Studying sn1 and sn2 reactions nucleophilic substitution lab report

Write a formal lab report. I have attached the rubric to work with. I will provide a sample paper if needed.

please use professional drawing software to show reactions and mechanisms. MarvinSketch has a free option you can download for Mac or Windows. Drawings can be exported as picture files and copied into Microsoft Word or other programs. You just need to create an account on their website first.CHEM 2720 Lab #6 Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: SN1 and SN2 Introduction Nucleophilic substitution reactions are very common and versatile organic chemistry reactions. In this lab you will compare several factors that will influence how well each mechanism works. Substrate The substrate may contain a primary (1˚), secondary (2˚), or tertiary (3˚) leaving group. Because SN1 reactions work by forming a carbocation intermediate, the substrate must be secondary (2˚) or tertiary (3˚) in order for the intermediate to be stable. As SN2 reactions work by direct backside attack by a nucleophile, steric hinderance must be considered and only primary (1˚) and secondary (2˚) substrates work well. Leaving Group For both SN1 and SN2 reactions, the leaving group need to be stable on its own ofter leaving the molecule. There may be a noticeable difference between the reaction rate when the leaving group is Cl versus Br. Nucleophile Both reactions are favored by a good nucleophile, but the nucleophile is more important in the SN2 reaction. In SN2 the nucleophile needs to attack the carbon directly, where in SN1 the carbocation is a very easy target and a weak nucleophile will work. Solvent Protic solvents are those with the ability to form hydrogen bonds, while aprotic solvents do not have this ability. Protic solvents are important in SN1 reactions as they help separate and stabilize the carbocation and leaving group. Protic solvents act to block the path from nucleophile to substrate in SN2 reactions, so aprotic solvents work best in those cases. Pre-Lab Preparation 1. In your lab notebook, prepare a list of all chemicals with which you will be working. a) List any and all hazards associated with each chemical. b) List all relevant physical constants for each chemical. c) List any other precautions for this lab. 2. In your lab notebook, make a detailed list of all waste that will be generated in this lab and how to dispose of it. 6-1 CHEM 2720 Lab #6 Pre-Lab Questions 1. What is the nucleophile in the reactions using AgNO3 in ethanol? 2. What is the nucleophile in the reactions using NaI in acetone? 3. Draw one (1) mechanism from each part of the experiment. Choose the one you believe most likely to occur in each part. Procedure 1. Work in groups of two (2). You will mix the reactants in test tubes and observe the time it takes for the reactions to complete. Be ready to measure the reaction times in seconds. Some reactions will finish almost instantly and other will take longer or may not react at all. Reaction completion is determined by the appearance of a precipitate in the test tube. If a precipitate does not form within a few minutes of mixing, set it aside and periodically check on it to see if there are changes. After 30 minutes, if there is still no change, you may say there was no reaction (NR). For each part, record your observations in table format in your lab notebook. Part 1 SN2 reaction rate as a function of substrate 2. Add 6mL of 15% NaI in acetone into three (3) test tubes. Add six (6) drops of 1bromobutane to the first, six (6) drops of 2-bromobutane to the second, and six (6) drops of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane to the third. 3. Gently swirl or shake the tubes and monitor the reactions for the appearance of a precipitate. Part 2 SN1 reactions as a function of substrate 4. Add 6mL of 0.1M AgNO3 in ethanol into three (3) test tubes. Add six (6) drops of 1bromobutane to the first, six (6) drops of 2-bromobutane to the second, and six (6) drops of 2-bromo-2-methylpropane to the third. 5. Gently swirl or shake the tubes and monitor the reactions for the appearance of a precipitate. Part 3 Secondary steric effects on SN2 reactions 6.