St martins guide to writing 11th edition

RISE B. AXELROD | CHARLES R. COOPER

AXELROD COOPER

ELEVENTH EDITION

ELEVENTH EDITION

The

St. Martin’s Guide to

Writing

The St. M artin’s

G uide to W

riting mech_AxelrodCooper-SMG11-Long_Case-SE-101415

macmillanhighered.com

A Guide You Can Trust for a Solid Foundation There is no better text to help you read analytically and write successfully in first-year composition and in your coursework across campus. The Guide’s acclaimed step-by- step writing guides offer the surefire invention strategies you need to get started, the sentence strategies you need to keep writing, and the thoughtful revision strategies you need to make your writing the best it can be. This book includes the essays and assignments you need in order to do your work.

The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing is available in a variety of e-Book formats. For details, visit macmillanhighered.com/ebookpartners.

Did your instructor assign LaunchPad for The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing?

macmillanhighered.com/theguide11e The St. Martin’s Guide is enhanced by the video, audio, and practice activities in LaunchPad for The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing. If your book did not come packaged with an access code, you can purchase access to LaunchPad for The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing at macmillanhighered.com/theguide11e.

Endsheet 1Endsheet 4

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HOW TO USE THIS BOOK The best way to become a good writer is to study examples of good writing and apply what you learn from those examples to your own work. That’s why each of the nine chapters in Part 1, Writing Activities, includes

a Guide to Reading that highlights the color-coded basic features of the genre and provides four examples of the genre (one student essay and three professional reading selections).

a Guide to Writing that will help you draft, revise, edit, and proofread your own writing projects, with Starting Points charts to help you find the information you need, Ways In activities to help you get writing, Peer Review Guides to help you get—and give— useful feedback, and Troubleshooting Guides that will help you solve your writing problems.

The Part 1 chapters in this edition also include a Remix activity to help you think through how to transform your writing into a new genre or medium. In these pages, you will see, for example, how one student remixed a portion of her remembered event essay as a graphic memoir and how another turned his profile into a treatment for a documentary.

The other parts of the book provide resources you can draw on as you need them. Do you need help with analyzing a reading? Chapter 12 provides a catalog of useful strategies. Do you need to know how to cite sources? Then turn to Chapter 24 (MLA style) or 25 (APA style) for detailed advice and examples. Do you need tips for writing essay exams? Then Chapter 26 can help you prepare for and take the test.

To find the information you need, when you need it:

The brief contents (on the facing page) lists all the chapters in the book.

The detailed contents (starting on p. xxi) lists all the readings and activities in the book.

The first page in each part lists all the chapters in that section.

The first page of each Guide to Writing provides a mini table of contents for that section.

The Starting Points chart shows you where to find the information you need to get started, and the Troubleshooting Guide helps you improve your draft.

The subject index and the index for multilingual writers at the end of the book (the blue-edged pages) list all the items you might look for in alphabetical order.

We’ve tried to create a complete resource for the college writer. We hope this book helps you master the skills you will need to succeed in college and on the job.

Best,

1 Composing Literacy 1

PART 1 Writing Activities 2 Remembering an Event 12 3 Writing Profiles 59 4 Explaining a Concept 119 5 Analyzing and Synthesizing Opposing

Arguments 170 6 Arguing a Position 229 7 Proposing a Solution 283 8 Justifying an Evaluation 335 9 Arguing for Causes or Effects 385 10 Analyzing Stories 440

PART 2 Critical Thinking Strategies 11 A Catalog of Invention and Inquiry

Strategies 488 12 A Catalog of Reading Strategies 500

PART 3 Writing Strategies 13 Cueing the Reader 524 14 Narrating 538 15 Describing 550 16 Defining 562 17 Classifying 569 18 Comparing and Contrasting 576 19 Arguing 582

Brief Contents

PART 4 Research Strategies 20 Planning a Research Project 602 21 Finding Sources and Conducting Field

Research 609 22 Evaluating Sources 625 23 Using Sources to Support Your

Ideas 632 24 Citing and Documenting Sources in

MLA Style 644 25 Citing and Documenting Sources in

APA Style 674

PART 5 Composing Strategies for College and Beyond

26 Taking Essay Examinations 686 27 Creating a Portfolio 700 28 Analyzing Visuals 704 29 Writing in Business and Scientific

Genres 718 30 Writing for and about Your

Community 729 31 Writing Collaboratively 734 32 Designing for Page and Screen 738 33 Composing Multimodal

