Leadership Research Findings, Practice, and Skills
Eighth Edition
ANDREW J. DuBRIN Rochester Institute of Technology
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Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills, Eighth Edition
Andrew J. DuBrin
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To Rosie, Clare, Camila, Sofia, Eliana, Julian, Carson, and Owen
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CONTENTS
BRIEF
CHAPTER 1 The Nature and Importance of Leadership 1
CHAPTER 2 Traits, Motives, and Characteristics of Leaders 35
CHAPTER 3 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership 72
CHAPTER 4 Leadership Behaviors, Attitudes, and Styles 108
CHAPTER 5 Contingency and Situational Leadership 145
CHAPTER 6 Leadership Ethics and Social Responsibility 178
CHAPTER 7 Power, Politics, and Leadership 209
CHAPTER 8 Influence Tactics of Leaders 247
CHAPTER 9 Developing Teamwork 277
CHAPTER 10 Motivation and Coaching Skills 309
CHAPTER 11 Creativity, Innovation, and Leadership 344
CHAPTER 12 Communication and Conflict Resolution Skills 380
CHAPTER 13 Strategic Leadership and Knowledge Management 418
CHAPTER 14 International and Culturally Diverse Aspects of Leadership 448
CHAPTER 15 Leadership Development and Succession 483
Glossary 516
Indexes 521
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xix
CHAPTER 1 The Nature and Importance of Leadership 1 The Meaning of Leadership 2
Leadership as Shared Responsibility and Collaboration 4 Leadership as a Relationship 4 Leadership Versus Management 5
The Impact of Leadership on Organizational Performance 7 Research and Opinion: Leadership Does Make a Difference 7 Research and Opinion: Formal Leadership Does Not Make a Difference 8
Leadership Roles 10 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 1-1: Readiness for the Leadership Role 11 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 1-1: My Leadership Role Analysis 15 Leader in Action: Rosalind Brewer, Top Executive at Sam’s Club, Makes an Impact 16 The Satisfactions and Frustrations of Being a Leader 17
Satisfactions of Leaders 17 Dissatisfactions and Frustrations of Leaders 18
A Framework for Understanding Leadership 20 Skill Development in Leadership 22 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 1-2: My Leadership Portfolio 23 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 1-2: The Leadership Experience Audit 24 Followership: Being an Effective Group Member 24
Types of Followers 25 Essential Qualities of Effective Followers 26 Collaboration Between Leaders and Followers 27
Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 27–28 Leadership Case Problem A: Elon Musk, Business Leader and Superhero 29 Leadership Case Problem B: Does Julia Share Too Much Responsibility? 31 Notes 32
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CHAPTER 2 Traits, Motives, and Characteristics of Leaders 35 Personality Traits of Effective Leaders 37
General Personality Traits 37
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 2-1: How Self-Confident Are You? 39 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 2-2: Behaviors and Attitudes of a Trustworthy Leader 43 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 2-1: Enthusiasm, Optimism, and Warmth on the Job 46
Task-Related Personality Traits 47
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 2-3: My Tendencies Toward Being a Proactive Personality 48 Leadership Motives 53
The Power Motive 54 The Drive and Achievement Motive 55 Tenacity and Resilience 55
Cognitive Factors and Leadership 56 Cognitive (or Analytical) Intelligence 56 Knowledge of the Business or Group Task 57 Creativity 57 Insight into People and Situations 58 Farsightedness and Conceptual Thinking 58
Leader in Action: Kevin A. Plank, Founder of Under Armour Inc. 59 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 2-2: Group Feedback on Leadership Traits 60 The Influence of Heredity and Environment on Leadership 60 The Strengths and Limitations of the Trait Approach 62 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 63–64 Leadership Case Problem A: Store Manager, Ensign Jimmy Badger 65 Leadership Case Problem B: Blunt Brittany 67 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 2-3: My Leadership Portfolio 68 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 2-4: Analyzing the Traits, Motives, and Characteristics of a Well-Known Leader 68 Notes 68
CHAPTER 3 Charismatic and Transformational Leadership 72 The Meanings of Charisma 73
Charisma: A Relationship Between the Leader, Group Members, and Other Stakeholders 74
The Effects of Charisma 75
Three Types of Charismatic Leaders 76 Characteristics of Charismatic Leaders 77
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Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 3-1: A Checklist of Behaviors and Attitudes Reflecting Charisma 80 The Vision Component of Charismatic Leadership 81 The Communication Style of Charismatic Leaders 83
Leadership by Inspiration 83
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 3-1: Formulating a Vision 83 Leadership by Storytelling 84 Extensive Use of Social Networking 85
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 3-2: Charismatic Leadership by Storytelling 85 The Development of Charisma 86
