[VIDEO CLIPS – News Montage] Various news anchors: There has been a shooting… Once again, a mass shooting… 26 people, including twenty children, were killed… The deadliest mass shooting in American history… If you're just joining us, two young men apparently dressed in long black trench coats, opened fire at a high school just outside of Denver in Littleton, Colorado… Jackson Katz: When it comes to violence, it’s almost like there are two Americas.

[VIDEO CLIP] Shooting survivor: It was horrific. I can't even put it into words. Jackson Katz: There’s the America that recoils in horror whenever a brutal mass shooting erupts onto our television screens, shocked by the level of destruction and suffering that just a few individuals are capable of visiting upon so many innocent people. [VIDEO CLIP] News anchor: Police say that the gunman opened fire in a theater during a showing of that latest Batman movie, "The Dark Knight Rises." Jackson Katz: And then there’s the America that can’t seem to get enough of violence as a form of entertainment and ritual, a seemingly endless appetite for ever-intensifying spectacles of all- out brutality and carnage. The question is what sort of relationship, if any, these two Americas have to one another. And if we’re serious about answering that question, we need to stop chasing symptoms and take a good look at a truth that’s been hiding in plain sight all along: that when we talk about violence in America, whether it’s real or imaginary, we’re almost always talking about violent masculinity. [TITLE SCREEN] Tough Guise 2 Violence, Manhood & American Culture Featuring Jackson Katz Jackson Katz: I’m Jackson Katz, and for more than 25 years, I’ve worked on both a personal and an institutional level to engage men directly in the effort to prevent men’s violence against women and children.

The reason I work with and focus on men is simple: because, for the most part, violence is a men’s issue. The statistics tell the story:

• 86% of armed robberies are committed by men. • 77% of aggravated assaults are committed by men. • 87% of stalkers are men. • 86% of domestic violence incidents resulting in physical injury are perpetrated by men. • 99% of rapes are committed by men. • Men commit approximately 90% of murder. • And over the past 30 years, 61 of the last 62 mass shootings have been committed by

men. But while these numbers are striking, they rarely if ever come into play in mainstream discussions about violence. [VIDEO CLIP – CNN] Anderson Cooper: After every event like this, the questions always are the same, "What causes this kind of a shooting? How can this happen? How can they be stopped?” Jackson Katz: During hours and hours of exhaustive reporting, commentators seem to go out of their way to find gender-neutral ways to talk about this violence. [VIDEO CLIPS – News montage] Various news anchors and pundits: The shooters in Aurora, the shooters in Newtown… The Connecticut shooter… The Aurora shooter… The alleged shooter… Teen-aged psychopath… Mass murders… The suspect… That kid… This punk… This murderer… Jackson Katz: The male perpetrators become shooters or murderers or assailants or killers or suspects or psychopaths.. [VIDEO CLIP – Dateline] Lester Holt: It's kids killing kids in the heart of America. Jackson Katz: Violence committed by boys becomes “kids killing kids” and “youth violence.” [VIDEO CLIP] News anchor: Here is a revealing and, frankly, horrifying picture of youth violence in America. Jackson Katz: It doesn’t seem to matter that girls are kids and youths too, but only commit a fraction of these kinds of crimes. And this baseline failure to acknowledge gender has a big effect when the discussion turns to other supposed causes of violence. [VIDEO CLIPS – News montage] Various news anchors and pundits: Violence in the entertainment culture… Bloody games, gory movies, brutal TV shows… Call of Duty or Halo… Mental health issues, the faith issues…