Presentations 751

Handbook H–1

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Preface i

The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing

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Preface iii

ELEVENTH EDITION

Bedford/St. Martin’s A Macmillan Education Imprint

The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing

Rise B. Axelrod University of California, Riverside

Charles R. Cooper University of California, San Diego

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For Bedford/St. Martin’s Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Higher Education Humanities: Edwin Hill Editorial Director, English and Music: Karen S. Henry Senior Publisher for Composition, Business and Technical Writing, Developmental Writing:

Leasa Burton Executive Editor: Molly Parke Executive Development Manager: Jane Carter Associate Media Editor: Jonathan Douglas Senior Project Editor: Peter Jacoby Media Producer: Melissa Skepo-Masi Senior Production Supervisors: Dennis J. Conroy and Lisa McDowell Marketing Manager: Emily Rowin Copy Editor: Diana Puglisi George Director of Rights and Permissions: Hilary Newman Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: Jerilyn Bockorick Cover Design: Marine Miller Composition: Cenveo Publisher Services Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010, 2008 by Bedford/St. Martin’s. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, pho- tocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher.

Manufactured in the United States of America.

0 9 8 7 6 5 f e d c b a

For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000)

ISBN 978-1-4576-9848-4 (hardcover with Handbook) ISBN 978-1-319-01603-6 (paperback with Handbook) ISBN 978-1-319-01606-7 (paperback without Handbook)

Acknowledgments Text acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back of the book on pages A-1–A-2, which constitute an extension of the copyright page. Art acknowledg- ments and copyrights appear on the same page as the art selections they cover. It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever with- out the written permission of the copyright holder.

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v

Our goal for The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing has always been to provide the clear guidance and practical strategies students need to harness their potential as writers, both in college and in the wider world. We also strive to provide both experienced and novice instructors with the time-tested tools they need to coach their students as they develop skills for writing successfully in college and beyond. These goals have guided our development of the core features of the Guide as well as the many exciting features that keep the eleventh edition fresh and useful.

Core Features of the Guide The St. Martin’s Guide retains its emphasis on active learning by providing practical guides to writing and integrating reading and writing through hands-on activities for critical thinking, reading, analysis, and synthesis.

Practical Guides to Writing Each chapter in Part One offers practical, flexible guides that help students draft and revise a variety of analytical and persuasive essays. Honed by experience, the acclaimed writing guides offer surefire invention strategies to get students started, sentence strate- gies to get students writing, and thoughtful peer review and troubleshooting strategies to help students make their writing effective for any rhetorical situation.

Commonsensical and easy to follow, the Guides to Writing teach students how to

assess the rhetorical situation, focusing on purpose and audience, with special attention to the basic features of each assignment type;

ask probing analytical questions about what they’re reading that can help make students more reflective writers;

practice finding answers through various kinds of research, including memory search, field research, and traditional source-based research.

Each Guide to Writing begins with a Starting Points chart, offering students multiple ways of finding the help they need when they need it. Each also includes a Peer Review Guide to help students assess their own writing and the writing of their classmates and a Troubleshooting Guide to help students find ways to improve their drafts. All of these guides are organized and color-coded to emphasize the assignment’s basic features. In short, the Guides to Writing help students make their writing thoughtful, clear, organized, compelling—and effective for the rhetorical situation.

Preface

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Prefacevi

Purpose-Driven Assignment Chapters Each chapter in Part One introduces a commonly assigned reason for writing. By working through several assignment types, students learn to identify and use relevant and effective strategies to achieve their purpose with their readers. “Remembering an Event,” a memoir assignment, challenges students to reflect on the autobiographical and cultural significance of their experience, for example. “Explaining a Concept,” an analysis assignment, asks students to make a new subject interesting and informative for their readers. A cluster of argument chapters — from “Arguing a Position” and “Proposing a Solution” to “Justifying an Evaluation” and “Arguing for Causes or Effects” — requires students to develop an argument that is not only well reasoned and well supported but also responds constructively to readers’ likely questions and concerns.

Systematic Integration of Critical Reading and Reflective Writing Students are asked to read and analyze a range of contemporary selections, attending both to the writer’s ideas and to the strategies the writer uses to present those ideas to readers. Each Guide to Reading provides

an annotated student essay that prompts readers to answer questions about how it is composed;

a range of compelling professional selections to demonstrate the basic features of writing with that purpose;

activities following each professional selection that prompt students to read actively by asking them to reflect on the essay and relate it to their own experience and also to read like writers by focusing their attention on the writer’s strategies. (Chapter 12 also provides an array of strategies students can use to read critically.)

What’s New Although the eleventh edition of The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing builds on the suc- cess of previous editions, many of the strategies the Guide employs have changed in order to connect more effectively with students who are used to visual rhetoric online and are increasingly challenged by demands on their time, attention, and energy.

