Examine the genetic code table, shown below. the codon agc codes for the amino acid ______.

BIO101 Midterm - Sacramento Valley Campus- June 2014

TEST M

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Homologous chromosomes ______.

A) include only the autosomes

B) separate during interphase

C) include only the sex chromosomes

D) are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent

E) carry the same genes

1)

2) Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example,

the sperm are changing ______.

A) kinetic energy into chemical energy

B) chemical energy into potential energy

C) kinetic energy into potential energy

D) chemical energy into kinetic energy

E) none of the above

2)

3) Examine the genetic code table, shown below. The codon AGC codes for the amino acid ______. 3)

1

A) serine

B) alanine

C) glycine

D) threonine

E) arginine

4) Hypophosphatemia (vitamin D-resistant rickets) is inherited as an sex-linked dominant trait.

The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross

between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia?

A) Seventy-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.

B) Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia.

C) Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.

D) All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.

E) All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia.

4)

Please read the following paragraph and answer the following question(s).

Amanda's parents realized that her body was not developing properly about the time she was 12 years old. She was

shorter than most of her friends and was not going through changes normally associated with female puberty. They took

her to a doctor who initially diagnosed Amanda with Turner Syndrome because of her physical features. He ordered a

karyotype that confirmed his diagnosis. Amanda was born with only one X chromosome. Although there is no specific

cure, the doctor was able to treat her and correct some of the problems associated with the condition. For example, she

received growth hormone to improve her growth and estrogen to help her develop the physical changes of puberty.

5) Amanda's abnormal number of sex chromosomes resulted from ______.

A) random fertilization

B) independent assortment of chromosomes

C) cytokinesis

D) nondisjunction

E) crossing over

5)

6) Speciation requires ______.

A) long periods of time

B) geographic isolation

C) periods of rapid evolutionary change

D) a mass extinction so that new environmental opportunities will be available to the

survivors

E) genetic isolation

6)

7) The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life is most likely to be seen in ______.

A) Native Americans

B) East Asian populations

C) populations that live in cold climates

D) cultures that keep dairy herds

E) populations that live in wet climates

7)

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8) Which of the following is a component of the fossil record?

A) the distribution of murid rodents in Australia and Asia

B) the similarity of the forelimbs of sharks and penguins

C) bones of extinct whales

D) the similarity of the forelimbs of cats and bats

E) molecular sequences

8)

9) How do radioactive isotopes differ from isotopes?

A) They are atoms of different elements.

B) Radioactive isotopes are unstable; isotopes are stable.

C) Radioactive isotopes have fewer neutrons than do isotopes.

D) Radioactive isotopes have more neutrons than do isotopes.

E) Radioactive isotopes are stable; isotopes are unstable.

9)

10) Which one of the following statements is true?

A) Individuals evolve through natural selection.

B) Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

C) Natural selection works on non-heritable traits.

D) Organisms evolve structures that they need.

E) None of the statements are true.

10)

11)Macroevolution includes ______.

A) explosive diversification following some evolutionary breakthrough

B) the origin of new species

C) mass extinctions

D) the origin of evolutionary novelty

E) all of the above

11)

12) You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall.

Therefore, you conclude that it must be a ______ cell.

A) liver

B) bacterial

C) prokaryotic

D) plant

E) animal

12)

13) Which of the following is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of

photosynthesis?

A) Calvin cycle

B) glycolysis

C) lactic acid fermentation

D) electron transport chain

E) citric acid cycle

13)

14) Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______.

A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum

B) mRNA

C) rough endoplasmic reticulum

D) phospholipids

E) DNA

14)

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15) Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if

the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings?

A) active transport

B) osmosis

C) diffusion

D) plasmolysis

E) facilitated diffusion

15)

16) The following figure shows that ______.

A) the human 2n number is 4

B) meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells

C) telophase I follows cytokinesis

D) fertilization results in four haploid daughter cells

E) meiosis forms diploid gametes

16)

17) Your family is taking a long driving vacation across the midwestern and western United States.

As you travel, you notice that the flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and the Rocky

Mountains are very different. As you ponder why, you remember that such differences in the

distribution of species are part of the field of ______.

A) biogeography

B) morphology

C) anthropology

D) paleontology

E) geology

17)

18) What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

A) lysosomes

B) nucleosomes

C) nucleolus

D) ribosomes

E) transport vesicles

18)

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19) Homology is evidence of ______.

A) convergent evolution

B) common ancestry

C) stasis

D) punctuated evolution

E) paedomorphosis

19)

20) When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______.

