The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses

11

Chapter 11 FlexArt

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Co 11

Fig. 11.1

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Scalp

Cranium

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Vertebra

Spinal cord

Meninges

Meninges

Cerebrum

(b)(a)

Gray matter

Subarachnoid space

Pia mater

Dura mater

Bone of skull

Subcutaneous tissue

Skin

White matter

Dural sinus (superior sagittal sinus)

Arachnoid mater

Tentorium cerebelli

Arachnoid granulation

Falx cerebri

Table 11.1

TABLE 11.1 Partitions Formed by the Dura Mater

Partition Location

Falx cerebelli

Separates the right and left cerebellar hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli

Separates the occipital lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum (fig. 11.1a)

Falx cerebri

Extends downward into the longitudinal fissure, and separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres (fig. 11.1b)

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 11A

Fig. 11.2

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Spinal cord

Spinal cord

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Anterior root

Posterior root

Spinal nerve

Epidural space

(a) (b)

Anterior root

Posterior root ganglion

Thoracic vertebra

Spinal nerve

Posterior root ganglion

Body of vertebra

Epidural space

Subarachnoid space

Anterior branch (Anterior ramus)

Posterior root

Posterior branch (Posterior ramus)

Central canal

Fig. 11.3

Lateral ventricle

Third ventricle

Fourth ventricle

Third ventricle

(a)

(b)

Interventricular foramen

Cerebral aqueduct

To central canal of spinal cord

Cerebral aqueduct

Interventricular foramen

Lateral ventricle

Fourth ventricle

To central canal of spinal cord

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 11.4

Blood-filled dural space

Pia mater

Subarachnoid space

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

Choroid plexus of third ventricle

Arachnoid granulations

Third ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Fourth ventricle

Central canal of spinal cord

Pia mater

Subarachnoid space

Filum terminale

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 11.5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Neural tube

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Myelencephalon

Metencephalon

Neural tube

Diencephalon

Midbrain

Pons and Cerebellum

Spinal cord

(a)

(b)

(c)

Cerebral hemispheres

Medulla oblongata

Fig. 11B Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

SkinConus medullaris

Spinal cord

Subarachnoid space

Dura mater

Third lumbar vertebra

Arachnoid mater

Sacrum

Filum terminale

Coccyx

Fig. 11C Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Ventricles

(b)

(a)

Ventricles

(a, b): © Dr. Kent M. Van De Graaff

Table 11.2

TABLE 11.2 Structural Development of the Brain

Embryonic Vesicle

Forebrain (prosencephalon)

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Spaces Produced

Anterior portion (telencephalon)

Lateral ventricles

Regions of the Brain Produced

Cerebrum, basal nuclei

Posterior portion (diencephalon)

Third ventricle Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Cerebral aqueduct Midbrain

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Anterior portion (metencephalon)

Fourth ventricle Cerebellum, pons

Posterior portion (myelencephalon)

Fourth ventricle Medulla oblongata

Fig. 11.6

Skull

Dura mater

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Sulcus

Gyrus

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Midbrain

Pons

Thalamus

Pineal gland

Hypothalamus

(a)

Cerebrum

Thalamus

Pineal gland

Hypothalamus

Diencephalon

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord

Cerebellum

Transverse fissure

(b)

Medulla oblongata

Corpus callosum

Corpus callosum

(b) © Martin M. Rotker/Science Source

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Posterior pituitary gland

Fig. 11.7

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Sulcus

Occipital lobe

Occipital lobe

(a)

(b) (c)

Insula

Temporal lobe

Lateral sulcus

Frontal lobe

Gyrus

Central sulcus Parietal lobe

Transverse fissure

Cerebellar hemisphere

Frontal lobe

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Longitudinal fissure

Central sulcus

Parietal lobe

Retracted temporal lobe

Frontal lobe

Fig. 11.8 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Occipital lobe

(a)

(b)