New Literacy Narrative Chapter A new introductory chapter, “Composing Literacy,” offers a quick and engaging way to start off a course. Students first learn about the rhetorical situation, a basic literacy concept. They are then invited to read several brief, engaging literacy narra- tives that demonstrate an array of literacies. Humorist David Sedaris, for example, writes hilariously about the challenges of learning a foreign language. Naturalist Annie Dillard recalls a critical moment when the joy of scientific discovery led her to break free of the need for parental approval. Novelist Amy Tan reflects on the differ- ences between the ways she uses language with family members and the ways she communicates with academic audiences, and cartoonist Lynda Barry looks back on

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Preface vii

her imaginative interaction with the classifieds. Finally, students are invited to reflect on their own literacy experiences and to compose a literacy narrative.

New Analyzing and Synthesizing Opposing Arguments Project A newly revised Chapter 5 provides a bridge to help move students from personal and expository to argumentative writing by modeling how to review and critique a variety of positions in preparation for adopting and defending a position of their own. The Guide to Reading shows student Maya Gomez as she works through the stages of analyzing an academic conversation — from summarizing a source to creating an an- notated bibliography to reporting on an array of positions to analyzing conflicting positions, all on the same issue. The Guide to Writing provides a host of activities to help students develop their own summary, annotated bibliography, report, or analysis. The argument chapters that follow show students how to apply what they’ve learned by analyzing a variety of claims and then thoughtfully defending their own.

An Invitation to Reimagine Writing across Genres and Media Each Guide to Reading in Part One concludes with a Remix activity that invites stu- dents to reimagine their writing in a new genre or medium — moving, for example, from remembered event narrative to graphic memoir, from concept analysis to poster presentation, from position argument to Prezi presentation, and more. Considering a change in one aspect of the rhetorical situation forces students to question their earlier composition decisions and deepens their understanding of the rhetorical situation.

Council of Writing Program Administrator’s Outcomes Statement The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing, Eleventh Edition, helps students build proficiency in the four categories of learning that writing programs across the country use to assess their students’ work: rhetorical knowledge; critical thinking, reading, and writing; writing processes; and knowledge of conventions. The chart below shows in detail how The St. Martin’s Guide helps students develop these proficiencies. (Note: This chart aligns with the latest WPA Outcomes Statement, ratified in July 2014.)

DESIRED OUTCOMES RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE ST. MARTIN’S GUIDE TO WRITING, ELEVENTH EDITION

Rhetorical Knowledge

Learn and use key rhetorical concepts through analyzing and composing a variety of texts.

Composing Literacy

Writing Assignments students read analyze compose a variety of texts. A Guide to Reading asks

terms of purpose audience genre. Each Guide to Writing supports students

(continued)

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Prefaceviii

A Catalog of Reading Strategies

Composing Strategies for College and Beyond

Taking Essay Examinations Creating a Portfolio Analyzing Visuals Writing in Business and Scientific Genres Writing for and about Your Community

Designing for Page and Screen

Gain experience reading and composing in several genres

conventions shape and are

practices and purposes.

reading and composing

Analyzing and Synthesizing Opposing Arguments summary to annotated bibliography

to report and analysis

remix

readings focus students on key

features of the assignment

Develop facility in responding to a variety of situations and

and/or structure.

responding to a variety of rhetorical situations and contexts

voice tone formality.

Remix

Designing for Page and Screen rhetorical choices involved in the design of any text.

Understand and use a variety of technologies to address a range of audiences. text.

The St. Martin’s Guide include how-tos for using technology audiences

Designing for Page and Screen needs and requirements involved in the design in print and online.

Composing Multimodal Presentations

DESIRED OUTCOMES RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE ST. MARTIN’S GUIDE TO WRITING, ELEVENTH EDITION

Rhetorical Knowledge (continued)

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Preface ix

Match the capacities of different

situations.

Remix of medium shapes composition.

Designing for Page and Screen

and font sizes to adding visuals and screen shots.

Taking Essay Examinations

Critical Thinking, Reading, and Composing

Use composing and reading

and communicating in various rhetorical contexts.

Composing Literacy experiences and to extrapolate from the literacy narratives they are reading.

Analyze and Write activities read like a writer

Make Connections

Thinking Critically

social/political context.

Analyzing and Synthesizing Opposing Arguments

positions on a controversial issue.

A Catalog of Invention and Inquiry Strategies A Catalog of Reading Strategies

Read a diverse range of

for different audiences and situations.

range of professional selections and student essays. effective

strategies for supporting claims, both textual and visual include assignment-specific suggestions for organization specific types of audiences.

framing topics to appeal to the audience and recommend techniques and strategies for responding to alternative views readers may hold.