Autism or Asperger Syndrome… You're blaming the gun… Their mom and their dad… Substance abuse… Mental health, violent games, violent movies… I want to blame the real culprit. Suicide pills! Mass murder pills! Jackson Katz: We hear very little – if anything – about why it is that girls and women also live in a culture saturated with guns and media violence, also suffer from mental illness, also come from dysfunctional families and have substance abuse problems, yet don’t commit anywhere near the amount of violence boys and men do. In other cases, the perpetrators disappear altogether. [VIDEO CLIPS – News montage] Various news anchors: Violence against women… Violence against women… Violence against women… Jackson Katz: You see this a lot in the mainstream discussion about so-called "violence against women." The fact that men are responsible for somewhere around 98% of this violence simply evaporates. We hear about women being harassed, abused, assaulted, or raped. Men are nowhere to be found. And the result of all this, is that instead of seeing men’s violence against women as a men’s issue, we see it as a women’s issue, and focus most of our attention on how to help victims and survivors after the fact; a failure all the more glaring given that mainstream media outlets have no problem at all taking gender seriously when women are the ones doing the violence. [VIDEO CLIPS – News montage] Various news anchors and reporters: Teenaged girls involved in violent fights… A fight between two young girls breaks out on the playground… More and more teenaged girls are getting involved in violent fights. Jackson Katz: When girls and women act out violently, their gender becomes the story. The same way race becomes the story with men of color. [VIDEO CLIP – The O’Reilly Factor] Bill O’Reilly: The horrific murder rate in Chicago. Does it have to do with guns? Or race? Jackson Katz: When men of color rape women or shoot people or blow things up, race and culture move to the forefront of the story, crowding out the fact that the vast majority of the perpetrators under consideration, no matter what color they are, are men. All of this shows how we conceal the power of dominant groups. For example, when we hear the word "race" in the United States, we tend to immediately think of African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Pacific Islanders, South Asians. When we hear the term "sexual orientation," we tend to think of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. And when we hear the term "gender," we tend to think of women. In each case, the dominant group – white people, heterosexual people, men – don't get examined. As if white people don't belong to some racial grouping? As if heterosexual people don't have

some sort of sexual orientation? As if men don't have a gender? In other words, we always focus on the subordinated group and not the dominant one, and that’s one of the ways the power of dominant groups isn’t questioned – by remaining invisible. [VIDEO CLIP] Dr. Phil: There are young men involved in these things. There's a lot of testosterone there. Jackson Katz: And on those rare occasions when the subject of men does make its way into mainstream discussions about violence, there’s this common refrain that men’s violence is all about testosterone and our prehistoric role as hunter-warriors. We’re just programmed to be violent. [VIDEO CLIPS – News montage] CNN Don Lemon: What is it about the testosterone of being a young man that makes this come to this gun violence head, so often? Commentator: Really it goes back to hunter-gatherer days. Jackson Katz: You hear another version of this in the common refrain “boys will be boys.” [VIDEO CLIP – Fox "The Five"] FOX anchor Kimberly Guilfoyle: Let boys be boys. They want to play rough. Don't try and overmedicate them and, you know, turn them into girls. They're boys! The Five pundit: A six-year-old boy goes like this and he's suspended. And we end up having to talk about it because they are just unable to let boys be boys. Jackson Katz: No one would deny that there are biological factors that sometimes come into play with violence. The problem is when biological arguments lead people to conclude that men are just beasts who are overcome by hormonal urges they can’t control, that men are incapable of making moral and ethical decisions, that boys are born hardwired to bully, rape, and murder. But perhaps the most damaging thing this kind of thinking does is that it blinds us to the fundamental role that cultural systems play in all of this.

