Young man's guide to the orchestra

GUIDE TO RECORDINGS

Text Page

Unit I CD

6-CD Set

Full Downloads

Brief Downloads

Joplin “Maple Leaf Rag” 7 1 --- --- ---

Rachmaninov Rhapsody on a Theme by Paganini (excerpt) 8 2 --- --- --- Schubert Symphony No. 8 (“Unfinished”), I (excerpt) 11 3 --- --- --- Gershwin “Who Cares?” 27 4 --- --- --- Beethoven Joy Theme from Symphony No. 9, IV 30 5 --- --- --- Stravinsky Symphony of Psalms, II (excerpt) 30 6 --- --- --- Schubert String Quartet in A Minor, I (excerpt) 34, 38 7 --- --- --- Beethoven Piano Concerto No. 5 (“Emperor”), III (excerpt) 34 8 --- Tchaikovsky “Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy” from The Nutcracker 38 9 --- --- --- Britten The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra 18, 41 10–15 --- --- --- Anonymous Plainchant antiphon, “In paradisum” 47 --- 1:1 1 1 Hildegard of Bingen Plainchant sequence, “Columba aspexit” 48 --- 1:2 2 --- Bernart de Ventadorn Troubadour song, “La dousa votz” 50 --- 1:3 3 --- Pérotin Organum, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” 53 --- 1:4 4 --- Anonymous Round, “Sumer Is Icumen In” 54 --- 1:5 5 --- Machaut Chanson, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient” (excerpt) 55 --- 1:6 6 --- Global Perspectives Qur’anic recitation, “Ya Sin” 57 --- 1:28 101 49 Global Perspectives Hawai’ian chant, mele pule 58 --- 1:29 102 --- Global Perspectives Navajo song, “K´adnikini´ya´” 59 --- 1:30 103 50 Dufay Harmonized hymn, “Ave maris stella” 61 --- 1:7 7 --- Josquin Pange lingua Mass, Kyrie 66 --- 1:8 8 2 Josquin Pange lingua Mass, from the Gloria 67 --- 1:9 9 --- Josquin Chanson, “Mille regrets” 68 --- 1:10 10 --- Palestrina Pope Marcellus Mass, from the Gloria 70 --- 1:11 11 --- Weelkes Madrigal, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending” 73 --- 1:12 12 --- Anonymous Galliard, “Daphne” 75 --- 1:13 13 --- Anonymous “Kemp’s Jig” 76 --- 1:14 14 --- Global Perspectives Inca processional music, “Hanaq pachap kusikuynin” 78 --- 1:31 104 --- Gabrieli Motet, “O magnum mysterium” 81 --- 1:15 15 --- Monteverdi The Coronation of Poppea, Act I, “Tornerai?” and “Speranza, tu mi vai” 86 --- 1:16–17 16–17 --- Purcell Dido and Aeneas, Act III, “Thy hand, Belinda” and “When I am laid” 88 --- 1:18 18 3 Purcell Dido and Aeneas, Act III, “With drooping wings” 88 --- 1:19 19 --- Frescobaldi Canzona, Balletto, and Corrente 92 --- 1:20–22 20–22 --- Global Perspectives Gambian minstrel song, “Laminba” 94 --- 1:32 105 --- Global Perspectives Pygmy polyphony, Elephant-hunt song 95 --- 1:33 106 --- Vivaldi Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, Op. 4, No. 12, I 117 --- 1:23 23 4 Vivaldi Violin Concerto in G, II 120 --- 1:24 24 5 Vivaldi Violin Concerto in E, Spring, Op. 8, No. 1, I 122 --- 1:25 25 6 Bach Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, I 123 --- 2:1–5 26 7 Bach Prelude in C Major, from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I 129 --- 1:26 27 8 Bach Fugue in C Major, from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book I 129 --- 1:27 28 9 Handel Minuet from the Royal Fireworks Music 133 --- 2:6 29 --- Bach Gigue from Cello Suite No. 2 in D Minor 134 --- 2:7 30 10 Handel Julius Caesar, “La giustizia” 138 --- 2:8 31 --- Handel Messiah, “There were shepherds” and “Glory to God” 142 --- 2:9 32 11 Handel Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus 142 --- 2:10 33 12 Bach Cantata No. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden” (stanzas 3, 4, and 7) 147 --- 2:11–13 34–36 --- Mozart Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, I 165 --- 2:14–19 37 13 Haydn Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II 171 --- 2:20–25 38 14 Haydn Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III 175 --- 2:26–28 39 15 Haydn Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV 178 --- 2:29–33 40 16 Mozart Piano Concerto No. 23 in A, K. 488, I 184 --- 2:34–38 41 --- Mozart Don Giovanni, from Act I, scene iii, “Ho capito,” “Alfin siam liberati,”