Techniques for Developing Charisma 87
Transformational Leadership 89 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 3-2: The Dual-Level Transformational Leadership (TFL) Scale 90
How Transformations Take Place 91 Attributes of Transformational Leaders 94 The Impact of Transformational and Charismatic Leadership on Performance and
Behavior 95
Leader in Action: Mary Barra, CEO of GM 97 Concerns about Charismatic Leadership 98
Challenges to the Validity of Charismatic Leadership 98 The Dark Side of Charismatic Leadership 98
Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 99–101 Leadership Case Problem A: Tim Puts His Charisma Online 102 Leadership Case Problem B: Turnaround Ashley 103 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 3-3: My Leadership Portfolio 104 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 3-4: Finding Inspirational Messages on a Social Networking Site 104 Notes 104
CHAPTER 4 Leadership Behaviors, Attitudes, and Styles 108 The Classic Dimensions of Consideration and Initiating Structure 109 Task-Related Attitudes and Behaviors 112 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-1: Feedback Skills 114 Relationship-Oriented Attitudes and Behaviors 115 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 4-1: Task-Oriented Attitudes and Behaviors 116 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-2: Clarifying Your Interpersonal Work Values 119
CONTENTS vii
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360-Degree Feedback for Fine-Tuning a Leadership Approach 121 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-3: Applying Relationship-Oriented and Task-Oriented Attitudes and Behaviors 122 Leadership Styles 124
Participative Leadership 125 Autocratic Leadership 126
Leader in Action: Craig Federighi, Senior Vice President, Software Engineering at Apple Inc. 127
Leadership Grid™ Styles 127
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 4-2: What Style of Leader Are You or Would You Be? 128
Entrepreneurial Leadership 131
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 4-3: Entrepreneurial Thinking and Behavior 132
Gender Differences in Leadership Style 134
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-4: Entrepreneurial Leadership 134 Selecting the Best Leadership Style 136
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-5: Contrasting Leadership Styles 137 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 137–138 Leadership Case Problem A: Frank Won’t Accept “We Can’t” for an Answer 139 Leadership Case Problem B: Tricia and Her Facebook Friends and Twitter Followers 140 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-6: My Leadership Portfolio 141 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 4-7: The Entrepreneurial Leadership Style 142 Notes 142
CHAPTER 5 Contingency and Situational Leadership 145 Situational Influences on Effective Leadership Behavior 146 Fiedler’s Contingency Theory of Leadership Effectiveness 148
Measuring Leadership Style: The Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Scale 148 Measuring the Leadership Situation 149 Overall Findings 149 Making the Situation More Favorable for the Leader 150 Evaluation of Fiedler’s Contingency Theory 151
The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Effectiveness 151 Matching the Leadership Style to the Situation 153 Steps Leaders Can Take to Influence Performance and Satisfaction 154
Situational Leadership® II (SLII) 155
viii CONTENTS
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Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 5-1: Measuring Your Situational Perspective 156
Basics of SLII 157 Evaluation of SLII 158
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 5-1: Applying Situational Leadership II 159 The Normative Decision Model 159
Decision-Making Styles 160 Contingency Factors and Application of the Model 160
Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Contingency Theory 161 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 5-2: Quality of Leader–Member Relations 162 Leadership During a Crisis 163 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 5-3: Checklist for Crisis Leadership 164 Leader in Action: Sandra E. Peterson, Group Worldwide Chairman of the Johnson & Johnson Consumer Health Unit 169 Evidence-Based Leadership for the Contingency and Situational Approach 169 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 170–172 Leadership Case Problem A: Supervisory Styles at the Red Rascal 173 Leadership Case Problem B: Metal Recycling Executive Attempts to Salvage Martha Stewart Living 174 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 5-2: My Leadership Portfolio 175 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 5-3: Crisis Leadership 175 Notes 175
CHAPTER 6 Leadership Ethics and Social Responsibility 178 Principles and Practices of Ethical and Moral Leadership 179 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 6-1: The Leadership Ethics Quiz 180
Four Ethical Leadership Behaviors 181 Factors Contributing to Ethical Differences 182
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 6-2: The Air Force Character Attributes Checklist 185
The Ethical Mind for Leaders 186