Central sulcus

Motor areas involved with the control of voluntary muscles

Sensory areas involved with cutaneous senses

Parietal lobe

Wernicke’s area

Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects

Visual area

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Temporal lobe

Interpretation of auditory patterns

Lateral sulcus

Broca’s area

Frontal lobe

Auditory area

Area involved with concentration, planning, problem solving

Frontal eye field

© McGraw-Hill Education/Rebecca Gray

Fig. 11.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Mastication

Thigh

Leg

Lips

Thigh

Leg

Longitudinal fissure

(a) Motor area

Frontal lobe

Motor area

Central sulcus Sensory area

Parietal lobe

(b) Sensory area

Longitudinal fissure

Salivation Vocalization Swallowing

Facial expression

Thumb, fingers, and hand

Forearm Arm Trunk Pelvis

Foot and toes

Abdominal organs

Tongue and pharynx

Teeth and gums

Upper face

Hand, fingers, and thumb

Forearm Arm Neck

Genitals

Foot and toes

Pelvis Trunk

Table 11.3

TABLE 11.3 Functions of the Cerebral Lobes

Lobe

Frontal lobes

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Functions

Association areas carry on higher intellectual processes for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging the consequences of behavior.

Motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles.

Parietal lobes Sensory areas provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain involving the skin.

Association areas function in understanding speech and in using words to express thoughts and feelings.

Temporal lobes Sensory areas are responsible for hearing.

Association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns.

Occipital lobes Sensory areas are responsible for vision.

Association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences.

Fig. 11D

Fig. 11E

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Lewy body

Source: Courtesy National Human Genome Research Institute/Kondi Wong, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology

Fig. 11.10

Thalamus

Brainstem

Putamen

Cerebellum

Spinal cord (a)

(b)

Right cerebral hemisphere

Longitudinal fissure

Caudate nucleus

Globus pallidus

Basal nuclei

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

b: © McGraw-Hill Education/Photo and Dissection by Christine Eckel

Fig. 11.11 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fourth ventricle

Cerebellar peduncles

Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord

(b) Dorsal view(a) Ventral view

Pyramids

Optic tract

Mammillary body

Pituitary gland

Optic nerve

Pons

Olive

Optic chiasma

Pineal gland

Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

Thalamus

Third ventricle

Corpora quadrigemina

Cerebral peduncle

Fig. 11.12

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Spinal cord

Thalamus

Hypothalamus Diencephalon

Pons

Midbrain

Corpora quadrigemina

Corpus callosum

Choroid plexus

Cerebral aqueduct

Choroid plexus

Reticular formation

Medulla oblongata

Table 11.4

TABLE 11.4 Sleep Disorders

Disorder

Fatal familial insomnia

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Symptoms

Inability to sleep; emotional instability; hallucinations; stupor; coma; death within thirteen months of onset around age fifty; both slow-wave and REM sleep abolished

Percent of Population

Very rare

Insomnia Inability to fall or remain asleep 10%

Narcolepsy Abnormal REM sleep causes extreme daytime sleepiness, begins between ages of fifteen and twenty-five

0.02–0.06%

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Upper airway collapses repeatedly during sleep, blocking breathing; snoring and daytime sleepiness

4–5%

Parasomnias Sleepwalking; sleeptalking; and night terrors <5% of children

REM-sleep behavior disorder Excessive motor activity during REM sleep, which disturbs continuous sleep Very rare

Restless legs syndrome Brief, repetitive leg jerks during sleep; leg pain forces person to get up several times a night 5.5%

Sleep paralysis Inability to move for up to a few minutes after awakening or when falling asleep Very rare

Fig. 11.13

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Thalamus

Cerebrum

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Corpus callosum

Longitudinal fissure

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Table 11.5

TABLE 11.5 Major Parts of the Brain

Part

1. Cerebrum

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Characteristics Functions

Largest part of the brain; two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum

Controls higher brain functions, including interpreting sensory impulses, initiating muscular movements, storing memory, reasoning, and intelligence

2. Basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

Masses of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres

Relay stations for motor impulses originating in the cerebral cortex and passing into the brainstem and spinal cord; facilitate and help coordinate Voluntary movement

3. Diencephalon Includes masses of gray matter (thalamus and hypothalamus)

The thalamus is a relay station for sensory impulses ascending from other parts of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex; the hypothalamus helps maintain homeostasis by regulating visceral activities and by linking the nervous and endocrine systems

4. Brainstem Connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord

a. Midbrain Contains masses of gray matter and bundles of nerve fibers that join the spinal cord to higher regions of the brain

Contains reflex centers that move the eyes and head; maintains posture

b. Pons A bulge on the underside of the brainstem that contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers

Relays impulses between the medulla oblongata and cerebrum; helps regulate rate and depth of breathing

c. Medulla oblongata

An enlarged continuation of the spinal cord that extends from the foramen magnum to the pons and contains masses of gray matter and nerve fibers

Conducts ascending and descending impulses between the brain and spinal cord; contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers and various nonvital reflex control centers

5. Cerebellum A large mass of tissue inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem; includes two lateral hemispheres connected by the vermis

Communicates with other parts of the CNS by tracts; integrates sensory information concerning the position of body parts; coordinates muscle activities and maintains posture

Fig. 11F Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

50 µv

Theta waves

Beta waves

Alpha waves

Delta waves

1 sec.