Remix

Research Strategies Using Sources to Support Your Ideas using evidence

Locate and evaluate primary and Research Strategies finding evaluating using

DESIRED OUTCOMES RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE ST. MARTIN’S GUIDE TO WRITING, ELEVENTH EDITION

Rhetorical Knowledge (continued)

(continued)

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Prefacex

Finding Sources and Conducting Field Research finding sources using catalogs and databases field research primary and secondary research.

Evaluating Sources evaluating print and digital sources scholarly and popular sources.

Use strategies—such as

redesign—to compose texts that

those from appropriate sources.

Analyzing and Synthesizing Opposing Arguments

a variety of informative and persuasive documents in preparation for adopting and

anticipate and respond to opposing positions and readers’ objections

Arguing strategies for making assertions offering support avoiding logical fallacies.

Using Sources to Support Your Ideas strategies for integrating research

offer additional support.

Processes

multiple drafts. compose and

revise inventing researching planning composing evaluating revising multiple drafts.

A Writer at Work

advice on reading drafting rethinking revising

different challenges.

A Catalog of Invention and Inquiry Strategies helpful suggestions for idea generation.

A Catalog of Reading Strategies reading analytically and critically.

collaborative and social aspects of

DESIRED OUTCOMES RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE ST. MARTIN’S GUIDE TO WRITING, ELEVENTH EDITION

Critical Thinking, Reading, and Composing (continued)

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Preface xi

Use composing processes and tools as a means to discover and reconsider ideas.

composing to discover ideas especially through the Ways In activities in each Guide to Writing. Strategies for evaluating revising editing help students reconsider their ideas over the course of multiple drafts.

A Writer at Work

A Catalog of Invention and Inquiry Strategies Planning a Research Project

processes.

collaborative activities Practicing the Genre Make Connections activities after

Test Your Choice activities and Peer Review Guides

Writing for and about Your Community

Writing Collaboratively Chapter 31

Learn to give and act on

offer students specific advice on constructively criticizing—and praising—their

Writing Collaboratively

Adapt composing processes for a variety of technologies and modalities.

is that most students compose in digital spaces for varied audiences and use

Remix

Designing for Page and Screen Composing Multimodal Presentations modalities.

LaunchPad version of The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing offers a digital course

online how-tos for using technology

Reflect on the development of

those practices influence their Thinking Critically

composing experiences.

DESIRED OUTCOMES RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE ST. MARTIN’S GUIDE TO WRITING, ELEVENTH EDITION

Processes (continued)

(continued)

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Prefacexii

through practice in composing and revising.

editing and proofreading advice appears in the Editing and

Guide

mechanics vary. Remix

Assignment-specific issues of structure paragraphing tone mechanics are

Gain experience negotiating variations in genre conventions.

read analyze compose a variety of texts Writing Assignments students to analyze texts in terms of purpose audience basic features of the genre.

Research Strategies compose an academic research project.

Composing Strategies for College and Beyond

Learn common formats and/or design features for different kinds of texts.

Designing for Page and Screen

specific formats for a range of texts

Explore the concepts of

documentation conventions.

Analyzing and Synthesizing Opposing Arguments

A Catalog of Reading Strategies

for integrating and citing Using

Sources to Support Your Ideas

conventions systematically students to recognize differences in citation conventions in popular and academic citations or lists of links to sources.

Research sections

DESIRED OUTCOMES RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE ST. MARTIN’S GUIDE TO WRITING, ELEVENTH EDITION

Knowledge of Conventions

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Preface xiii

Acknowledgments We owe an enormous debt to all the rhetoricians and composition specialists whose theory, research, and pedagogy have informed The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing. We would be adding many pages to an already long book if we were to name everyone to whom we are indebted; suffice it to say that we have been eclectic in our borrowing.

We must also acknowledge immeasurable lessons learned from all the writers, pro- fessional and student alike, whose work we analyzed and whose writing we used in this and earlier editions.