and “Là ci darem la mano” 190 --- 2:39–41 42–44 ---

Global Perspectives Japanese gagaku, Etenraku 198 --- 3:34 107 ---

Guide to RecoRdinGs

Text Page

Unit I CD

6-CD Set

Full Downloads

Brief Downloads

Global Perspectives Balinese gamelan, Bopong 201 --- 3:35 108 --- Beethoven Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67, I 209 --- 3:1–9 45 17 Beethoven Symphony No. 5, II 209 --- 3:10–11 46 18 Beethoven Symphony No. 5, III 209 --- 3:12–13 47 19 Beethoven Symphony No. 5, IV 209 --- 3:14–15 48 20 Beethoven Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I 216 --- 2:42–45 49 --- Schubert “Erlkönig” 234 --- 3:16 50 21 R. Schumann Dichterliebe, “Im wunderschönen Monat Mai” 238 --- 3:17 51 22 R. Schumann Dichterliebe, “Die alten, bösen Lieder” 238 --- 3:18 52 --- C. Schumann “Der Mond kommt still gegangen” 241 --- 3:19 53 23 Schubert Moment Musical No. 2 in A-flat 243 --- 3:20–23 54 --- R. Schumann Carnaval, “Eusebius” 244 --- 3:24 55 24 R. Schumann Carnaval, “Florestan” 244 --- 3:25 56 25 Chopin Nocturne in F-sharp, Op. 15, No. 2 245 --- 3:26 57 26 Berlioz Fantastic Symphony, V 249 --- 3:27–33 58 27 Verdi Rigoletto, from Act III, “La donna è mobile” and “Bella figlia

dell’amore” 259 --- 4:1–6 59–60 28–29

Wagner The Valkyrie, Act I, scene i 269 --- 4:7–12 61 30 Puccini Madame Butterfly, from Act II, “Un bel dì” 275 --- 4:13 62 31 Tchaikovsky Overture-Fantasy, Romeo and Juliet 279 --- 4:14–25 63 32 Musorgsky Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade [1]” 284 --- 4:26 64 33 Musorgsky Pictures at an Exhibition, “Gnomus” 284 --- 4:27 65 --- Musorgsky Pictures at an Exhibition, “Promenade [2]” 284 --- 4:28 66 --- Musorgsky Pictures at an Exhibition, “The Great Gate at Kiev” 284 --- 4:29 67 34 Brahms Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III 289 --- 4:30-35 68 --- Mahler Symphony No. 1, III (Funeral March) 293 --- 4:36–43 69 35 Global Perspectives Beijing opera, The Prince Who Changed into a Cat 299 --- 4:44 109 --- Debussy Clouds, from Three Nocturnes 313 --- 5:1–6 70 36 Stravinsky The Rite of Spring, from Part I, “The Adoration of the Earth” 317 --- 5:7–13 71 37 Schoenberg Pierrot lunaire, No. 8, “Night” 321 --- 5:14 72 --- Schoenberg Pierrot lunaire, No. 18, “The Moonfleck” 321 --- 5:15 73 38 Berg Wozzeck, Act III, scenes iii and iv 324 --- 5:16–20 74–75 --- Ives Second Orchestral Set, II, “The Rockstrewn Hills Join in the People’s

Outdoor Meeting” 331 --- 5:21–22 76 39

Ravel Piano Concerto in G, I 337 --- 5:23–27 77 --- Bartók Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, II 341 --- 5:28–34 78 --- Crawford Prelude for Piano No. 6 (Andante Mystico) 345 --- 5:35 79 --- Still Afro-American Symphony, IV 348 --- 5:36–40 80 --- Copland Appalachian Spring, Sections 1, 2, and 5 350 --- 5:41–43 81–83 40–42 Copland Appalachian Spring, Section 6 350 --- 5:44 84 --- Prokofiev Alexander Nevsky Cantata, “The Battle on Ice” (excerpts) 354 --- 6:1–2 85–86 --- Webern Five Orchestral Pieces, IV 362 --- 6:3 87 43 Varèse Poème électronique (excerpt) 364 --- 6:4 88 --- Ligeti Lux aeterna 366 --- 6:5–8 89 --- Reich Music for 18 Musicians (excerpt) 369 --- 6:9–10 90–91 44–45 Crumb Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Volume 5),

“ The House of the Rising Sun” and “Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!” 374 --- 6:11–12 92–93 ---

León Indígena 375 --- 6:13–16 94 --- Thomas “If You Ever Been Down” Blues 387 --- 6:17 95 46 Ellington/ Tizol “Conga Brava” 391 --- 6:18 96 47 Parker and Davis “Out of Nowhere” 395 --- 6:19 97 48 Davis Bitches Brew (excerpt) 396 --- 6:20 98 --- Global Perspectives Yoruba drumming, “Ako” 397 --- 6:23 110 51 Bernstein West Side Story, Cha-cha, meeting scene, and “Cool” 399 --- 6:21–22 99–100 --- Global Perspectives South African popular song, “Anoku Gonda” 411 --- 6:24 111 ---

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b e d f o r d / s t . m a r t i n ’s Boston ◆ New York

LISTEN

joseph kerman University of California, Berkeley

gary tomlinson Yale University

with

vivian kerman

Eighth E d i t i o n

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For Bedford/St. Martin’s

Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Higher Education Humanities: Edwin Hill Editorial Director for English and Music: Karen Henry Senior Developmental Editor: Caroline Thompson Senior Production Editor: Deborah Baker Senior Production Supervisor: Jennifer Wetzel Executive Marketing Manager: Sandi McGuire Editorial Assistant: Brenna Cleeland Copy Editor: Barbara Jatkola Indexer: Leoni McVey Photo Researcher: Susan Doheny Director of Rights and Permissions: Hilary Newman Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: Marsha Cohen Cover Design: William Boardman Cover Art: Dance 2, 2000 (oil on board), Bayo Iribhogbe. Private Collection/Bridgeman Images. Composition: CodeMantra Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008, 2004 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher.