Fig. 11.14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a)

(b)

Spinal cord

Vertebral canal

Lumbar enlargement

Conus medullaris

Cauda equina

Filum terminale

Cervical enlargement

Foramen magnum

Brainstem

Cervical enlargement

Lumbar enlargement

Conus medullaris

Fig. 11.15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Posterior funiculus

Lateral funiculus

Anterior funiculus

Gray commissure

Central canal

(a)

(b)

Anterior median fissure

Anterior root of spinal nerve

Portion of spinal nerve

Posterior root ganglion

Posterior root of spinal nerve

White matter

Posterior median sulcus

Posterior horn

Lateral horn

Anterior horn

Gray matter

(b): © Carolina Biological Company/Medical Images

Fig. 11.16 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Receptor

Sensory neuron

Motor neuron

Anterior

White matter

Gray matter

Spinal cord

PosteriorInterneuron

4

5

3

2

(b)

1

Receptor

(a)

Cell body of sensory neuron

Effector (muscle or gland)

Central canal

Effector (muscle or gland)

Central Nervous System

Motor or efferent neuron

Sensory or afferent neuron

Fig. 11.17

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Direction of impulse conduction

Cell body of sensory neuron

Axon of motor neuron

Cell body of motor neuron

Spinal cord

Effector (extensor muscles contract and cause a kicking motion)

Receptor associated with dendrites of sensory neuron

Patella

Patellar ligament

Axon of sensory neuron

Table 11.6

TABLE 11.6 Parts of a Reflex Arc

Part

Receptor

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Description

The receptor end of a dendrite or a specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ

Function

Sensitive to a specific type of internal or external change

Sensory neuron

Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a sensory neuron

Conducts an impulse from the receptor into the brain or spinal cord

Interneuron Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a neuron within the brain or spinal cord

Serves as processing center; conducts an impulse from the sensory neuron to its synapse with a motor neuron

Motor neuron

Dendrite, cell body, and axon of a motor neuron

Conducts an impulse from the brain or spinal cord out to the synapse with an effector

Effector A muscle or gland Responds to stimulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex or behavioral action

Fig. 11.18

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Interneuron

Spinal cord

Axon of sensory neuron Tack

Direction of impulse conduction

Dendrite of sensory neuron

Pain receptor in skin

Effector (flexor muscles contract and withdraw part being stimulated)

Axon of motor neuron Cell body of

motor neuron

Cell body of sensory neuron S1

L5, S1. S2

Fig. 11.19

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+

+

–

–

+ –

Motor neurons

Interneuron

Extensor relaxes

Extensor contracts

= Stimulation

= Inhibition

Flexor relaxes

Flexor contracts

Motor neurons

Sensory neuron

L2, L3, L4

L5, S1, S2

S1

Fig. 11.20

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Posterior spinocerebellar tract

Lateral corticospinal tract

Lateral reticulospinal tract

Rubrospinal tract

Anterior spinocerebellar tract

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Anterior reticulospinal tract

Medial reticulospinal tract

Fasciculus cuneatus

Fasciculus gracilis Posterior column

Anterior spinothalamic tract Anterolateral system

Anterior corticospinal tract

Fig. 11.21 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Midbrain

Pons

Thalamus

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Cerebrum (frontal section)

Sensory cortex of cerebrum

Brainstem (transverse sections)

Spinal cord (transverse section)

Medulla oblongata Sensory impulse

from temperature or pain receptors in skin

Fasciculus cuneatus tract

Sensory fibers cross over

Fig. 11.22 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Midbrain

Pons

Corticospinal tract

Cerebrum (frontal section)

Motor cortex of cerebrum

Brainstem (transverse sections)

Spinal cord (transverse section)

Medulla oblongata

Most motor fibers cross over

Motor impulse to skeletal muscle

Table 11.7

TABLE 11.7 Nerve Tracts of the Spinal Cord

Tract

Ascending Tracts

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Location Function

1. Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

Posterior funiculi

Conduct sensory impulses associated with the senses of touch, pressure, and body movement from skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain

2. Spinothalamic tracts (lateral and anterior)

Lateral and anterior funiculi

Conduct sensory impulses associated with the senses of pain, temperature, touch, and pressure from various body regions to the brain

3. Spinocerebellar tracts (posterior and anterior)

Lateral funiculi

Conduct sensory impulses required for the coordination of muscle movements from muscles of the lower limbs and trunk to the cerebellum

1. Corticospinal tracts (lateral and anterior)

Lateral and anterior funiculi

Conduct motor impulses associated with voluntary movements from the brain to skeletal muscles

Descending Tracts

2. Reticulospinal tracts (lateral, anterior, and medial)

Lateral and anterior funiculi

Conduct motor impulses associated with the maintenance of muscle tone and the activity of sweat glands from the brain

3. Rubrospinal tracts Lateral funiculi

Conduct motor impulses associated with muscular coordination from the brain

Table 11.8

TABLE 11.8 Subdivisions of the Nervous System

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1. Central nervous system (CNS)

a. Brain

b. Spinal cord

2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

a. Cranial nerves arising from the brain

(1) Somatic afferent and efferent fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles

(2) Autonomic efferent fibers connecting to viscera

(3) Visceral afferent fibers connecting to viscera

b. Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord

(1) Somatic afferent and efferent fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles

(2) Autonomic efferent fibers connecting to viscera

(3) Visceral afferent fibers connecting to viscera

Fig. 11G

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Atlas

Axis

Spinal cord

Fig. 11.23 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Peripheral nerve

Epineurium

Axon

Neurilemma

Myelin sheath

Schwann cell

Node of Ranvier

Endoneurium

Perineurium

Fascicle

Sensory receptor

Motor neuron ending

Fig. 11.24

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Perineurium

Endoneurium

Nerve fiber

Fascicle

Blood vessel

© Manfred Kage/Science Source

Fig. 11.25

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hypoglossal (XII)

Vagus (X)

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Optic tract

Olfactory tract

Olfactory bulb

Nasal cavity

Optic (II)

Oculomotor (III)

Trochlear (IV)

Trigeminal (V)

Abducens (VI)

Facial (VII)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Accessory (XI)

(a)

(b)

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Collectively, the olfactory nerve (I)

Fig. 11.26 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lacrimal nerve

Eye

Maxilla

Tongue

Mandible

Ophthalmic division

Maxillary division

Branch to muscles of mastication

Mandibular division

Lingual nerve

Inferior alveolar nerve

Lacrimal gland

Infraorbital nerve

Mental nerve

Fig. 11.27 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Temporal nerve

Zygomatic nerve

Buccal nerve

Facial nerve

Mandibular nerve

Cervical nerve

Posterior auricular nerve

Parotid salivary gland

Fig. 11.28 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. Meningeal branch

Auricular branch

Pharyngeal branch

Palate

Cardiac nerves

Heart

Liver

Kidney

Cranial nerve XI

Cranial nerve XII

Large intestine

Lung

Stomach

Spleen

Pancreas

Superior ganglion of vagus nerve

Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve

Superior laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Small intestine

Left vagus nerve

Table 11.9

TABLE 11.9 Functions of Cranial Nerves

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Nerve Type Function

I Olfactory Sensory Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of smell.

II Optic Sensory Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of vision.

III Oculomotor Primarily motor Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that raise the eyelids, move the eyes, adjust the amount of light entering the eyes, and focus the lenses.

IV Trochlear Primarily motor Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes.

V Trigeminal Mixed

VI Abducens Primarily motor Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the eyes.

VII Facial Mixed Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with taste receptors of the anterior tongue.

VIII Vestibulocochlear Sensory

IX Glossopharyngeal Mixed Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and carotid arteries.

X Vagus Mixed Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen.

XI Accessory Primarily motor

XII Hypoglossal Primarily motor Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles that move the tongue; some proprioceptor input.

Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with proprioceptors.

Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with proprioceptors.

Ophthalmic division Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the surface of the eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, and upper eyelids.

Maxillary division Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of the palate, and skin of the face.

Mandibular division Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the scalp, skin of the jaw, lower teeth, lower gum, and lower lip.

Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of mastication and to muscles in the floor of the mouth.

Some sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with proprioceptors.

Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of facial expression, tear glands, and salivary glands.

Vestibular branch Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of equilibrium.

Cochlear branch Sensory fibers conduct impulses associated with the sense of hearing.