A TAUGHT BEHAVIOR [VIDEO CLIP – Congressional Panel] Speaker: This is a document signed by six of the major public health organizations saying that the violence in the entertainment level we've attained today is causing increased aggressive behavior among some children. Jackson Katz: For decades, experts and government officials have been arguing that we need to take a closer look at the relationship between violence in the culture and violence in the real world. [VIDEO CLIP – President Obama press statement] President Obama: In the days since the heartbreaking tragedy in Newtown, Connecticut, I also tasked the Vice President with leading an effort to come up with a comprehensive set of serious proposals to keep our children safe, including strengthening school safety, improving mental health care, and addressing a culture that too often glorifies guns and violence. Jackson Katz: This focus on the culture of violence in America took on new, and bipartisan, urgency in the wake of Adam Lanza’s cold-blooded murder of 20 children and six adults at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012. But unfortunately, it quickly descended into a distracting, and false, debate between defenders of the gun industry and defenders of the entertainment industry. [VIDEO CLIP – National Rifle Association press statement] NRA CEO Wayne LaPierre: There exists in this country, sadly, a callous, corrupt, and corrupting shadow industry that sells and stows violence against its own people through vicious, violent video games. Jackson Katz: On one side, we’ve had the gun industry blaming movies and video games. [VIDEO CLIP – National Rifle Association press statement] NRA CEO Wayne LaPierre: We have blood-soaked films out there like, “American Psycho” and “Natural Born Killers”, that are aired like propaganda loops on Splatter-days, and everyday. Jackson Katz: On the other side of the debate, we’ve had the entertainment industry blaming the NRA and guns. [VIDEO CLIP – CNN] MPAA Chief Chris Dodd: Can we not do a better job of controlling the weapons of violence that get into the wrong hands?

Jackson Katz: What both sides have failed to mention is how, for years, they’ve been mutually reinforcing parts of the same culture of violence, and have profited handsomely from one another. [VIDEO CLIP – Video game industry promotional video] Presenter from Medal of Honor: We are here at the 2012 international photo shoot for Medal of Honor Warfighter. I'm here with Drake Clark from Magpul [firearms company], a great partner. They brought CTRs. We got PMAGS. We got EMAGS. [VIDEO CLIP – “Call of Duty” ad] Soldier #1: Watch and learn. Jackson Katz: And the reason this matters so much is that while we’ve been debating whether guns or movies and video games are more to blame for violence, we’ve missed what the culture teaches boys about what it means to be a man. [VIDEO CLIP – “Call of Duty” ad] Soldier #2: Awesome! Jackson Katz: We often talk about violence being a learned behavior, but it's more to the point to say that it's a taught behavior. And by shifting the focus from "learned" to "taught," we shift the onus of responsibility onto those of us who are teaching our sons what it means to be a man. Since the 1970s, sociologists & other researchers have identified a consistent set of messages the culture sends boys about what it means to be a real man. William Pollack introduced the idea of a "boy code," in which boys are taught from a very early age to act tough and not show their feelings. Michael Kimmel extended the reach of the boy code into late adolescence and young adulthood, where he describes a "guy code," in which young men police each other into conformity with dictates about manhood that come with an implicit and sometimes explicit warning: Don’t slip up or you risk being unmasked and found out as someone who doesn’t measure up. The result is that guys are put into a box that turns out to be the perfect breeding ground for violence. We can’t show any emotion except anger. We can’t think too much or seem too intellectual. We can’t back down when someone disrespects us. We have to show we’re tough enough to inflict physical pain and take it in turn. We’re supposed to be sexually aggressive with women. And then we’re taught that if we step out of this box, we risk being seen as soft, weak, feminine, or gay. [VIDEO CLIP – "Full Metal Jacket"] Drill Sergeant Hartman: You're so ugly you could be a modern art masterpiece! What's your name, fat body?