Guidelines for Evaluating the Ethics of a Decision 187 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-1: Should “Dinosaur Power” Be Placed on the Market? 188 A Sampling of Unethical Leadership Behaviors 188 Leadership, Social Responsibility, and Creating an Ethical Organizational Culture 190
Providing Strategic Leadership of Ethics and Social Responsibility 191 Creating a Pleasant Workplace 191
CONTENTS ix
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Helping Build a Sustainable Environment 192
Leader in Action: Leadership at Coca-Cola and Nestlé Waters Protects Freshwater Supplies 194 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-2: Conducting an Environmental Audit 195
Engaging in Social Entrepreneurship 195 Engaging in Philanthropy 196 Working with Suppliers to Improve Working Conditions 196 Establishing Written Codes of Ethical Conduct 197 Developing Formal Mechanisms for Dealing with Ethical Problems 197 Accepting Whistleblowers 198 Providing Training in Ethics and Social Responsibility 198 Placing Company Interests over Personal Interests 199
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-3: Getting More Bang for the Buck with Layoffs 199 Ethical and Socially Responsible Behavior and Organizational Performance 200 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 201–202 Leadership Case Problem A: Are Drivers or Smartphones to Blame? 203 Leadership Case Problem B: Let’s Go Green 204 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-4: My Leadership Portfolio 205 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 6-5: Company Policy for Employee Recycling of Electronic Products 206 Notes 206
CHAPTER 7 Power, Politics, and Leadership 209 Sources and Types of Power 211
Position Power 211 Personal Power 212 Power Stemming from Ownership 212
Manager Assessment Quiz 7-1: Rating a Manager’s Power 213 Power Stemming from Dependencies 214 Power Derived from Capitalizing on Opportunity 215 Power Stemming from Managing Critical Problems 215 Power Stemming from Being Close to Power 215 Power and Self-Serving Behavior 216
Tactics for Becoming an Empowering Leader 216 The Nature of Empowerment 217 Empowering Practices 218
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 7-1: Empowering Attitudes and Beliefs 219 Effective Delegation and Empowerment 222
x CONTENTS
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Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-1: Conducting an Empowerment Session 223 Factors that Contribute to Organizational Politics 223
Pyramid-Shaped Organization Structure 224 Subjective Standards of Performance 224 Environmental Uncertainty and Turbulence 224 Emotional Insecurity 225 Machiavellian Tendencies 225 Encouraging Admiration from Subordinates 225
Political Tactics and Strategies 225 Ethical Political Tactics and Strategies 226
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 7-2: The Positive Organizational Politics Questionnaire 227 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-2: Paying Back Favors from Network Members 229 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-3: Asking Advice Role Play 232 Leader in Action: Carol B. Tomé, the Home Depot CFO 235 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 7-3: The Blunder Quiz 236
Unethical Political Tactics and Strategies 236
Exercising Control over Dysfunctional Politics 238 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-4: Controlling Office Politics 240 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 240–241 Leadership Case Problem A: Ray, the Empowered Athletic Club Director 242 Leadership Case Problem B: Brenda the Tweeting Leader 243 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 7-5: My Leadership Portfolio 244 Notes 244
CHAPTER 8 Influence Tactics of Leaders 247 A Model of Power and Influence 249 Description and Explanation of Influence Tactics 250 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 8-1: Survey of Influence Tactics 251
Essentially Ethical and Honest Tactics 252
Leader in Action: Doug Scott, Truck Group Marketing Manager at Ford Motor Company 258
Essentially Neutral Influence Tactics 258
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 8-2: Measure of Ingratiating Behavior in Organizational Settings (MIBOS) 260
Essentially Dishonest and Unethical Tactics 262
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-1: Influence Tactics 264
CONTENTS xi
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Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-2: Identifying Influence Tactics 264 Leadership Influence for Organizational Change 265 Relative Effectiveness and Sequencing of Influence Tactics 266
Relative Effectiveness of Influence Tactics 266 Sequencing of Influence Tactics 268
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-3: Applying Influence Tactics 268 Implicit Leadership Theories and Leadership Influence 269 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 270–271 Leadership Case Problem A: Steve Tackles Mall World 272 Leadership Case Problem B: Maya the Manipulator 273 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-4: My Leadership Portfolio 274 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 8-5: A Leadership Essay 274 Notes 275
CHAPTER 9 Developing Teamwork 277 The Leader’s Role in the Team-Based Organization 279 Leader Actions That Foster Teamwork 280