Manufactured in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 f e d c b a

For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000)

ISBN: 978-1-4576-6985-9 ISBN: 978-1-4576-9698-5 (loose-leaf edition)

Acknowledgments

Text acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the text and art selections they cover; these acknowledgments and copyrights constitute an extension of the copyright page. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder.

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TO THE MEMORY OF

Joseph and Vivian Kerman

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Joseph Kerman was a leading musicologist, music critic, and music educator from the 1950s into the 2000s. He conceived Listen together with his wife, Vivian Kerman, and was its original author. From his first book, Opera as Drama (1956), to his last, Opera and the Morbidity of Music (2008), including studies of Bach, Beethoven, William Byrd, concertos, and more, Kerman reshaped our understanding and appreciation of Western classical music. He was long a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he served two terms as chair of the Music Department.

Gary Tomlinson did the same at the University of Pennsylvania before he moved to Yale University in 2011, where he is now the John Hay Whitney Professor and Director of the Whitney Humanities Center. A former MacArthur Fellow, he has authored books on Claudio Monteverdi, Renaissance musical culture, opera, and the singing rituals of the Aztecs and Incas. His latest book, A Million Years of Music, describes the evolutionary emergence of music.

Teaching was the heart and soul of Kerman’s musical career, and it remains such in Tomlinson’s. Between them, their wide-ranging course offerings have encompassed harmony and ear-training, opera, world music, popular music, interdisciplinary studies, seminars in music history, criticism, anthropology, and — many times over — Introduction to Music for non-majors.

Tomlinson and Kerman worked together on five editions of Listen. Joseph Kerman died early in 2014, just shy of his ninetieth birthday, as this edition went to press.

About the Authors

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P R E F A C E : T O T H E I N S T R U C T O R xxiii

I N T R O D U C T I O N : T O T H E S T U D E N T xxx

unit

I Fundamentals 2 1 Rhythm, Meter, and Tempo 4

2 Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color 10 3 Scales and Melody 22 4 Harmony, Texture, Tonality, and Mode 28 5 Musical Form and Musical Style 35

unit

II Early Music: An Overview 42 6 The Middle Ages 44

7 The Renaissance 60 8 The Early Baroque Period 79

unit

III the Eighteenth Century 96 9 P R E L U D E The Late Baroque Period 98

10 Baroque Instrumental Music 114 11 Baroque Vocal Music 135 12 P R E L U D E Music and the Enlightenment 150 13 The Symphony 161 14 Other Classical Genres 181

unit

IV the nineteenth Century 202 15 Beethoven 204 16 P R E L U D E Music after Beethoven: Romanticism 218 17 The Early Romantics 233 18 Romantic Opera 256 19 The Late Romantics 277

unit

V the twentieth Century and Beyond 300 20 P R E L U D E Music and Modernism 302 21 Early Modernism 312 22 Modernism between the Wars 335 23 The Late Twentieth Century 358 24 Music in America: Jazz and Beyond 381

A P P E N D I x A Time Lines 414

A P P E N D I x B Musical Notation 419

G L O S S A R y O F M U S I C A L T E R M S 423

I N D E x 431

Brief Contents

vii

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Music for the Listening Exercises is on the Unit I CD bound into this book and in LaunchPad for Listen at macmillanhighered.com/listen8e.

Interactive versions of the Listening Charts can also be found in LaunchPad. See the inside back cover for details.

Listening Exercises 1 Rhythm, Meter, and Syncopation 7 2 Rhythm, Meter, and Tempo 8 3 Pitch and Dynamics 11

4 The Orchestra in Action 18 5 Melody and Tune 27 6 Texture 30 7 Mode and Key 34 8 Musical Form 38

Listening Charts 1 Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra 41

2 Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, first movement 118 3 Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, second movement 121 4 Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, Spring, first movement 122 5 Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, first movement 125 6 Bach, Fugue 1 in C Major, from The Well-Tempered Clavier 131 7 Mozart, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, first movement 167 8 Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), second movement 172 9 Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, third movement 176 10 Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), fourth movement 179 11 Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A, first movement 186 12 Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, first movement 212 13 Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, complete work 214 14 Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, first movement 216 15 Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, fifth movement 254 16 Tchaikovsky, Overture-Fantasy, Romeo and Juliet 281 17 Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, third movement 290 18 Mahler, Symphony No. 1, third movement, Funeral March 295 19 Debussy, Clouds, from Three Nocturnes 315 20 Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, from Part I, “The Adoration of the Earth” 319 21 Ives, Second Orchestral Set, “The Rockstrewn Hills” 333 22 Ravel, Piano Concerto in G, first movement 338 23 Bartók, Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta, second movement 343 24 Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 345 25 Still, Afro-American Symphony, fourth movement 349 26 Prokofiev, “The Battle on Ice” from Alexander Nevsky Cantata 355 27 Ligeti, Lux aeterna 367 28 Reich, Music for 18 Musicians, opening 370 29 León, Indígena 376

viii

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http://www.macmillanhighered.com/listen8e
unit