Many instructors and students have contributed ideas and criticism over the years. For responding to detailed questionnaires about the tenth edition, we thank Kara Poe Alexander, Baylor University; Berniece Alspach, California Baptist College; Sarah Anti- nora, California State University, San Bernardino; Leontine Armstrong, California Bap- tist College; Chris Blankenship, Emporia State University; Mary Brantley, Holmes Com- munity College; Brieanna Casey, Texas Woman’s University; Catherine Cucinella, California State University, San Marcos; Cheryl Edelson, Chaminade University; Leona Fisher, Chaffey College; Phyllis Gowdy, Tidewater Community College; Lisa Haag, St. Louis Community College; Lesa Beth Hildebrand, Triton College; Tina Hultgren, Kish- waukee College; Jamie Jones, Texas Woman’s University; Mary Jo Keiter, Harrisburg Area Community College; Jason Kolodzyk, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater; Julie Kratt, Cowley College; Courtney Patrick Weber, Texas Woman’s University; Kelli Prejean, Marshall University; Dr. Dana Prodoehl, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater; Zina Rodriguez, Moreno Valley College; Matthew Schmeer, Johnson County Commu- nity College; Graham (Gray) Scott, Texas Woman’s University; Marcia Seabury, Univer- sity of Hartford; Wes Spratlin, Motlow State Community College; Jenna West, Murray State College; and Marc Wilson, Ivy Tech Community College.

For helping us select new readings, we thank Gretchen Bartels, California Baptist University; Chris Blankenship, Emporia State University; Mary Brantley, Holmes Community College; Wallace Cleaves, University of California, Riverside; Leona Fish- er, Chaffey College; Sayanti Ganguly Puckett, Johnson County Community College; Phyllis Gowdy, Tidewater Community College; Laurie Hughes, Richland Community

Research Strategies Using Sources to Support Your Ideas

MLA and APA style in addition to an annotated sample student research paper.

Analyzing Visuals documentation.

DESIRED OUTCOMES RELEVANT FEATURES OF THE ST. MARTIN’S GUIDE TO WRITING, ELEVENTH EDITION

Knowledge of Conventions (continued)

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Prefacexiv

College; Tina Hultgren, Kishwaukee College; Sarah Hunt, Savannah Technical Col- lege; Stephanie Kay, University of California, Riverside; Jason Kolodzyk, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater; Dr. Dana Prodoehl, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater; Matthew Schmeer, Johnson County Community College; Annie Schnarr, Skagit Val- ley College; Graham (Gray) Scott, Texas Woman’s University; Wes Spratlin, Motlow State Community College; David Taylor, St. Louis Community College–Meramec; Karol Walchak, Alpena Community College; Alison Warriner, California State Univer- sity, East Bay; and Jenna West, Murray State College.

In addition, we’d like to thank reviewers who provided invaluable feedback on a draft of this chapter: Kara Alexander, Baylor University; Gretchen Bartels, California Baptist University; Mary Brantley, Holmes Community College; Sayanti Ganguly Puckett, Johnson County Community College; Julie Kratt, Cowley County Community College; Dana Prodoehl, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater; Matthew Schmeer, Johnson County Community College; Marcia Seabury, University of Hartford; David Taylor, St. Louis Community College–Meramec; Jeana West, Murray State College.

In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the contributions of a number of thought- ful instructors who participated in a focus group that helped us fine-tune the Remix activities that now appear at the end of each Guide to Reading in Part One: Kara Poe Alexander, Baylor University; Daniel Cleary, Lorain County Community College; Sara Fuller, Cuyahoga Community College and Lorain County Community College; Kim Haimes-Korn, Kennesaw State College; Dauvan Mulally, Grand Valley State Universi- ty; and Amy Rubens, Francis Marion University.

For this new edition of the Guide, we are particularly grateful to Alison Warriner, who helped revise several of the Part One chapters; and Gray Scott and Wallace Cleaves, who made recommendations of reading selections, helped draft some of the reading apparatus, and were generally available as a sounding board and a font of good advice, especially in rethinking Chapter 5. Wallace Cleaves we also thank for his astute revisions and updates to the instructor’s manual, including writing entirely new content on teaching Chapters 1 and 5 and reading comprehension and summary quiz- zes (with model summaries as feedback) for all the new reading selections in the text. (The reading comprehension quizzes are auto-graded in the LaunchPad version of The St. Martin’s Guide, and model summaries are provided as feedback for the summary quizzes. Both are also available in the online instructor’s manual.) Danise Hoover, Hunter College, provided expert advice as we updated the research coverage. Finally, we are especially grateful to the student authors for allowing us to use their work in Sticks and Stones and the Guide.

We want to thank many people at Bedford/St. Martin’s, especially Jane Carter, Executive Development Manager and our editor, whose invaluable expertise and indomitable good humor made this book possible; Senior Project Editor Peter Jacoby, who worked miracles keeping all the details straight and keeping the book on schedule; and Associate Media Editor Jonathan Douglas, who singlehandedly managed multiple reviews, while also editing Sticks and Stones and overseeing the editorial work on LaunchPad, our customizable course space and interactive e-book for The St. Martin’s Guide to Writing.