Actions Leaders Can Take Using Their Own Resources 281
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-1: Shelters for the Homeless 284 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 9-1: Team Player Attitudes 286
Actions Generally Requiring Organization Structure or Policy 291
Leader in Action: Jerry Murrell, the CEO and Founder of Five Guys Rewards Teamwork 292 Offsite Training and Team Development 295
Features of Outdoor and Offsite Training Programs 295
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-2: The Team Leader Candidates 296 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-3: Trust Me 296
Evaluation of Outdoor Training for Team Development 297
The Leader–Member Exchange Model and Teamwork 298 Different-Quality Relationships 298 First Impressions 301
Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 302 Leadership Case Problem A: The Global Insurance Tag Team 303 Leadership Case Problem B: Ashley Wants to Boost Teamwork 304 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-4: My Leadership Portfolio 305 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 9-5: The Trust Fall 306 Notes 306
xii CONTENTS
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CHAPTER 10 Motivation and Coaching Skills 309 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 10-1: How Meaningful Is My Work? 311 Leadership and Employee Engagement 312
The Impact of Worker Engagement on Productivity 312
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-1: Collecting Live Data on Worker Engagement 313
Meaningful Work for Employee Engagement 313
Expectancy Theory and Motivational Skills 314 Basic Components of Expectancy Theory 315 Leadership Skills and Behaviors Associated with Expectancy Theory 317
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-2: Estimating Valences for Applying Expectancy Theory 318 Goal Theory 319
Basic Findings of Goal Theory 320 The Importance of How Goals Are Attained and Other Concerns 322
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-3: The Application of Goal Theory 323 Using Recognition and Pride to Motivate Others 323 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 10-2: How Much Do I Crave Recognition? 324
Appealing to the Recognition Need of Others 325 Appealing to Pride 326
Coaching as an Approach to Motivation 327 Key Characteristics of Coaching 327 Fallacies About Coaching 328
Leader in Action: Tammy the Kindly Coach 329 Coaching Skills and Techniques 329 Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 10-3: Characteristics of an Effective Coach 333 Executive Coaching and Leadership Effectiveness 333 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-4: Coaching for Improved Performance 334
Specific Forms of Assistance Provided by Executive Coaches 334 Contributions of and Concerns About Executive Coaching 335
Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 336–338 Leadership Case Problem A: We Need More Engagement Around Here 338 Leadership Case Problem B: Tyler Faces a Feedback Challenge 340 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-5: My Leadership Portfolio 341 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 10-6: Position Paper on Motivation 341 Notes 341
CONTENTS xiii
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CHAPTER 11 Creativity, Innovation, and Leadership 344 Steps in the Creative Process 346 Characteristics of Creative Leaders 347
Knowledge 348
Leadership Self-Assessment Quiz 11-1: The Creative Personality Test 349 Cognitive Abilities 350 Personality 351 Passion for the Task and the Experience of Flow 351
Overcoming Traditional Thinking as a Creativity Strategy 352 Organizational Methods to Enhance Creativity 353 Leader in Action: Modern Business Examples of Thinking Outside the Box 354
Systematically Collecting Fresh Ideas 354 Brainstorming 356 Using the Pet-Peeve Technique 356
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 11-1 357 The Morality of Enhancing Creativity 358
Self-Help Techniques to Enhance Creative Problem Solving 359 Practicing Creativity-Enhancing Activities 359 Staying Alert to Opportunities 360
Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 11-2: The Multiple Uses Technique 360 Maintaining an Enthusiastic Attitude, Including Being Happy 361 Maintaining and Using a Systematic Place for Recording Your Ideas 361 Playing the Roles of Explorer, Artist, Judge, and Lawyer 361 Engaging in Appropriate Physical Exercise 362
Establishing a Climate and Culture for Creative Thinking 363 Leadership Practices for Enhancing Creativity 363
Leadership Diagnostic Activity 11-1: Assessing the Climate for Creativity and Innovation 364
Methods of Managing Creative Workers 367
Leader in Action: Jack Dorsey, the Creative Leader and Cofounder of Twitter and Square 369 Additional Leadership Practices That Enhance Innovation 370 Summary • Key Terms • Guidelines for Action and Skill Development 372–373 Leadership Case Problem A: The Rapid Cash Store Needs Ideas 374 Leadership Case Problem B: “How Can We Encourage a Few Disrupters?” 375 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 11-3: My Leadership Portfolio 376 Leadership Skill-Building Exercise 11-4: The Multimedia Presentation 377 Notes 377
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