I Fundamentals / 2

Rhythm, Meter, and tempo 4 1 | Rhythm 4

Beat and Accent 4

2 | Meter 5 Rhythm and Meter 6 Syncopation 7

LISTENING ExERCISE 1 Rhythm, Meter, and Syncopation 70

3 | Tempo 7 LISTENING ExERCISE 2 Rhythm, Meter, and Tempo 8

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 9

Pitch, Dynamics, and tone Color 10 1 | Pitch 10

2 | Dynamics 11 LISTENING ExERCISE 3 Pitch and Dynamics 11

3 | Tone Color 12 Musical Instruments 13

LISTENING ExERCISE 4 The Orchestra in Action 18

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 2 1

Contents

P R E F A C E : T O T H E I N S T R U C T O R xxiii

I N T R O D U C T I O N : T O T H E S T U D E N T xxx Classical Music — and Other Kinds xxxi

Classical Music and History xxxii

Listening xxxii

How to Use This Book xxxiv

CHAPTER

1

CHAPTER

2

ix

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Scales and Melody 22 1 | Scales 22

The Octave 22 The Diatonic Scale 23 The Chromatic Scale 23 Half Steps and Whole Steps 24

2 | Melody 24 Tunes 25 Motives and Themes 25

Characteristics of Tunes 26

LISTENING ExERCISE 5 Melody and Tune 27

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 2 7

Harmony, texture, tonality, and Mode 28 1 | Harmony 28

Consonance and Dissonance 28

2 | Texture 29 Monophony 29 Homophony and Polyphony 29 Imitation 29

LISTENING ExERCISE 6 Texture 30

3 | Tonality and Mode 30 Tonality 31 Major and Minor Modes 31 Keys 32 Listening for the Major and Minor Modes 32 Listening for Keys and Modulation 33

LISTENING ExERCISE 7 Mode and Key 34

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 3 4

Musical Form and Musical Style 35 1 | Form in Music 35

Form and Feeling 35 Form and Forms 36 Musical Genres 37

LISTENING ExERCISE 8 Musical Form 38

2 | Musical Style 38 Musical Style and Lifestyle 39

Benjamin Britten, The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra (1946) 39

LISTENING CHART 1 41

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 4 1

C o n T e n T sx

CHAPTER

4

CHAPTER

3

CHAPTER

5

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Early Music: An Overview / 42 Chronology 43

the Middle Ages 44 1 | Music and the Church 44

Music and Church Services: Liturgy 44 Plainchant 45 Characteristics of Plainchant 46 Gregorian Recitation and Gregorian Melody 47

Anonymous (c. ninth century), Plainchant antiphon, “In paradisum” 47

Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), Plainchant sequence, “Columba aspexit” 48

2 | Music at Court 49 Troubadour and Trouvère Songs 49

Bernart de Ventadorn (c. 1135–1194), Troubadour song, “La dousa votz” 50 The Estampie 51

How Did early Music sound? 51

3 | The Evolution of Polyphony 52 Organum 52

Pérotin (c. 1200), organum, “Alleluia. Diffusa est gratia” 53

4 | Later Medieval Polyphony 54 Anonymous (late thirteenth century), Round, “sumer Is Icumen In” 54 Ars Nova 55

Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377), Chanson, “Dame, de qui toute ma joie vient” 55

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 5 6

Global Perspectives | Sacred Chant 57

the Renaissance 60 1 | New Attitudes 60

Early Homophony 61

Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400–1474), Harmonized hymn, “Ave maris stella” 61 The Mass 63

2 | The High Renaissance Style 64 Imitation 64 Homophony 64 Other Characteristics 65

Josquin Desprez, Pange lingua Mass (c. 1510) 65

C o n T e n T s xi

unit

II

CHAPTER

7

CHAPTER

6

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3 | Music as Expression 67 Josquin Desprez, Chanson, “Mille regrets” 68

4 | Late Renaissance Music 69 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass (1557) 70 The Motet 72 The Italian Madrigal 72 The English Madrigal 72

Thomas Weelkes, Madrigal, “As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending” (1601) 73

5 | Instrumental Music: Early Developments 74 Renaissance Dances 74

Anonymous (sixteenth century), Galliard, “Daphne” 75

Anonymous (sixteenth century), “Kemp’s Jig” 76

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 7 6

Global Perspectives | Music and Early European Colonialism 77

the Early Baroque Period 79 1 | From Renaissance to Baroque 79

Music in Venice 79 Extravagance and Control 81

Giovanni Gabrieli, Motet, “o magnum mysterium” (c. 1610) 81

2 | Style Features of Early Baroque Music 82 Rhythm and Meter 82 Texture: Basso Continuo 82 Functional Harmony 83

3 | Opera 83 Recitative and Aria 84 Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) 85

singing Italian 85

Claudio Monteverdi, The Coronation of Poppea (1642) 86

Henry Purcell (1659–1695) 88

Henry Purcell, Dido and Aeneas (1689) 88

4 | The Rise of Instrumental Music 90 Girolamo Frescobaldi (1583–1643) 91

Girolamo Frescobaldi, Canzona, Balletto, and Corrente (1627–1637) 92

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 9 3

Global Perspectives | African Ostinato Forms 94

C o n T e n T sxii

CHAPTER

8

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the Eighteenth Century / 96 Chronology 97

P R E L U D E

the Late Baroque Period 98 1 | Absolutism and the Age of Science 98

Art and Absolutism 99 The Music of Absolutism 101 Art and Theatricality 102 Science and the Arts 102 Science and Music 103