A) have hydrophilic fatty acid tails that are attracted to water and hydrophobic phosphate

groups that avoid water

B) are lipids

C) have hydrophilic heads that are attracted to their hydrophobic tails

D) are both fluid and mosaic

E) have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid

tails that avoid water

20)

21) Consider the following figure. It indicates that a single amino acid substitution ______.

A) is a silent mutation

B) always involves adenine and uracil

C) causes a nonsense mutation

D) may alter a protein so that it no longer functions properly

E) prevents codon recognition

21)

22) What are the reactant(s) in the following chemical reaction?

C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O

A) O2 only

B) CO2 and H2O

C) CO2 only

D) C6H12O6, H2O, and O2

E) C6H12O6, H2O, O2, CO2, and H2O

22)

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23) According to this evolutionary tree, approximately how many years ago did humans and

orangutans share a common ancestor?

A) 1 million years ago

B) 7 million years ago

C) 12 million years ago

D) 20 million years ago

E) 56 million years ago

23)

24) In what way(s) is the science of biology influencing and changing our culture?

A) by reshaping our understanding of psychology and sociology

B) by helping us evaluate environmental issues

C) by revolutionizing medicine and agriculture

D) by providing new tools for solving crimes

E) all of the above

24)

25) Natural selection can be defined as ______.

A) the accumulation of random mutations

B) changes in gene frequencies attributable to chance

C) the relationships among all organisms

D) a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and

reproduce than other individuals

E) the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment

25)

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26) Examine the following figure. Imagine that cell signaling using a signal transduction pathway is

like a person answering the door after hearing the doorbell ring. Which structure in this figure is

like the button for the doorbell?

A) the hydrolysis of glycogen

B) the plasma membrane

C) proteins of the signal transduction pathway

D) the receptor protein

E) epinephrine

26)

27) Alleles are described as ______.

A) homologous chromosomes

B) alternate phenotypes

C) environmental factors that affect gene expression

D) Punnett squares

E) alternate versions of a gene

27)

28) What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female

fireflies only mate with males who emit light in a particular pattern?

A) behavioral isolation

B) reduced hybrid viability

C) temporal isolation

D) mechanical isolation

E) habitat isolation

28)

29) An enzyme's function is dependent on its ______.

A) temperature

B) weight

C) shape

D) pH

E) size

29)

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30) The figure below shows that ______.

A) our cells can use sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP

B) amino acids can move directly into the electron transport chain

C) our cells can produce ATP from sugars and glycerol, but not fatty acids

D) sugars can move directly into the citric acid cycle

E) our cells can produce ATP only from glucose

30)

31) How much genetic material is present in a cell during prophase I compared to a cell that has

completed meiosis II?

A) the same amount

B) one-half as much

C) four times as much

D) one-quarter as much

E) twice as much

31)

32) One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ______.

A) mitosis requires only one parent cell, but meiosis requires two parent cells

B) mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

C) meiosis is needed for growth and tissue repair, but mitosis is not

D) mitosis produces more daughter cells than meiosis

E) mitosis produces haploid cells, but meiosis produces diploid cells

32)

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Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

Over the past 60 years, many amphibian species have experienced significant population declines and some species have

become extinct. Scientists suspected that local human activities such as the destruction of wetlands, regional pollution,

and deforestation were the main reasons for these losses. However, research over the past 20 years reveals significant

amphibian population declines in protected areas of the world, such as nature preserves and parks. These global declines

suggest widespread problems including increased ultraviolet radiation, acid rain, and disease. In Switzerland, for

example, 14 of the 20 native amphibian species are threatened with extinction.

33) When most populations of a wide-ranging amphibian species are lost and the few remaining

populations are widely separated, we expect to see that ______.

A) artificial selection becomes a greater factor in microevolution

B) mutations become less important in the evolution of the species

C) microevolution no longer occurs

D) the founder effect becomes increasingly important

E) gene flow between populations is reduced

33)

34) Some biologists urge the collection of the few remaining individuals of some of the most

threatened amphibian species, to preserve them if they become extinct in the wild. If such

captive breeding programs could produce thousands of individuals from just a few of the

remaining survivors, the species will still be threatened because of ______.

A) natural selection

B) mutations

C) the founder effect

D) artificial selection

E) a bottleneck effect

34)

35) Which of the following is not a property of life?

A) Populations of organisms are unable to change over time.

B) Living things exhibit complex but ordered organization.

C) Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life's activities.

D) Organisms respond to environmental stimuli.

E) Organisms reproduce their own kind.

35)

36) ______ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.

A) H2O

B) Chlorophyll a

C) NADPH

D) CO2

E) C6H12O6

36)

37) Microtubules are associated with ______.

