcision

Chapter 14 Answers

Abbreviation Identification

14.41 advanced maternal age

14.42 pelvic inflammatory disease

14.43 premenstrual dysphoric disorder

14.44 intrauterine device

14.45 sexually transmitted disease

Term Selection

14.46 pyosalpinx

14.47 varicocele

14.48 colposcopy

14.49 oligomenorrhea

14.50 chorionic villus sampling

Chapter 14 Answers

Sentence Completion

14.51 areola

14.52 hydrocele

14.53 eclampsia

14.54 colporrhaphy

14.55 umbilical cord

Word Surgery

14.56 endo-, cervic, -itis

14.57 men/o, metr/o, -rrhagia

14.58 hyster/o, salping/o, -graphy

14.59 galact/o, -rrhea

14.60 a-, zoo, sperm, -ia

Chapter 14 Answers

True/False

14.61 True

14.62 False

14.63 True

14.64 False

14.65 True

Clinical Conditions

14.66 orchiopexy

14.67 cesarean section

14.68 myomectomy

14.69 amenorrhea

14.70 vasectomy

14.71 trichomoniasis

14.72 andropause

14.73 episiotomy

14.74 placenta previa

14.75 neonate

Chapter 14 Answers

Which Is the Correct Medical Term?

14.76 lochia

14.77 dysmenorrhea

14.78 balanitis

14.79 vaginitis

14.80 leukorrhea

Challenge Word Building

14.81 vaginocele

14.82 orchidoplasty

14.83 endometritis

14.84 oophoroplasty

14.85 vaginodynia

14.86 hysterorrhaphy

14.87 hysterocele

14.88 oophoropexy

14.89 hysterorrhexis

14.90 vulvovaginitis

Chapter 14 Answers

Labeling Exercises

14.91 urinary

14.92 prostate

14.93 urethra

14.94 epididymis

14.95 testicle

14.96 fallopian

14.97 uterus

14.98 urinary

14.99 urethra

14.100 vagina