2 | Musical Life in the Early Eighteenth Century 105

3 | Style Features of Late Baroque Music 107 Rhythm 107 Dynamics 107 Tone Color 108 The Baroque Orchestra 108 Melody 108 Ornamentation 109 Texture 110 The Continuo 110 Musical Form 111

4 | The Emotional World of Baroque Music 112 G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 1 1 3

Baroque instrumental Music 114 1 | Concerto and Concerto Grosso 115

Movements 116 Ritornello Form 116

Antonio Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, La stravaganza, op. 4, no. 12 (1712–1713) 117

LISTENING CHART 2 118

Baroque Variation Form: The Ground Bass 118

Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) 119

Antonio Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in G, second movement 120

LISTENING CHART 3 121

Vivaldi’s Greatest Hits 121

Antonio Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in e, Spring, op. 8, no. 1 (before 1725) 122

LISTENING CHART 4 122

C o n T e n T s xiii

CHAPTER

10

CHAPTER

9

unit

III

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Johann sebastian Bach, Brandenburg Concerto no. 5, for Flute, Violin, Harpsichord, and orchestra (before 1721) 123

LISTENING CHART 5 125

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) 127

2 | Fugue 126 Fugal Exposition 128 Fugal Devices 129

Johann sebastian Bach, Prelude and Fugue in C Major, from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 (1722) 129

LISTENING CHART 6 131

Glenn Gould (1932–1982) 131

3 | Baroque Dances 132 The Dance Suite 132 Baroque Dance Form 132

George Frideric Handel, Minuet from the Royal Fireworks Music (1749) 133

Johann sebastian Bach, Gigue from Cello suite no. 2 in D Minor (c. 1720) 134

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 1 3 4

Baroque Vocal Music 135 1 | Opera 135

Italian Opera Seria 137 Recitative 137

The Castrato 137 Aria 138

George Frideric Handel, Julius Caesar (1724) 138

2 | Oratorio 140 George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) 141

George Frideric Handel, Messiah (1742) 142

Women in Music 146

3 | The Church Cantata 145 The Lutheran Chorale 145

Johann sebastian Bach, Cantata no. 4, “Christ lag in Todesbanden” (1707) 147

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 1 4 9

P R E L U D E

Music and the Enlightenment 150 1 | The Enlightenment and Music 150

“The Pursuit of Happiness” 152 Art and Entertainment 153 Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Opera 153 The Novel 154

2 | The Rise of Concerts 154

C o n T e n T sxiv

CHAPTER

12

CHAPTER

11

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3 | Style Features of Classical Music 155 Rhythm 155 Dynamics 156 Tone Color: The Classical Orchestra 156 Melody: Tunes 158 Texture: Homophony 158 Classical Counterpoint 159

4 | Form in Classical Music 159 Repetitions and Cadences 159 Classical Forms 160

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 1 6 0

the Symphony 161 1 | The Movements of the Symphony 161

2 | Sonata Form 162 Exposition (A) 163 Development (B) 164 Recapitulation (A9) 164

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, symphony no. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788) 165

LISTENING CHART 7 167

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) 168

3 | Classical Variation Form 169 Symphonies of Haydn 169

Franz Joseph Haydn, symphony no. 94 in G (“The surprise,” 1791) 171

LISTENING CHART 8 172

4 | Minuet Form (Classical Dance Form) 173 Baroque and Classical Dance Form 173

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) 174

Franz Joseph Haydn, symphony no. 99 in e-flat (1793) 175

LISTENING CHART 9 176

5 | Rondo Form 177 Franz Joseph Haydn, symphony no. 101 in D (“The Clock,” 1793–1794) 178

LISTENING CHART 10 179

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 1 8 0

Other Classical Genres 181 1 | The Sonata 181

2 | The Classical Concerto 183 Double-Exposition Form 183

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Piano Concerto no. 23 in A, K. 488 (1786) 184

LISTENING CHART 11 186

3 | The String Quartet 187 Chamber Music 188

xv

CHAPTER

14

CHAPTER

13

C o n T e n T s

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4 | Opera Buffa 189 The Ensemble 189

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Don Giovanni (1787) 190

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 1 9 5

Global Perspectives | Musical Form: Two Case Studies from Asia 196

the nineteenth Century / 202 Chronology 203

Beethoven 204 1 | Between Classicism and Romanticism 204

The French Revolution 205

2 | Beethoven and the Symphony 206 Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) 207 The Scherzo 208

Ludwig van Beethoven, symphony no. 5 in C Minor, op. 67 (1808) 209

LISTENING CHART 12 212

LISTENING CHART 13 214

3 | Beethoven’s “Third Period” 215 Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano sonata in e, op. 109 (1820) 216

LISTENING CHART 14 216

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 2 1 7

P R E L U D E

Music after Beethoven: Romanticism 218 1 | Romanticism 218

The Cult of Individual Feeling 219 Romanticism and Revolt 220 Artistic Barriers 220 Music and the Supernatural 221 Music and the Other Arts 222

2 | Concert Life in the Nineteenth Century 224 The Artist and the Public 224

3 | Style Features of Romantic Music 225 Romantic Melody 226 Romantic Harmony 226 Rhythmic Freedom: Rubato 227