Lawrence: Sir, Leonard Lawrence, sir! Drill Sergeant Hartman: Lawrence? Lawrence what? Of Arabia? Lawrence: Sir, no, sir! Drill Sergeant Hartman: I don't like the name Lawrence. Only ------- and sailors are called Lawrence. From now on you’re Gomer Pyle. Lawrence: Sir, yes, sir! Jackson Katz: Anything short of full-scale emotional shutdown becomes a source of humiliation and shame. And in response, young men learn to adopt what I call the "tough guise" – the front so many young men put up to shield their vulnerabilities and avoid being ridiculed. As sociologist C.J. Pascoe details in her harrowing book "Dude, You’re a Fag," the day-to-day humiliation boys and young men are subject to on a daily basis in our schools borders on criminal, their every move relentlessly and brutally scrutinized for anything with even a whiff of femininity or weakness by peers who take it upon themselves to serve as gender cops. [VIDEO CLIP – “A History of Violence”] Boy #1: Who you calling stupid? Boy #2: No, I said gym class was stupid. Boy #1: [mocking Boy #2] “No, I said gym class.” Listen to this little ------! Jackson Katz: But it doesn’t just come from their peer groups. It comes from fathers, coaches, and older male role models as well. [VIDEO CLIP – "The Tree of Life"] Father: Hit me! C'mon, hit me! C'mon. C'mon, Jack! Hit me! Hit me, hit me. C'mon. C'mon. Here it is. Here it is. C'mon, son. C'mon. Son? Left! What are you doing? Jackson Katz: A pair of animated films shows very clearly how this process is passed down inter-generationally. [VIDEO CLIP – "Shark Tale"] Don Lino: Lenny, you see something, you kill it, you eat it. Period. That’s what sharks do. That’s a fine tradition. Right here, in front of me now, eat this. Jackson Katz: In "Shark Tale," the father shark makes it clear to his son, who is a vegetarian, that he has no choice but to conform to shark norms and become carnivorous and aggressive. [VIDEO CLIP – "Shark Tale"] Don Lino: Frankie, I want you to take Lenny out, show him the ropes. Frankie: Aww, c'mon, pops. Don Lino: Son, you're gonna learn how to be a shark, whether you like it or not. Jackson Katz: Similarly, in "How to Train Your Dragon," the son of a Viking leader runs into problems when he refuses to act violently. And the unwillingness of the boy to use violence causes a crisis in his relationship with his warrior father…

[VIDEO CLIP – "How to Train Your Dragon"] Hiccup: I don't want to fight dragons. Stoic the Vast: Oh, come on, yes you do. Jackson Katz: …who can’t even comprehend that his son might not want to follow in his violent footsteps. [VIDEO CLIP – "How to Train Your Dragon"] Stoic the Vast: You're not a Viking. You're not my son. Jackson Katz: Qualities like compassion, caring, empathy, intellectual curiosity, fear, vulnerability, even love – basic human qualities that boys have inside them every bit as much as girls do – get methodically driven out of them by a sexist and homophobic culture that labels these things "unmanly," "feminine," "womanly," and "gay," and teaches boys to avoid them at all costs. And, most importantly, they’re taught that real men turn to violence not as a last resort, but as the go-to method of resolving disputes – and also as the primary means of winning respect and establishing masculine credibility.

THE COOL POSE [VIDEO CLIP – "Smoke Signals"] Randy Prone: Good morning. This is Randy Peone on KREZ radio. The voice of the Coeur d'Alene Indian reservation. Jackson Katz: In the groundbreaking film Smoke Signals, one of the first features produced by Native Americans, there’s this memorable scene where an older kid tries to teach a younger kid how to be a real-life Hollywood Indian. [VIDEO CLIP – "Smoke Signals"] Victor: First of all, quit grinning like an idiot. Indians ain't supposed to smile like that. Get stoic! No! Like this. You gotta look mean or people won't respect you. White people will run all over you if you don't look mean. You gotta look like a warrior. You gotta look like you just came back from killing a buffalo. Thomas: But our tribe never hunted buffalo. We were fisherman! Victor: What!? You want to look like you just came back from catching a fish? Jackson Katz: The scene is funny, but it also shows how the pressure to conform to ideals of violent masculinity cuts across racial, ethnic, and class lines. As the sociologist Richard Majors has pointed out, African-American and other men of color in urban areas often adopt a hyper-masculine, menacing persona he calls the cool pose to signal that they’re still men, regardless of what else has been stripped from them. This is also true with Latino men… [VIDEO CLIP – “End of Watch”] - Checkmate… Jackson Katz: …who are disproportionately portrayed in Hollywood as gangbangers, Mexican drug lords, and thugs in the barrio – images that are crude stereotypes, but which nonetheless have become symbols of toughness to some poor and working class Latinos whose manhood has been undermined by class exploitation and ethnic discrimination. And we see the same thing when it comes to Asian masculinity. [VIDEO CLIP- “Sixteen Candles”] -I have a wonderful idea! Would you like to go to the dance with Sam? [GONG SOUND EFFECT] Jackson Katz: In American popular culture, Asian men have long been emasculated, stereotyped as ineffectual, de-sexualized, and unmanly.

