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Nutrition 223 Chapter 12 The Major Minerals and Water

1. The major dietary contributor of calcium in the typical American diet is: a. dairy products. b. fortified cereals. c. dark green vegetables. d. salmon.

2. The hormone–triggered actions which increase blood calcium levels include all of the following except: a. increased kidney loss of calcium. b. increased calcium absorption. c. increased bone calcium resorption. d. increased kidney resorption of calcium.

3. The structural matrix of bones and teeth is composed of all of the following elements except: a. zinc. b. magnesium. c. phosphorus. d. calcium.

4. The main anion inside cells is: a. chloride. b. sodium. c. phosphate. d. potassium.

5. High levels of this mineral from supplementation can cause heart problems including cardiac arrest. a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. phosphorus

6. All of the following electrolytes work together to maintain proper fluid balance in the body except: a. potassium. b. sodium. c. chloride. d. phosphate.

7. All of the following work together to maintain healthy levels of blood sodium except: a. antidiuretic hormone. b. angiotensin. c. aldosterone. d. renin.

8. A teaspoon of salt contains this amount of sodium: a. 500 mg. b. 5000 mg. c. 1000 mg. d. 2000 mg.

9. The bioavailability of dietary calcium is influenced by all of the following except: a. phytates. b. oxalates. c. protein. d. age.

10. Symptoms of severe magnesium deficiency mainly include: a. anemia. b. bone loss. c. heart problems. d. abnormal nerve and muscle function.

11. The main cation inside cells is: a. potassium. b. phosphate. c. chloride. d. sodium.

12. Blood phosphorus concentrations are regulated by all of the following hormones except: a. thyroid hormone. b. calcitriol. c. calcitonin. d. parathyroid hormone.

13. Table salt is composed of the two minerals: a. sodium and phosphorus. b. sodium and potassium. c. sodium and chloride. d. sodium and magnesium.

14. Major roles of sodium include all of the following except: a. nerve function. b. muscle contractions. c. fluid balance. d. enzyme cofactor.

15. The kind of bone cell that is involved in bone formation is the: a. osteocyte. b. osteoblast. c. osteoclast. d. osteopenia.

16. Symptoms of calcium toxicity include all of the following except: a. reduced mineral absorption. b. calcium deposits in soft tissues. c. impaired kidney function. d. increased bone density.

17. Which major mineral is present in most foods and is also obtained from processed foods and some soft drinks? a. sodium b. potassium c. phosphorus d. calcium

18. Bone mass is typically at its highest level (peak bone mass) at about ________ years of age. a. 30 b. 20 c. 16 d. 45

19. The main functions of potassium include all of the following except: a. nerve function. b. fluid balance. c. muscle contractions. d. enzyme cofactor

20. The body loses water through all of the following routes except: a. urine. b. sweat. c. metabolism. d. breath.

21. Functions of phosphorus include all of the following except: a. fluid balance. b. energy metabolism. c. acid–base balance. d. bones and teeth.

22. Calcium is critical for each of the following functions except: a. antioxidant protection. b. muscle contraction. c. blood clotting. d. nerve transmission.

23. Sodium and chloride deficiencies are rare and are most likely to occur in all of the following except: a. diarrhea. b. insufficient intake. c. endurance athletes. d. vomiting.

24. The least vulnerable group to suffer dehydration would be: a. the obese. b. athletes. c. the elderly. d. infants.

25. Good dietary sources of magnesium include all of the following except: a. green leafy vegetables. b. whole grains. c. refined foods. d. legumes.

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