C o n T e n T sxvi

CHAPTER

16

unit

IV

CHAPTER

15

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The Expansion of Tone Color 227

4 | Program Music 228

5 | Form in Romantic Music 229 Miniature Compositions 229 Grandiose Compositions 230 The Principle of Thematic Unity 231

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 2 3 2

the Early Romantics 233 1 | The Lied 233

Franz schubert, “erlkönig” (The erlking) (1815) 234

Franz Schubert (1797–1828) 237 The Song Cycle 237

Robert schumann, Dichterliebe (A Poet’s Love) (1840) 238

Robert Schumann (1810–1856) 241

Clara schumann, “Der Mond kommt still gegangen” (The moon has risen softly) (1843) 241

Clara Wieck (Clara Schumann) (1819–1896) 242

2 | The Character Piece for Piano 243 Franz schubert, Moment Musical no. 2 in A-flat (1827?) 243

Robert schumann, Carnaval (1833–1835) 244

Frédéric Chopin, nocturne in F-sharp, op. 15, no. 2 (1831) 245

Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) 246

Franz Liszt (1811–1886) 247

3 | Early Romantic Program Music 247 The Concert Overture: Felix Mendelssohn 248

Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847) 248

Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847) 248 The Program Symphony: Hector Berlioz 249

Hector Berlioz, Fantastic symphony: episodes in the Life of an Artist (1830) 249

LISTENING CHART 15 254

Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) 251

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 2 5 5

Romantic Opera 256 1 | Verdi and Italian Opera 257

Recitative and Aria: The Role of the Orchestra 257

Early Romantic Opera 258

Giuseppe Verdi, Rigoletto (1851) 259

Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901) 261

2 | Wagner and Music Drama 264 Richard Wagner (1813–1883) 265

C o n T e n T s xvii

CHAPTER

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CHAPTER

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The Total Work of Art 266

Wagner’s Tristan and Isolde (1859) 267 Leitmotivs 268 The Nibelung’s Ring (1848–1874) 268

Richard Wagner, The Valkyrie (1851–1856) 269

3 | Late Romantic Opera 274 Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924) 274

Giacomo Puccini, Madame Butterfly (1904) 275

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 2 7 6

the Late Romantics 277 Romanticism and Realism 277

1 | Late Romantic Program Music 279 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, overture-Fantasy, Romeo and Juliet (1869, revised 1880) 279

LISTENING CHART 16 281

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893) 280

2 | Nationalism 282 Exoticism 283 The Russian Kuchka 284

Modest Musorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition (1874) 284

Modest Musorgsky (1839–1881) 286

Other Nationalists 287

3 | Responses to Romanticism 286 The Renewal of Classicism: Brahms 287

Johannes Brahms (1833–1897) 288

Johannes Brahms, Violin Concerto in D, op. 77 (1878) 289

LISTENING CHART 17 290 Romantic Nostalgia: Mahler 291

Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) 292

Gustav Mahler, symphony no. 1 (1888) 293

LISTENING CHART 18 295

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 2 9 6

Global Perspectives | Musical Drama Worldwide 297

the twentieth Century and Beyond / 300 Chronology 301

C o n T e n T sxviii

CHAPTER

19

unit

V

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P R E L U D E

Music and Modernism 302 1 | Varieties of Modernism 302

2 | Progress and Uncertainty 303

3 | The Response of Modernism 304

4 | Literature and Art before World War I 305 Impressionists and Symbolists 306 Expressionists and Fauves 308

5 | Modernist Music before World War I 308 Experiment and Transformation: Melody 309 New Horizons, New Scales 310 “The Emancipation of Dissonance” 310

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 3 1 1

Early Modernism 312 1 | Debussy and Impressionism 313

Claude Debussy, Clouds, from Three nocturnes (1899) 313

LISTENING CHART 19 315

Claude Debussy (1862–1918) 316

2 | Stravinsky: The Primacy of Rhythm 315 Igor stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Part I, “The Adoration of the earth” (1913) 317

LISTENING CHART 20 319

Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) 320

3 | Expressionism 320 Arnold schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire (Moonstruck Pierrot) (1912) 321

Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) 324

Alban Berg, Wozzeck (1923) 324

schoenberg and serialism 327

4 | The First American Modernist: Ives 330 Charles Ives (1874–1954) 331

Charles Ives, second orchestral set, second movement, “The Rockstrewn Hills Join in the People’s outdoor Meeting” (1909) 331

LISTENING CHART 21 333

Charles Ives, The Unanswered Question (1906) 333

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 3 3 4

Modernism between the Wars 335 1 | Mixing Classical Form and Jazz: Maurice Ravel 337

Maurice Ravel, Piano Concerto in G (1931) 337

LISTENING CHART 22 338

C o n T e n T s xix

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CHAPTER

22

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Maurice Ravel (1875–1937) 339

2 | Folk Music, Nationalism, and Modernism: Béla Bartók 340 Béla Bartók (1881–1945) 340