[VIDEO CLIP – “Breakfast at Tiffany’s”] -Uh! That a more better. [VIDEO CLIP – “The Hangover”] - I want my purse back. - What? Your purse? - That's not a purse. It's a satchel! - It's a purse. Okay? Jackson Katz: But since the early 1970s, running counter to this long line of neutered stereotypes is the highly stylized physicality and violence of the martial arts. But young Asian-American men don’t just have to look to Bruce Lee for cues. Increasingly we’ve seen the phenomenon of Asian guys adopting the tough-guy street styles of African- American and Latino men to establish their masculine credentials. [VIDEO CLIP – YouTube] Speaker: Hey homie. I don't know what you had heard. But I ain't trying to act like no motherfucking black person, y'know what I'm sayin'? This is me. This is all OG. This is all the original shit that you going to get ever in your life. Jackson Katz: And this holds true for a lot of white guys as well. [VIDEO CLIP – “Can’t Hardly Wait”] - True yo, I'm just flossin’ while those two --- over there scratch it out about who gets to knock the boots with me! You know what I'm saying? Jackson Katz: Many people have commented on the strange phenomenon of white suburban middle class kids “acting black.” [VIDEO CLIP – “Can’t Hardly Wait”] - Damn, woman. Why you gotta be such a raging' -----? - Oh, please. Listen to you. Look, there's a mirror right there. Why don't you take a look, okay? You're white! Jackson Katz: Middle class white boys may not have a lot of experience with the kind of real- world, inner-city conditions that gave rise to the cool pose, but the culture tells them if they take on this black, urban hard-guy pose they’ll somehow be more real, more of a man. [VIDEO CLIP – “The Wire”] - You happen to be white. I'm talking raised on Rippola Street white. Where your momma used to drag you down to Saint Kazmir's just like all the other little piss pants on the block. Jackson Katz: What makes this even more interesting is that a lot of the very guys they see as models of authenticity are themselves projecting an image they picked up from the culture.

[VIDEO CLIP- “The Godfather”] -Be my friend? Jackson Katz: As the writer Nathan McCall has said, he and some of his African-American male cohorts got some of their ideas of manhood from The Godfather and other gangster films that featured tough, ruthless, white Italian gangsters. [VIDEO CLIPS–The Godfather & Hip-Hop remake by “Geto Boys”] Marlon Brando: Someday, and that day might never come, I'll call upon you to do a service for me. But until that day, accept this justice as a gift on my daughter's wedding day. Rapper Scarface: One day, and that day may never come, I'm gonna call you to do something for me. But until then, take this justice as a gift. All right? Actor: Thank you, Godfather. Jackson Katz: And you hear the same kind of thing about “Scarface.” [VIDEO CLIP – “Origins of a Hip-Hop Classic”] Various hip-hop and rap entertainers: It's one of the hottest movies ever made… This is the all-time greatest movie… I've never seen nothing like that…I watched this movie sixty-three times… As a comic book lover, you loved Batman. If you was out in the streets, you loved Scarface… Tony Montana: Say goodnight to the bad guy. Jackson Katz: So we have this interesting phenomenon where we have white middle class males emulating poor urban black males who in turn are getting part of their idea about manhood from gangster films featuring white men who are playing Cuban-American gangsters. [VIDEO CLIP – “Scarface”] - Now are we made, or are we made, man? Jackson Katz: The paradox is that the test of being real somehow comes down to how well you live up to a made-up script. [VIDEO CLIP – “Spring Breakers”] - I got Scarface on repeat. Constant, y'all! Jackson Katz: And it’s a script that has become increasingly violent over time.

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