A) flagella

B) cilia

C) cell shape

D) chromosome movement

E) all of the above

37)

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38) Examine the following figure. Which of these stages occur(s) in the cytoplasm?

A) citric acid cycle

B) electron transport

C) glycolysis and citric acid cycle

D) glycolysis

E) citric acid cycle and electron transport

38)

39) A reproductive barrier that prevents species from mating is an example of ______.

A) zygote mortality

B) reduced hybrid viability

C) a post-zygotic barrier

D) a pre-zygotic barrier

E) reduced hybrid fertility

39)

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40) Examine the following figure. Which of the following reactants primarily come(s) from the air?

A) carbon dioxide

B) water

C) glucose

D) oxygen and carbon dioxide

E) oxygen

40)

41) Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme?

sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose

A) fructose B) sucrase C) sucrose D) water E) glucose

41)

11

42) The figure below shows ______.

A) a single strand of DNA

B) a single strand of RNA

C) double-stranded RNA

D) double-stranded DNA

E) none of the above

42)

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

An abundant and continual supply of ATP is necessary for all living cells. Active muscle cells require an extraordinary

amount of ATP to permit strenuous exercise for prolonged periods. Toxins, reduced blood flow, and a compromised

respiratory system can interfere with the transport of oxygen to active cells. A runner in a marathon faces multiple

obstacles to continue to produce sufficient ATP to remain competitive.

43) When oxygen delivery becomes insufficient to support a runner’s aerobic metabolism, cells

switch to an emergency mode in which ______.

A) carbon dioxide is broken down to produce FADH, which is used instead of ATP

B) ATP is generated less efficiently by harvesting the heat energy in a cell

C) ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product

D) carbon dioxide is joined with water to generate much smaller amounts of ATP

E) lactic acid is broken down to produce smaller amounts of ATP

43)

12

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

Birds are a widespread group of animals, with approximately 10,000 different species found throughout the world today.

Because they are relatively easy to find and so visually appealing, they have been studied more thoroughly than many

other groups of animals. They are also valuable biological indicators, because many species live in different habitats

during different times of the year and cover long migration routes. According to the World Conservation Union,

extinction threatens over 1,200 bird species today and at least 179 are critically endangered. Some of the most endangered

species include the Tahiti monarch, with only 10 pairs remaining, and the Bali starling, with only 12 wild individuals left.

In Hawaii, the last captive po’ouli died in 2005 and the last two known to be alive in the wild have not been seen in many

months. Common birds are also disappearing. In North America, red-winged blackbird populations declined by at least 1

percent each year between 1980 and 1999. These examples can serve as a warning. Habitat destruction, degradation, and

fragmentation is the most serious problem and affects 86% of threatened birds. Unsustainable forestry and intensifying

agriculture exacerbate this problem of habitat loss. All of this shows that conservation of habitats is critical if many of the

world’s bird species are going to be saved from extinction in the near future.

44) Approximately what percent of bird species are threatened with extinction today?

A) 5% B) 12% C) 19% D) 25% E) 45%

44)

45) Examine the evolutionary tree below. This tree tells us that the amnion is found in ______.

A) mammals, lizards, and snakes only

B) amphibians only

C) birds only

D) mammals, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and birds

E) lungfishes and amphibians

45)

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46) Which one of the following can create new alleles?

A) sexual reproduction

B) mutation

C) sexual recombination

D) natural selection

E) genetic drift

46)

47) If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______.

A) need to manufacture more lysosomes

B) become flaccid

C) divide into two cells

D) shrivel

E) digest itself

47)

Please read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

While working with cultured mouse cells, a researcher unknowingly treated the cells with a mutagen that causes the

deletion or insertion of individual nucleotides in DNA. Subsequently, she isolated and cultured a single cell from this

group. She noticed that the progeny of this cell were not producing a certain protein and that this affected their survival.

48) The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in ______.

A) substitution of a base pair

B) deletion of a triplet near the middle of the gene

C) a single nucleotide deletion near the end of the coding sequence

D) a single nucleotide in the middle of an intron

E) a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence

48)

49) Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does not occur in prophase II?

A) Spindle formation occurs.

B) Crossing over occurs.

C) Cytokinesis occurs.

D) Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell.

E) Chromosomes have been duplicated.

49)

Read the following scenario to answer the following question(s).

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today.

These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic

cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria

and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of

eukaryotic cells long ago.

50) What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts?

A) Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts.

B) Some mitochondria have chloroplasts inside of them.

C) Only mitochondria have their own DNA.

D) Mitochondria can sometimes divide to produce chloroplasts.

E) A double membrane surrounds mitochondria, and a single membrane surrounds

chloroplasts.

50)

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