Béla Bartók, Music for strings, Percussion, and Celesta (1936) 341

LISTENING CHART 23 343

3 | Varieties of American Modernism 344 Ruth Crawford 345

Ruth Crawford, Prelude for Piano no. 6 (Andante Mystico; 1928) 345

LISTENING CHART 24 345

Ruth Crawford (1901–1953) 346

William Grant Still 346

William Grant Still (1895–1978) 347

William Grant still, Afro-American symphony (1930) 348

LISTENING CHART 25 349

Aaron Copland 349

Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring (1945) 350

Aaron Copland (1900–1990) 352

4 | The Rise of Film Music 352 Composers for Film 353

sergei Prokofiev, Alexander Nevsky Cantata (1938) 354

LISTENING CHART 26 355

Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953) 355

Music and Totalitarianism 356

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 3 5 7

the Late twentieth Century 358 1 | The Postwar Avant-Garde 358

New Sound Materials 360 Electronic Music 360 On the Boundaries of Time 361

Anton Webern, Five orchestral Pieces (1913) 362

Chance Music 362

2 | The New Generation 363 Edgard Varèse (1883–1965) 363

edgard Varèse, Poème électronique (1958) 364

György Ligeti (1923–2006) 365

György Ligeti, Lux aeterna (1966) 366

LISTENING CHART 27 367

John Cage (1912–1992) 367

John Cage, 4’ 33’’ (1952) 367

3 | Music at the End of the Millennium 368 Steve Reich (b. 1936) and Minimalism 369

steve Reich, Music for 18 Musicians (1974–1976) 369

C o n T e n T sxx

CHAPTER

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LISTENING CHART 28 370

New Expressionism and Connecting to the Past 372 George Crumb (b. 1929) 372

George Crumb, Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Volume 5) (2006) 374

Tania León (b. 1943) 375

Tania León, Indígena (1991) 375

LISTENING CHART 29 376

John Adams (b. 1947) 377

John Adams, Doctor Atomic (2005) 377

G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 3 8 0

Music in America: Jazz and Beyond 381 1 | Early American Music: An Overview 381

The Cultivated Tradition 382 Music in the Vernacular 384 African American Music 385

2 | Jazz: The First Fifty Years 386 Ragtime: Scott Joplin (1868–1917) 386 The Blues 387

sippie Wallace, “If You ever Been Down” Blues (1927) (Composed by G. W. Thomas) 387

New Orleans Jazz 388

Louis Armstrong (1901–1971) 390

Big-Band Jazz: Swing 390

Duke ellington, “Conga Brava” (1940) 391

Duke Ellington (1899–1974) 392

Popular Song 393

3 | Later Jazz 393 Bebop 393

Charlie Parker and Miles Davis, “out of nowhere” (1948) 395

Jazz after Bebop 395

Miles Davis, Bitches Brew (1969) 396

Global Perspectives | African Drumming 397

4 | The American Musical 398 Musical Comedy 398 The Musical after 1940 399

Leonard Bernstein, West Side Story (1957) 399

The Later Musical 402

5 | Rock 402 Early Rock ’n’ Roll 403 The 1960s: Rock Comes of Age 404 Motown, Soul, and Funk 404 The British Invasion 405 American Counteroffensives 406

C o n T e n T s xxi

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After the 1960s 407 Trends 1980–2000: Punk, Rap, and Post-Rock 408

Global Perspectives | Global Music 410

6 | Conclusion 413 G O A L S F O R R E V I E W 4 1 3

time Lines 414

Musical notation 419

G L O S S A R y O F M U S I C A L T E R M S 423

I N D E x 431

APPENDIx

A APPENDIx

B

C o n T e n T sxxii

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xxiii

When Joseph and Vivian Kerman launched the first edition of Listen back in 1972, they no doubt hoped — but could not have expected — that it would still be reaching students over forty years later. The staying power of the book is a tribute to many things and many people, but above all it commemorates their initial vision and their continued efforts across several decades in revising and improving it. Joe himself came to regard Listen as far and away the most important contribution of his career, a judgment that sets a high bar, given Opera as Drama, The Beethoven Quartets, Contemplating Music, and the rest. But who would gainsay that judgment, in the light of the hundreds of thou- sands of undergraduates whose lives have been touched and even transformed in courses employing Listen?

The Kermans’ vision was at first almost unique: to focus the attention of non-major undergraduates on close, analytic listening to great music at the same time as they came to understand its place in a historical chronology of styles and in a broader story of Western culture. Listen fulfills this vision in a fashion still unsurpassed, and we continue to revise and improve the book in ways that respond to the changing landscape of teaching introductory courses to the Western musical tradition.

New to This Edition The changes in Listen, Eighth Edition, answer to the desires, viewpoints, and indeed criticisms we have solicited from users and non-users alike. Particularly important have been users’ views on the teaching effectiveness of individual works. Of course we have retained the basic elements that have always distin- guished Listen: the stimulating prose, the high-quality recordings, the unmatched Listening Charts, the clear laying-out of musical basics in Unit I, and the broad context outlined in Prelude chapters for each new historical phase. To these we have added new features, new repertory, and a clean, updated new design.

New Features Each historical unit begins with an arresting two-page spread designed to ori- ent the student quickly and effectively. On the left is a very short description of the materials introduced in the unit, on the right a time line of the works students will encounter, tabulating composers’ names, titles of works, and chronological order of composition. In between is an artwork characteristic of the period at hand, with a caption explaining what makes it so.

Each chapter ends with a new bullet list of Goals for Review: checklists of the listening skills and key concepts students should particularly attend to as they study.