Motor fibers conduct impulses to salivary glands and to muscles of the pharynx used in swallowing.

Somatic motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles associated with speech and swallowing; autonomic motor fibers conduct impulses to the viscera of the thorax and abdomen.

Cranial branch Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.

Spinal branch Motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles of the neck and back; some proprioceptor input.

Fig. 11.29 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Posterior view

C1

C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

S2 S3

S4

S1

S5 Co

Cervical nerves

Thoracic nerves

Lumbar nerves

Cauda equina

Sacral nerves

Coccygeal nerves

T10

T11

T12

Fig. 11.30 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

C2 C3

C4

C5

C6

T1

C6

C7

S2

S3

C8

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

T1

S1

(a) (b)

S5 C0

S4 S3 S2 S1

L5

L4

L3

L2

L1

L5

L1

C8 T1

C7 C6

C5 C4

C3

C2

T12

T12

Fig. 11.31

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a)

(b)

Posterior root ganglion

Posterior root

Posterior median sulcus

Posterior horn

Lateral horn

Anterior horn

Central canal

Anterior median fissure

Anterior root

Visceral branch of spinal nerve

Paravertebral ganglion

Spinal nerve

Posterior branch of spinal nerve (posterior ramus)

Anterior branch of spinal nerve (anterior ramus)

Visceral branch of spinal nerve

Paravertebral ganglion

Anterior root

Anterior branch of spinal nerve

Posterior branch of spinal nerve

Posterior root

Fig. 11.32

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1

T2 T3

T4

T5

T6

T8

T9

L1

L2

L3

L4 L5

S2 S3 S4

S5

T7

S1

Musculocutaneous nerve

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve

Phrenic nerve

Cauda equina

Femoral nerve

Obturator nerve

Sciatic nerve

Posterior view

Cervical plexus (C1–C4)

Brachial plexus (C5–T1)

Intercostal nerves (T1–T11)

Lumbosacral plexus (L1–S4)

Co

T12

T11

T10

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 11.33 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Radius Ulna

C5

C5

C6

C6

C7

C7

C8

C8

T1

T1

(a)

(b)

Axillary n.

Humerus

Median n.

Musculocutaneous n.

Ulnar n.Radial n.

Suprascapular n.

Dorsal scapular n.

Posterior divisions

Anterior divisions

Trunks: superior, middle, inferior

Ventral rami: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

Lateral pectoral n.

Medial pectoral n.

Upper subscapular n.

Lower subscapular n.

Thoracodorsal n.

Musculocutaneous n.

Median n.

Ulnar n.

Axillary n.

Radial n.

Fig. 11.34 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(b) (c)(a)

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

S1

S2

S3

S4

Ventral rami

Anterior divisions

Posterior divisions

Lateral femoral cutaneous n.

Femoral n.

Obturator n.

Superior gluteal n.

Inferior gluteal n.

Sciatic n.

Pudendal n.

Tibial n.

Common fibular (peroneal) n.

Saphenous n.

Femoral n.

Obturator n.

Common fibular (peroneal) n.

Tibial n.

Posterior cutaneous n.

Sciatic n.

Sacral plexus

Inferior gluteal n.

Superior gluteal n.

Pudendal n.

Fig. 11.35 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Interneurons

Spinal cord

Posterior root ganglion

Skin

Somatic motor neuron

Posterior root ganglion

Sensory neuron

Autonomic ganglion

Viscera

Preganglionic fiber

Postganglionic fiber

(a) Autonomic pathway (b) Somatic pathway

Skeletal muscle

Sensory neuron

Fig. 11.36

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Body of vertebra

Vertebral notch (forms part of intervertebral foramen)

Transverse process

Spinal nerves

Paravertebral sympathetic ganglion

Sympathetic trunk

Anterior root

Spinal cord

Posterior root

Posterior root ganglion

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Fig. 11.37 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Spinal cord

Postganglionic neuron

Preganglionic neuron

Posterior horn

Lateral horn

Anterior horn

Posterior root ganglion

Posterior root

Anterior root

Visceral effector (intestine)

Spinal nerve

Gray ramus

White ramus

Sympathetic trunk

Posterior branch of spinal nerve

Anterior branch of spinal nerve

Paravertebral sympathetic ganglion

To visceral effectors (smooth muscle of blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, and sweat glands)

