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Web technologies a computer science perspective

24/11/2021 Client: muhammad11 Deadline: 2 Day

Web Technologies- Html

Assignment 1
Deadline: Saturday 09/02/2019 @ 23:59
[Total Mark for this Assignment is 6]

Web Technologies

IT230

https://www.seu.edu.sa/sites/ar/SitePages/images/logo.png

College of Computing and Informatics

Question One
1 Marks

Learning Outcome(s):

Identify the elements and attributes of web pages.

(a) What is the essential protocol defining the Internet? Explain how it works and its limitations.

Question Two
3 Marks

Learning Outcome(s):

Create web pages using XHTML and Cascading Styles sheets.

Write the correct HTML code of the following web page screenshot.

Heading size 1

Heading size 3

Heading size 2

Question Three
2 Marks

Learning Outcome(s):

Create web pages using XHTML and Cascading Styles sheets.

In the following CSS code, circle each error and write the correction in the line immediately underneath the error.

div,ksa {font-weight := bold; color: blue}

Chapter 2
Markup Languages:
XHTML 1.0

WEB TECHNOLOGIES

A COMPUTER SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
JEFFREY C. JACKSON

HTML “Hello World!”

Document

Type

Declaration

Document

Instance

HTML Tags and Elements

Any string of the form < … > is a tag
All tags in document instance of Hello World are either end tags (begin with Tags are an example of markup, that is, text treated specially by the browser
Non-markup text is called character data and is normally displayed by the browser
String at beginning of start/end tag is an element name
Everything from start tag to matching end tag, including tags, is an element
Content of element excludes its start and end tags
*

HTML Element Tree

Root

Element

HTML Root Element

Document type declaration specifies name of root element:
Root of HTML document must be html
XHTML 1.0 (standard we will follow) requires that this element contain xmlns attribute specification (name/value pair)
*

SGML and XML

HTML Document Type Declarations

XHTML 1.0 Strict:
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
XHTML 1.0 Frameset:
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN“
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">
HTML 4.01 Transitional:
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN“
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
*

XHTML White Space

Four white space characters: carriage return, line feed, space, horizontal tab
Normally, character data is normalized:
All white space is converted to space characters
Leading and trailing spaces are trimmed
Multiple consecutive space characters are replaced by a single space character
*

XHTML White Space

Unrecognized HTML Elements

Misspelled

element name

Unrecognized HTML Elements

title character

data

Belongs

here

Unrecognized HTML Elements

title character

data

Displayed

here

HTML References

Since < marks the beginning of a tag, how do you include a < in an HTML document?
Use markup known as a reference
Two types:
Character reference specifies a character by its Unicode code point
For <, use < or < or <
Entity reference specifies a character by an HTML-defined name
For <, use <
*

HTML References

Non-breaking space ( ) produces space but counts as part of a word
Ex: keep together keep together …
*

HTML References

Non-breaking space often used to create multiple spaces (not removed by normalization)
+ space

displays as two

spaces

HTML References

Non-breaking space often used to create multiple spaces (not removed by normalization)
two spaces

display as one

XHTML Attribute Specifications

Example:
Syntax:
Valid attribute names specified by HTML recommendation (or XML, as in xml:lang)
Attribute values must be quoted (matching single or double quotes)
Multiple attribute specifications are space-separated, order-independent
*

Common HTML Elements

Headings are produced using h1, h2, …, h6 elements:
Should use h1 for highest level, h2 for next highest, etc.
Change style (next chapter) if you don’t like the “look” of a heading
*

Common HTML Elements

Use pre to retain format of text and display using monospace font:
Note that any embedded markup (such as
) is still treated as markup!
*

Common HTML Elements

br element represents line break
br is example of an empty element, i.e., element that is not allowed to have content
XML allows two syntactic representations of empty elements
Empty tag syntax
is recommended for browser compatibility
XML parsers also recognize syntax

(start tag followed immediately by end tag), but many browsers do not understand this for empty elements
*

Common HTML Elements

Text can be formatted in various ways:
Apply style sheet technology (next chapter) to a span element (a styleless wrapper):
Use a phrase element that specifies semantics of text (not style directly):
Use a font style element
Not recommended, but frequently used
*

Common HTML Elements

Horizontal rule is produced using hr
Also an empty element
Style can be modified using style sheet technology
*

Common HTML Elements

Images can be embedded using img element
Attributes:
src: URL of image file (required). Browser generates a GET request to this URL.
alt: text description of image (required)
height / width: dimensions of area that image will occupy (recommended)
*

Common HTML Elements

Hyperlinks are produced by the anchor element a
Clicking on a hyperlink causes browser to issue GET request to URL specified in href attribute and render response in client area
Content of anchor element is text of hyperlink (avoid leading/trailing space in content)
*

Common HTML Elements

Anchors can be used as source (previous example) or destination
The fragment portion of a URL is used to reference a destination anchor
Browser scrolls so destination anchor is at (or near) top of client area
*

Common HTML Elements

Comments are a special form of tag
Not allowed to use -- within comment
*

Nesting Elements

If one element is nested within another element, then the content of the inner element is also content of the outer element
XHTML requires that elements be properly nested
*

Nesting Elements

Most HTML elements are either block or inline
Block: browser automatically generates line breaks before and after the element content
Ex: p
Inline: element content is added to the “flow”
Ex: span, tt, strong, a
*

Nesting Elements

Syntactic rules of thumb:
Children of body must be blocks
Blocks can contain inline elements
Inline elements cannot contain blocks
Specific rules for each version of (X)HTML are defined using SGML or XML (covered later)
*

Relative URL’s

Consider an start tag containing attribute specification
This is an example of a relative URL: it is interpreted relative to the URL of the document that contains the img tag
If document URL is
http://localhost:8080/MultiFile.html
then relative URL above represents absolute URL http://localhost:8080/valid-xhtml10.png
*

Relative URL’s

Lists

Unordered List

Ordered List

Definition List

List Items

Lists

Tables

Table Row

Table Data

Border 5 pixels, rules 1 pixel

Tables

Table Header

Frames

1/3,2/3 split

Forms

Each form is content of a form element

Forms

action specifies URL where form data is sent in an HTTP request

Forms

HTTP request method (lower case)

Forms

div is the block element analog of span (no-style block element)

Forms

Form control elements must be content of a block element

Forms

Text field control (form user-interface element)

Forms

Text field used for one-line inputs

Forms

Name associated with this control’s data in HTTP request

Forms

Width (number of characters) of text field

Forms

input is an empty element

Forms

Use label to associate text with a control

Forms

Form controls are inline elements

Forms

textarea control used for multi-line input

Forms

Height and width in characters

Forms

textarea is not an empty element; any content is displayed

Forms

Checkbox control

Forms

Value sent in HTTP request if box is checked

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