Preface To the Instructor

P R e F A C e | To the Instructor

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xxiv

New Repertory As in every new edition, we have sought to improve the coverage of the musi- cal repertories at the heart of our enterprise. We have added a movement from Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons, always a favorite with students and teachers alike. The coverage of the Classical symphony now exemplifies variations, rondo, and minuet forms with movements from three of Haydn’s London symphonies. A Beethoven piano sonata movement shows features of his late style.

For the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the rethinking has been extensive. For the early part of the period, the coverage of modernism is more inclusive and varied, with the addition of new works by Ruth Crawford and William Grant Still. For the most recent years, Listen adds new selections by Tania León, George Crumb, and John Adams.

All told, the new works are as follows:

• Vivaldi, Violin Concerto in E, La Primavera (Spring), Op. 8, No. 1, I (Allegro) • Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G (“The Surprise”), II (Andante) • Haydn, Symphony No. 99 in E-flat, III (Allegretto) • Haydn, Symphony No. 101 in D (“The Clock”), IV (Finale. Vivace) • Beethoven, Piano Sonata in E, Op. 109, I (Vivace) • Ruth Crawford, Prelude for Piano No. 6 (Andante Mystico) • William Grant Still, Afro-American Symphony, IV (Lento, con risoluzione) • George Crumb, “The House of the Rising Sun” and “Hallelujah, I’m a Bum!”

from Voices from a Forgotten World (American Songbook, Volume 5)

• Tania Léon, Indígena • John Adams, Doctor Atomic

New Design The publishers of Listen, no less than the authors, have always worked hard to make this textbook attractive to look at; we all take pride in the book’s design and appearance. But the real point of a good design is to make it both easy and inviting to find your way around in a book. Of necessity there is a lot of diverse material here, lots of bits and pieces — the main text, boxes and charts of dif- ferent kinds, music, marginalia. The new design introduced in this edition enhances the flow of the text and emphasizes important information to make student reading a more effective learning experience. In general, the design gives a clean, updated “look.”

Students these days, perhaps more than ever before, are used to getting information quickly and clearly. Listen, Eighth Edition makes this possible without sacrificing the nuance of subject matter and presentation for which the book has always been praised.

New Formats Listen has always moved forward with new technological developments that are essential to the teaching of music appreciation. For this edition, we offer the full and brief sets of the Listen recordings in a convenient downloadable format; the full set is also available on six high-quality CDs. Streaming record- ings and an interactive e-book are available in LaunchPad, a new, fully cus- tomizable course space. See page xxvii for details.

P R e F A C e | To the Instructor

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Distinctive Features of Listen In the midst of many changes, what have not changed are our basic coverage and organization, which have proved solid over many editions. For new users, we draw attention to the following strong features that we believe set Listen apart.

Fundamentals The Fundamentals unit develops basic musical concepts in a logical, orderly sequence. It begins with rhythm and meter and continues with pitch, dynamics, and tone color, pausing to consider the musical instruments students will be listening to. Next comes melody, and only then are the more challenging issues of harmony, tonality, and modality raised. The introduc- tion to music notation, not necessary for this unit or the book as a whole, is found in an appendix. This presentation, we feel, allows instructors to pick and choose issues they want to highlight more easily without losing the logic of the presentation.

Eight Listening Exercises that work with music on the Unit I CD (bound into the back of the book) illustrate rhythm, melody, texture, modality, and so on, and culminate in the encyclopedic Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra by Benjamin Britten. We show students how to listen to this work as an informal summary of fundamentals at the end of the unit.

Flexible Coverage The main emphasis of Listen is on the common-practice repertory, with a care- ful selection of more modern material and a generous unit on pre-eighteenth- century music. After Unit I, the historical scheme goes from “early music” — in effect, everything before Bach and Handel, when the standard repertory begins — to the three great periods of Western classical music: the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the twentieth century to the present. Units III, IV, and V, each containing several chapters, cover these periods. Unit II, “Early Music: An Overview,” is independent of the rest of the text; nothing later in the book depends on having studied it, so if your course plan begins with Bach and Handel in Unit III, students will not need to skip back for explanations of continuo texture, recitative, fugue, and so on.

Cultural Background The Baroque and Classical eras and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are introduced by what we call “Prelude” chapters. Each summarizes fea- tures of the culture of the time, emphasizing those that stand in close rela- tion to music. The Prelude chapters also contain concise accounts of the musical styles of the eras, so that these chapters furnish background of two kinds — cultural and stylistic — for listening to specific pieces of music in the chapters that follow.

Biography boxes segregate material on the lives of the major composers from discussions of their music — again, making the book easier to read and easier to work from. The boxes include portraits, concise lists of works that can serve for study or reference, and, under the heading “Encore,” suggestions for further listening. Time lines in Appendix A locate composers at a glance in relation to other important historical figures and events.

P R e F A C e | To the Instructor

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Non-Western Music The seven Global Perspectives segments of Listen are positioned so as to elaborate on the European and American topics discussed around them. The Global Perspectives segment on sacred chant, for example, comes at the end of the Middle Ages chapter, where Gregorian chant has been discussed; African ostinato forms are exemplified after the early Baroque chapter; and a brief look at complex instrumental forms in Japanese and Indonesian traditions follows the eighteenth-century unit, with its examination of sonata form and other formal types in the Classical symphony.