Collateral ganglion

Fig. 11.38 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Skin

Lungs

Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

Celiac ganglion

Superior mesenteric Ganglion

Fibers to skin, blood vessels, and adipose tissue

Spinal cord

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Sympathetic trunks

Postganglionic neuron

Preganglionic neuron

Urinary bladder

Large intestine

Small intestine

Pancreas

Stomach

Liver

Gallbladder

Trachea

Blood vessels

Parotid gland, submandibular and sublingual glands

Eye

Ovary

Uterus Penis

Kidney

Adrenal gland

Scrotum

Lacrimal gland

Heart

Paravertebral ganglia

Fig. 11.39 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Heart

Trachea

Lung

Liver and gallbladder

Stomach

Spleen

Pancreas

Small intestine

Large intestine

Kidney

UterusScrotum

Otic ganglion

Eye

Penis Ovary

Submandibular and sublingual glands

Parotid gland

Submandibular ganglion

Ciliary ganglion

Sphenopalatine ganglion

Cranial nerve III

Cranial nerve VII

Cranial nerve IX

Cranial nerve X

Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

Celiac plexus

Superior hypogastric plexus

Inferior hypogastric plexus

Spinal cord

Pelvic nerves

Postganglionic neuron

Preganglionic neuron

Urinary bladder

Lacrimal gland

Table 11.10

TABLE 11.10 Effects of Autonomic Stimulation on Various Visceral Effectors

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Effector Location Response to Parasympathetic Stimulation

Response to Sympathetic Stimulation

Integumentary system

Apocrine glands No actionIncreased secretion

Eccrine glands No actionIncreased secretion (cholinergic effect)

Special senses

Iris of eye ConstrictionDilation

Tear gland Greatly increased secretionSlightly increased secretion

Endocrine system

Adrenal cortex No actionNo action

Adrenal medulla No actionIncreased secretion

Digestive system

Muscle of gallbladder wall ContractionRelaxation

Muscle of intestinal wall Increased peristaltic actionDecreased peristaltic action

Muscle of internal anal sphincter RelaxationContraction

Pancreatic glands Greatly increased secretionReduced secretion

Salivary glands Greatly increased secretionReduced secretion

Respiratory system

Muscle in walls of bronchioles ConstrictionDilation

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles No actionConstriction (alpha adrenergic)

Blood vessels supplying skin No actionConstriction

Blood vessels supplying heart (coronary arteries) No actionConstriction (alpha adrenergic) Dilation (beta adrenergic)

Muscle in wall of heart Decreased contraction rateIncreased contraction rate

Urinary system

Muscle of bladder wall ContractionRelaxation

Muscle of internal urethral sphincter RelaxationContraction

Reproductive systems

Blood vessels to penis and clitoris Dilation leading to erection of penis and clitorisNo action

Muscle associated with internal reproductive organs Male emission, female orgasm

Fig. 11.40

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Postganglionic fiber (axon)

Preganglionic fiber (axon)

Sympathetic neurons

ACh = acetylcholine (cholinergic)

NE = norepinephrine (adrenergic)

ACh

ACh

ACh

ACh

NE

From the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord

From the thoracic and upper lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Paravertebral ganglion

Collateral ganglion

Visceral effectors

NE

ACh

ACh

Parasympathetic neurons

Terminal ganglia

Chapter 11 FlexArt
Co 11
Fig. 11.1
Table 11.1
Fig. 11A
Fig. 11.2
Fig. 11.3
Fig. 11.4
Fig. 11.5
Fig. 11B
Fig. 11C
Table 11.2
Fig. 11.6
Fig. 11.7
Fig. 11.8
Fig. 11.9
Table 11.3
Fig. 11D
Fig. 11E
Fig. 11.10
Fig. 11.11
Fig. 11.12
Table 11.4
Fig. 11.13
Table 11.5
Fig. 11F
Fig. 11.14
Fig. 11.15
Fig. 11.16
Fig. 11.17
Table 11.6
Fig. 11.18
Fig. 11.19
Fig. 11.20
Fig. 11.21
Fig. 11.22
Table 11.7
Table 11.8
Fig. 11G
Fig. 11.23
Fig. 11.24
Fig. 11.25
Fig. 11.26
Fig. 11.27
Fig. 11.28
Table 11.9
Fig. 11.29
Fig. 11.30
Fig. 11.31
Fig. 11.32
Fig. 11.33
Fig. 11.34
Fig. 11.35
Fig. 11.36
Fig. 11.37
Fig. 11.38
Fig. 11.39
Table 11.10
Fig. 11.40